285 lines
36 KiB
XML
285 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="D6C741F5D8FCA24252193D296B5D07B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6CC2C97FF17FE5E14FEFD7F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Austroponera Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6A5AA1C9-DE54-4981-BE5C-025DB123DEBB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="180" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8D96F496CEA094A2FE6ACC93EFB9E531">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9206A0923050753ECC54F64A8502F8C">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDDAED0BA4972E210B28282644F9105A">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8BCCAA8D3D838AC4270660F50E721E7C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="26F9DFDCD19A983395D44B8AD494E814">
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<mods:date id="FFBEEDA360E2D3AF45677DBA355BC15A">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E010FAFEB0F9CF9698BCB46C0112B109">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="890BDC0FC5D2D109E28FEBDE2F96936A">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6CC2C97FF17FE5E14FEFD7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117596" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117596" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6A5AA1C9-DE54-4981-BE5C-025DB123DEBB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6CC2C97FF17FE5E14FEFD7F" lastPageId="181" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CC2C91FF17FE5E11D7FE28" box="[151,434,440,466]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF17FE5E11D7FE28" blockId="179.[151,434,440,499]" box="[151,434,440,466]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6CC2C91FF17FE5E11D7FE28" bold="true" box="[151,434,440,466]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF17FE5E11D7FE28" bold="true" box="[151,434,440,466]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FF17FE5E1158FE28" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,317,440,466]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF17FE5E1158FE28" bold="true" box="[151,317,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6CC2C91FEC4FE5E11D7FE28" box="[324,434,440,466]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CC2C91FF17FE3C1420FD58" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF17FE3C1083FE09" blockId="179.[151,434,440,499]" box="[151,230,474,499]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6CC2C91FF17FE3C1083FE09" box="[151,230,474,499]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="180.[151,250,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-157@180.[151,1436,265,1786]" captionTargetPageId="180" captionText="FIGURE 41. Worker caste of Austroponera castanea: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172341, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Austroponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120905/files/figure.png" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF17FDC41420FDC2" blockId="179.[151,1093,546,568]" box="[151,1093,546,568]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FEA8FDC5132AFDC2" authority="Clark, 1934 b: 30" authorityName="Clark" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1934" box="[296,847,546,568]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufonigra" subGenus="Brachyponera">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FEA8FDC511E9FDC2" box="[296,396,547,568]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Euponera</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FE1BFDC41249FDC2" box="[411,556,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Brachyponera</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FDBAFDC412FEFDC2" box="[570,667,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">rufonigra</emphasis>
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Clark, 1934b: 30
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</taxonomicName>
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; by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF17FD801420FD58" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FF17FD801155FD87" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,304,614,637]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF17FD801155FD87" box="[151,304,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small genus (3 described species) which is restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CC2C91FC60FD831422FD84" box="[992,1095,613,638]" name="Australia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Australia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CC2C91FBFFFD80157FFD84" box="[1151,1306,613,638]" name="New Zealand" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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. While it is found in a variety of habitats it is nowhere common and is biologically little known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CC2C91FF47FD4B1437FD10" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47FD4B1437FD10" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47FD4B112BFD3F" bold="true" box="[199,334,685,710]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Etymology.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FED6FD48118AFD3F" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[342,495,686,709]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FED6FD48118AFD3F" box="[342,495,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a combination of
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FD5BFD481344FD3F" box="[731,801,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">austro</emphasis>
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, Latin for “south” and referring to
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CC2C91FB34FD4B157BFD3C" box="[1204,1310,685,710]" name="Australia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, the region where this genus occurs, together with “ponera” from the subfamily name
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FC5AFD37142BFD10" box="[986,1102,721,746]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CC2C91FF47FD13140BF8BC" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47FD131342FAB4" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47FD131124FCF4" bold="true" box="[199,321,757,782]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Workers of this genus can be separated from other
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FC0BFD13139EFCF4" box="[907,1019,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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by the combination of the following characters: anterior clypeal margin convex, without a blunt anteromedial rectangular projection and in side view posterior to the anterior margin of head (the clypeus rounded above mandibles), mandibles triangular and relatively short, their outer margins generally flat or convex medially and lacking a basal pit or groove, the ventral apex of the metatibia with both a large pectinate spur and a smaller simple spur, the propodeal spiracle round or ovoid, and a prora present on the anterior margin of the first gastral sternite.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FCE0FC4C139CFC3B" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[864,1017,938,961]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FCE0FC4C139CFC3B" box="[864,1017,938,961]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically similar to several other ponerine genera. These include
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FDDAFC2B129FFC1C" box="[602,762,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FDDAFC2B129FFC1C" box="[602,762,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Brachyponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from which it can be separated by the lack of a basal mandibular pit or groove and the presence of a prora on the anterior margin of first gastral sternite;
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FA91FC1415F0FBF3" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1297,1429,1010,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FA91FC1415F0FBF3" box="[1297,1429,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which has stout traction setae on the dorsum of the mesotibiae (these are absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FBC1FBF014BFFBD7" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1089,1242,1046,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FBC1FBF014BFFBD7" box="[1089,1242,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FB73FBF315F0FBD4" box="[1267,1429,1045,1070]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FB73FBF315F0FBD4" box="[1267,1429,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which has a slit-shaped rather than round propodeal spiracle as found in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FC45FBDC143BFBAB" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[965,1118,1082,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FC45FBDC143BFBAB" box="[965,1118,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FB1DFBDC156EFBAB" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1181,1291,1082,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FB1DFBDC156EFBAB" box="[1181,1291,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Rasopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from which it can be separated by its presence of a stridulatory organ on A4 and its rounded rather than angular anterior clypeal margin. While not closely related based on the findings of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CC2C91FCD9FB67146AFB60" author="Schmidt, C." box="[857,1039,1153,1178]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FB9FFB6414DDFB63" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1055,1208,1154,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FB9FFB6414DDFB63" box="[1055,1208,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically similar to some
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FECBFB401253FB44" box="[331,566,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FECBFB4011B2FB47" box="[331,471,1190,1213]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Mesoponera</emphasis>
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species.
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</taxonomicName>
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It differs in the shape of the clypeus (in side view the anterior clypeal margin is posterior to the anterior margin of the head, the clypeus being rounded above mandibles) and in having shorter mandibles which have their outer margins generally flat or convex medially rather than concave. While these two genera are superficially similar and the differences outlined here subtle, they are not closely related and the similarities are due to convergence rather than relatedness.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47FABF117AF968" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47FABF11A2FA88" bold="true" box="[199,455,1369,1394]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FE52FABF1247FA88" box="[466,546,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Worker</emphasis>
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. Medium-sized (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6CC2C91FC97FABF131FFA88" box="[791,890,1369,1394]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FAB6FABF15FDFA88" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1369,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, relatively short, with roughly ten teeth and no basal pit or groove. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly convex and often with a small projecting tooth medially. Frontal lobes small. Scapes not flattened basally. Eyes moderate in size, located anterior of head midline. Mesopleuron divided by a transverse groove. Metanotal groove either shallowly depressed or reduced to a suture. Propodeum dorsally broad, not narrowed anteriorly. Propodeal spiracle round. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform. Subpetiolar process lacking an anterior fenestra. Helcium low on anterior face of A3. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Head and body with scattered pilosity. Color reddish-brown to dark brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47F9781089F923" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47F9781172F94F" box="[199,279,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker, but winged or ergatoid and with the other differences typical for alate ponerine queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47F90311E0F904" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" box="[199,389,1765,1790]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47F903116DF904" box="[199,264,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47F8EC11EBF8D8" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" box="[199,398,1801,1826]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47F8EC1174F8DB" box="[199,273,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47F8CB140BF8BC" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" box="[199,1134,1837,1862]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47F8CB118AF8BC" bold="true" box="[199,495,1837,1862]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FE75F8C812EBF8BF" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[501,654,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FE75F8C812EBF8BF" box="[501,654,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CC2C91FCBBF8CB13C7F8BC" box="[827,930,1837,1862]" name="Australia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CC2C91FC58F8C8140BF8BC" box="[984,1134,1837,1862]" name="New Zealand" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CC2C97FF47F8B714FEFD7F" lastPageId="181" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C96FF47F8B71502FF2F" blockId="179.[151,1437,613,2006]" lastBlockId="180.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="180" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF47F8B711BFF890" bold="true" box="[199,474,1873,1898]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FDEDF8B41363F893" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[621,774,1874,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FDEDF8B41363F893" box="[621,774,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found in a diversity of habitats ranging from open situations such as roadsides, pastures and gardens to native forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CC2C91FC1CF893147DF874" author="Don, W." box="[924,1048,1909,1934]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" refId="ref139496" refString="Don, W. (2008) Ants of New Zealand. Otago University Press, Otago, New Zealand, 239 pp." type="book" year="2008">Don, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CC2C91FBA6F89314B6F874" author="Heterick, B. E." box="[1062,1235,1909,1934]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref146336" refString="Heterick, B. E. (2009) A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement No. 76, 1 - 205." type="book chapter" year="2009">Heterick, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nests are small, with tens rather than hundreds of workers, and are found in rotting wood, leaf litter, under rocks, or directly in the soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CC2C91FF50F85B110CF82C" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[208,361,1981,2006]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref134487" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1958) A review of the ants of New Zealand. Acta Hymenopterology, 1, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1958">Brown, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are predacious and attracted to sweet baits. Workers are often encountered in leaf litter samples and pitfall traps and when disturbed are timid, retreating into their nests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CB2C96FBB4FF7114D4FF4A" author="Don, W." box="[1076,1201,151,176]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" refId="ref139496" refString="Don, W. (2008) Ants of New Zealand. Otago University Press, Otago, New Zealand, 239 pp." type="book" year="2008">Don, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both winged (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FA04FF7E114AFF2F" baseAuthorityName="Dalla Torre" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FA04FF7E114AFF2F" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">A. castaneicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and ergatoid (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FE77FF5A121FFF2E" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[503,634,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FE77FF5A121FFF2E" box="[503,634,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">A. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) queens are known to occur in the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CB2C96FBD3FF5A153FFF2F" author="Wilson, E. O. & Taylor, R. W." box="[1107,1370,188,213]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref168830" refString="Wilson, E. O. & Taylor, R. W. (1967) The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 14, 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1967">Wilson & Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6CB2C96FF17F8E91426F8BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120905/files/figure.png" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" startId="180.[151,250,1807,1829]" targetBox="[151,1436,265,1774]" targetPageId="180">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CB2C96FF17F8E91426F8BE" blockId="180.[151,1436,1807,1860]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FF17F8E9114DF8DE" bold="true" box="[151,296,1807,1829]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FE75F8E9128DF8DF" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[501,744,1807,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FE75F8E9128DF8DF" box="[501,744,1807,1829]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Austroponera castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172341, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FC33F8C81458F8BE" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[947,1085,1838,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FC33F8C81458F8BE" box="[947,1085,1838,1860]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CB2C96FF47F88D15F9F815" blockId="180.[151,1436,1899,2032]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FF47F88D12BBF87E" bold="true" box="[199,734,1899,1924]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CB2C96FD69F88D13F8F87E" author="Schmidt, C." box="[745,925,1899,1924]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FB93F88A14FFF879" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1043,1178,1900,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FB93F88A14FFF879" box="[1043,1178,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">A. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his phylogeny and found it to be the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FD89F86912CEF852" box="[521,683,1935,1960]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FD89F86912CEF852" box="[521,683,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with this pair, in turn, the sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FB05F876156CF85D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1157,1289,1936,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FB05F876156CF85D" box="[1157,1289,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species currently included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FE19F8521257F831" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[409,562,1972,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FE19F8521257F831" box="[409,562,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show significant variation in a number of morphological characters. For example, the Australian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CB2C96FD84F83112EBF80A" box="[516,654,2007,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufoniger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CB2C96FD84F83112EBF80A" box="[516,654,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">A. rufoniger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the remaining species, which are both restricted to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CB2C96FAE7F83E15F9F815" box="[1383,1436,2008,2031]" name="New Zealand" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">New</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF17FF711231FE9F" blockId="181.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
|
||
Zealand, in lacking the medial clypeal tooth and well developed metanotal groove. As only one of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CA2C97FA87FF7E15F9FF4A" box="[1287,1436,151,176]" name="New Zealand" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species was included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CA2C97FE27FF5A120CFF2F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[423,617,188,213]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
phylogeny there is limited detailed information on its relationship to the Australian species. Given the morphological differences between these species it is possible that the genus is not monophyletic. However at this time we are placing them together based on the morphological characters outlined above, along with biogeographic considerations, while noting that this conclusion may need to be modified when the results of further studies are known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CA2C97FF47FE9614FEFD7F" blockId="181.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FF47FE961105FE7D" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[199,352,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FF47FE961105FE7D" box="[199,352,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FD38FE971343FE72" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[696,806,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FD38FE971343FE72" box="[696,806,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a genus known only from Central and South America. They share a similar body habitus and differ primarily in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FCA1FE7213DFFE51" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[801,954,404,427]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FCA1FE7213DFFE51" box="[801,954,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessing a stridulatory organ on A4 and in having a differently configured clypeus. Based strictly on morphology, it could be argued that they should be placed together in a single genus. However, we are keeping them separate based on the characters outlined above and biogeographic considerations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FDADFDE612A3FDED" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[557,710,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FDADFDE612A3FDED" box="[557,710,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the Australian region while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FB52FDE71525FDE2" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1234,1344,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FB52FDE71525FDE2" box="[1234,1344,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from the Americas). Unfortunately no species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CA2C97FC8EFDC31319FDC6" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[782,892,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CA2C97FC8EFDC31319FDC6" box="[782,892,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CA2C97FBC3FDC21560FDC7" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1091,1285,548,573]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
phylogenetic analysis and the phylogenetic relationship between these two genera is uncertain. A detailed study of the relationships among the species currently placed in these genera would be highly advisable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |