274 lines
34 KiB
XML
274 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="ADBE5242D9AA6B46F54010D431C9EB87">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F2E2B5F95B2FEF7A359D6D64C41E3302">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7049F40C9DBBCB81D150E29E10EE2C15">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="25C77C186492DE028C8ADFA84A6CE978">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03775906A6522C0CFF17FA411406F9D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117428" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117428" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6522C0CFF17FA411406F9D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6522C0CFF17FA411406F9D1" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF17FA411366FA3B" blockId="45.[151,771,1447,1473]" box="[151,771,1447,1473]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6522C0FFF17FA411366FA3B" bold="true" box="[151,771,1447,1473]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6522C0FFF17FA411366FA3B" bold="true" box="[151,771,1447,1473]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFE9FFA411366FA3B" ID-CoL="K6Z" ID-ENA="43085" authority="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" box="[287,771,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6522C0FFF17FA081101F9D8" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF17FA081101F9D8" blockId="45.[151,1436,1518,1570]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Ponérites
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6522C0FFF7BFA0812E3F9FE" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A." box="[251,646,1518,1540]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref150846" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. (1835) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hymenopteres. Tome I. Roret, Paris, 547 pp." type="book" year="1835">Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 185</bibRefCitation>
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(as group name).
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<typeStatus id="546556B2A6522C0FFCBCFA09130BF9FE" box="[828,878,1519,1540]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type</typeStatus>
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genus:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFC3DFA0914BCF9FE" ID-CoL="63NZ7" authority="Latreille, 1804: 179" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1804" box="[957,1241,1518,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6522C0FFC3DFA09146DF9FE" box="[957,1032,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ponera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6522C0FFB8EFA0814BCF9FE" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[1038,1241,1518,1540]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="129 - 200" refId="ref150252" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau methodique des insectes. In: Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome 24. Deterville, Paris, pp. 129 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1804">Latreille, 1804: 179</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6522C0FFB62FA081085F9D8" author="Dalla Torre, K. W. von" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref136742" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1893) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 289 pp." type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre, 1893: 13</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFF6DF9EA113CF9D8" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[237,345,1548,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6522C0FFF17F9A911EFF90D" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF17F9A911CCF92E" blockId="45.[151,1437,1615,2036]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFF17F9A91162F992" box="[151,263,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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is the largest ant subfamily outside the formicoid clade, and is rivaled or exceeded in diversity only by
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFF17F9951122F976" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,327,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFED2F99511B7F976" box="[338,466,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Formicinae">Formicinae</taxonomicName>
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and Myrmicinae within that clade. The tribal and generic organization of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFA92F99515E7F976" box="[1298,1410,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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is here revised to reflect new molecular phylogenetic results (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6522C0FFCE2F9711475F94A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[866,1040,1687,1712]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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) and a reassessment of ponerine morphological diversity.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF47F93911EFF90D" blockId="45.[151,1437,1615,2036]" box="[199,394,1759,1784]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6522C0FFF47F93911E1F902" bold="true" box="[199,388,1759,1784]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Included Tribes</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6522C0FFF17F8E512ECF89E" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF17F8E5111DF8E6" blockId="45.[151,1437,1615,2036]" box="[151,376,1795,1820]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFF17F8E5111DF8E6" ID-CoL="L5W" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[151,376,1795,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini Emery</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF17F8C11251F8BA" blockId="45.[151,1437,1615,2036]" box="[151,564,1831,1856]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFF17F8C11251F8BA" ID-CoL="L68" authority="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" box="[151,564,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0FFF47F8AA12ECF89E" blockId="45.[151,1437,1615,2036]" box="[199,649,1867,1892]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFF5DF8AD127CF89E" ID-CoL="L9X" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[221,537,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thaumatomyrmecini">Thaumatomyrmecini Emery</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6522C0FFDA1F8AD12ECF89E" bold="true" box="[545,649,1867,1892]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6522C0FFDA1F8AD12ECF89E" box="[545,649,1867,1892]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6522C0CFF47F88911A0FD52" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6522C0CFF47F8891111FEE7" blockId="45.[151,1437,1615,2036]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,151,1581]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6522C0FFF47F8891124F872" bold="true" box="[199,321,1903,1928]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The following formal diagnosis for
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6522C0FFD6FF889133AF872" box="[751,863,1903,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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is adapted from
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6522C0FFBABF88914B5F872" author="Bolton, B." box="[1067,1232,1903,1928]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
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<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6522C0FFBABF8891412F872" box="[1067,1143,1903,1928]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Bolton</collectingRegion>
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(2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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: Torulus fused to frontal lobe. Antenna with 12 segments (
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males). Lateral margins of frontal lobes form short semicircles or blunt triangles, with a pinched-in appearance posteriorly. Promesonotal suture flexible. Metapleural gland orifice without a dorsal cuticular flange or flap. Propodeal lobes present. Petiole (A2) distinctly separated posteriorly from A3 and with only a narrow attachment to it. Petiole without tergosternal fusion. A3 continuous with the remainder of the gaster. A3 and A4 with tergosternal fusion. A4 with presclerites and usually a girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites. Spiracles of A5–A7 concealed by posterior margins of preceding tergites. Sting present and strongly developed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6512C0CFF47FEC111A0FD52" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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Ponerines are most readily identified by the following combination of traits: toruli fused to frontal lobes, frontal lobes prominent and with a pinched-in appearance posteriorly, waist formed of a single segment (petiole, A3) which attaches narrowly to the undifferentiated postpetiole (A4), petiole without tergosternal fusion, and sting present and well-developed. The identity of ponerine synapomorphies is uncertain.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFB04FE72154CFE57" author="Bolton, B." box="[1156,1321,404,429]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
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<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6512C0CFB04FE7214B5FE57" box="[1156,1232,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bolton</collectingRegion>
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(2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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gave the complete fusion of the toruli to the frontal lobes as an autapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFC71FE511401FE2A" box="[1009,1124,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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, but noted the presence of similar fusion (to various degrees) among some members of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFCCAFE3A1467FE0F" box="[842,1026,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6512C0CFB8EFE3A143FFE0F" box="[1038,1114,476,501]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bolton</collectingRegion>
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also listed the characteristic shape of the frontal lobes in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFE52FE191227FDE2" box="[466,578,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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as synapomorphic for the subfamily, but similar frontal lobe structure occurs in many amblyoponines (pers. observation). Given the close but incompletely resolved relationship between
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFF17FDA11162FD9A" box="[151,263,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFEC5FDA11198FD9A" box="[325,509,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
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, we consider the ancestral condition of these characteristics (torular fusion and frontal lobe shape) to be ambiguous within the poneroid clade and are therefore hesitant to treat them as apomorphies of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFECDFD6911A4FD52" box="[333,449,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6512C0CFF47FD521406F9D1" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6512C0CFF47FD52123CFC5F" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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We tentatively recognize the loss of tergosternal fusion of the petiole as a possible synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFF17FD31116EFD0A" box="[151,267,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFE97FD3111D3FD0A" author="Bolton, B." box="[279,438,727,752]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6512C0CFE97FD311106FD0A" box="[279,355,727,752]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated the absence of petiolar tergosternal fusion as plesiomorphic within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFA96FD3115FDFD0A" box="[1302,1432,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but recent molecular phylogenies (Moreau
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFD01FD1B12DFFCEF" box="[641,698,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006; Brady
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFCDEFD1B13FDFCEF" box="[862,920,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006; Rabeling
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFBDDFD1B14F3FCEF" box="[1117,1174,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFB6DFD1A15F1FCEF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1261,1428,764,789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that the ancestral ant may have had a fused petiole. The phylogenetic distribution of this character implies that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFF4FFCA2115AFCA7" box="[207,319,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
secondarily lost tergosternal fusion of the petiole, though this interpretation depends on the phylogenetic rooting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFE31FC811255FC7A" box="[433,560,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and could conceivably be symplesiomorphic, with repeated evolution of a fused petiole in other poneroid lineages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6512C0CFF47FC491406F9D1" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFF47FC491129FC32" bold="true" box="[199,332,943,968]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFED8FC4911ADFC32" box="[344,456,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has had a more convoluted taxonomic history than any other ant subfamily. First appearing as a group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFE3CFC32125EFC17" box="[444,571,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
under the name Ponérites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFC04FC321576FC17" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A." box="[900,1299,980,1005]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref150846" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. (1835) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hymenopteres. Tome I. Roret, Paris, 547 pp." type="book" year="1835">Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFAACFC3215F9FC17" box="[1324,1436,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gradually came to represent an assemblage of ant taxa that were highly divergent but nonetheless placed together due to their relatively simple social organizations and shared morphological characters (such as tergosternal fusion of A3 and A4; Baroni Urbani
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFE68FBA71245FBA2" box="[488,544,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992; Ward, 1994). At various times
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFC50FBD91425FBA2" box="[976,1088,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has included taxa that are now considered to represent eight distinct subfamilies:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFD59FB8213F5FB87" box="[729,912,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFC1EFB821450FB87" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[926,1077,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proceratiinae">Proceratiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFBC3FB821483FB87" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1091,1254,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Paraponerinae">Paraponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFB73FB8215F2FB87" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[1267,1431,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ectatomminae">Ectatomminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFF17FB611130FB5A" authorityName="Bolton" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,341,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteroponerinae">Heteroponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFEE8FB611249FB5A" box="[360,556,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aenictogitoninae">Aenictogitoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFDBFFB61128DFB5A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" box="[575,744,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cerapachyinae">Cerapachyinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFCB4FB6113C1FB5A" box="[820,932,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFB82FB6114C6FB5A" author="Bolton, B." box="[1026,1187,1159,1184]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6512C0CFB82FB611437FB5A" box="[1026,1106,1159,1184]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFB3EFB611501FB5A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" box="[1214,1380,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cerapachyinae">Cerapachyinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFF17FB4A113DFB3F" box="[151,344,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aenictogitoninae">Aenictogitoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFDCBFB4A12DEFB3F" box="[587,699,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFD6AFB4A13EFFB3F" author="Bolton, B." box="[746,906,1196,1221]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="267 - 282" refId="ref133324" refString="Bolton, B. (1990) The higher classification of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 15, 267 - 282. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1990. tb 00063. x" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6512C0CFD6AFB4A1353FB3F" box="[746,822,1196,1221]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1990)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Baroni Urbani
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFBF1FB4B14C9FB3F" box="[1137,1196,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1992), respectively, but the remaining taxa continued to be included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFC9EFB2913EBFB12" box="[798,910,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFC61FB2914E2FB12" author="Bolton, B." box="[993,1159,1231,1256]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6512C0CFC61FB291448FB12" box="[993,1069,1231,1256]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
finally recognized the symplesiomorphic nature of the defining “ponerine” traits, and took the important step of breaking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFB79FB12150CFAF7" box="[1273,1385,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into its component subfamilies. Subsequent molecular studies (Saux
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFCFDFAFF13DCFACA" box="[893,953,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004; Moreau
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFBF5FAFF14D5FACA" box="[1141,1200,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006; Brady
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFADAFAFF15F0FACA" box="[1370,1429,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFF5FFADA11E2FAAF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[223,391,1340,1365]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have confirmed most aspects of Bolton’s reclassification at the subfamily and tribe levels, with some notable exceptions:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFE74FAB912F3FA82" box="[500,662,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apomyrminae">Apomyrminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been shown to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFB03FAB9116EFA67" authority="(Saux et al., 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Saux" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">
|
||
Amblyoponinae (Saux
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFA08FA8710D1FA67" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFED1FA621259FA67" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[337,572,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thaumatomyrmecini">Thaumatomyrmecini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now known to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFBC6FA6214C0FA67" box="[1094,1189,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brady
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFA8BFA63152CFA67" box="[1291,1353,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFF17FA411126FA3A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,323,1447,1472]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With the changes made in the present study, the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFBB7FA4114C2FA3A" box="[1079,1191,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is finally brought to relative stability, though with some additional genus-level changes likely to come in the future. The major issues in ponerine taxonomy are now generally resolved: the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFC03FA091482F9F2" authority="(sensu Bolton, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Bolton" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[899,1255,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">
|
||
Ponerinae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFB84FA171427F9F2" box="[1028,1090,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6512C0CFBC9FA0914BAF9F2" author="Bolton, B." box="[1097,1247,1519,1544]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">Bolton, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFF35F9F21171F9D7" box="[181,276,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFEB3F9F21198F9D7" box="[307,509,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFEB3F9F21198F9D7" box="[307,509,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included, and the non-monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6512C0CFC3DF9F21439F9D7" box="[957,1116,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6512C0CFC3DF9F21439F9D7" box="[957,1116,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |