treatments-xml/data/59/31/50/59315067FF92FF9DFF7CCCB49CB6FD0C.xml

<document id="6815F8E8F786011F63B4FCA04B04790E" ID-CLB-Dataset="39141" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4107.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="85e5beef-5fab-47e9-a1d6-3b95ad533dc8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271374" ID-ZooBank="8218A512-8DD5-4C79-944B-36D235AA00E4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1462344067990" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="De Carvalho, Marcelo R., Rosa, Ricardo S. &amp; De Araújo, Maria Lúcia G." docDate="2016" docId="59315067FF92FF9DFF7CCCB49CB6FD0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4107.4.5.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4107 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho, Rosa &amp; Araújo, 2016, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="586" masterDocId="A508281FFF93FF8CFFEBCE629D11FFC1" masterDocTitle="A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon" masterLastPageNumber="586" masterPageNumber="566" pageNumber="566" updateTime="1698662253388" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0FF52402A068251039CFA395BD9F9562">A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9248BC68651FEBC4CE8072EAFFDC6149">De Carvalho, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="355E6598DA34C528AA2EF59E79AF01D4">Rosa, Ricardo S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1232DC757CD253716C982B0D796D40B0">De Araújo, Maria Lúcia G.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="59315067FF92FF9DFF7CCCB49CB6FD0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5621383" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120620904" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5621383" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:59315067FF92FF9DFF7CCCB49CB6FD0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/59315067FF92FF9DFF7CCCB49CB6FD0C" lastPageId="17" pageId="1">
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<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCCB49CECFD31" blockId="1.[151,509,726,786]" box="[151,509,726,752]" pageId="1">
<heading id="8A6F561DFF92FF8DFF7CCCB49CECFD31" bold="true" box="[151,509,726,752]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCCB49CBDFD31" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[151,428,726,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCCB49CBDFD31" bold="true" box="[151,428,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF92FF8DFE50CCB49CECFD31" box="[443,509,726,752]" pageId="1" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCC9B9CB9FCD3" blockId="1.[151,509,726,786]" box="[151,424,761,786]" pageId="1">
(
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF92FF8DFF74CC9B9C08FCD3" box="[159,281,761,786]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1631,1653]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1631,1653]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1782,1804]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1102,1124]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,250,567,589]" captionStartId-7="10.[151,250,1803,1825]" captionStartId-8="11.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionStartId-9="12.[151,250,1757,1779]" captionTargetBox-0="[268,1306,204,1595]" captionTargetBox-1="[269,1297,489,1844]" captionTargetBox-2="[270,1290,234,1563]" captionTargetBox-3="[246,1341,193,1748]" captionTargetBox-4="[234,1336,193,1072]" captionTargetBox-5="[234,1336,1237,1913]" captionTargetBox-6="[151,1436,193,545]" captionTargetBox-7="[390,1169,718,1739]" captionTargetBox-8="[151,1436,193,1215]" captionTargetBox-9="[293,1300,683,1675]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[244,1345,193,1618]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[234,1336,445,1870]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[234,1336,193,1625]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[246,1341,193,1748]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[234,1336,193,1077]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[234,1336,1237,1913]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[151,1436,193,546]" captionTargetId-7="figure@10.[358,1215,700,1765]" captionTargetId-8="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1216]" captionTargetId-9="figure@12.[243,1344,629,1731]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="10" captionTargetPageId-8="11" captionTargetPageId-9="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of holotype of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (adult female, MZUSP 117809, 371 mm TL). Note that specimen lacks distal tip of tail and anteriormost caudal sting (smaller, posterior caudal sting shown), and that disc is slightly curled in B." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of paratype of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (adult male, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). Specimen was dissected to study ventral lateral-line canals (skin slightly displaced)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., freshly captured specimen with heavy mucus cover (about 340 mm TL, 230 mm DW; Rio Cuari, Rio Negro basin; photo courtesy of N. Labbish Chao)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Live and freshly caught specimens of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., showing variation in dorsal color pattern. A) From aquabr. com. br / artigos / peixes / arraia-de-agua-doce. B – E) From R. Hardwick (specimens in D are neonates; note great height of dorsal finfold in tail above specimen in E). F – G) Courtesy of N. Labbish Chao (note distinct amphora-shaped mark on disc center in G)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of live adult male specimen. Note large, lighter blotches on back that in many specimens coalesce to form amphora- or Ω-shaped figure, smaller spots closer to disc margins, particular coloration on eyes, and lateral darker bands on tail (photo courtesy of J. K. Langhammer)." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Detail of eyes and spiracles of live adult female specimen (courtesy of R. Hardwick)." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. SEM photos of dorsal denticles near posterior mid-disc in Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., showing conspicuous morphology of rounded protuberances forming a Y-shaped pattern (MZUSP 10290)." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Ventral lateral-line canals of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (paratype, MZUSP 117806, adult male, 367 mm TL). Abbreviations: ajl, anterior jugular loop; ast, anterior subpleural tubules; hyoc, hyomandibular canal; ioc, infraorbital canal; iol, infraorbital loop; jug, jugular canal; man, mandibular canal; pjl, posterior jugular loop; pnl, prenasal loop; pst, posterior subpleural tubule; soc, supraorbital canal; sol, suborbital loop; spl, subpleural loop." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. Aspects of the skeletal anatomy and dermal denticles and spines of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., from radiographs in dorsoventral view. A) Head region (adult male paratype, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). B) Right scapular region (specimen as in A). C) Right pelvic fin and adult clasper (specimen as in A). D) Base of tail region, showing distribution and development of dermal denticles and spines (paratype, MZUSP 117804, adult female, 325 mm TL). E) Tail and pelvic region, showing dermal denticles, spines, and caudal sting (paratype, MZUSP 104962, adult female, 345 mm TL). Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; apr, anterior segment of propterygium; at, accessory terminal cartilage; ax, axial cartilage; bp, basipterygium; cs, caudal sting; dm, dorsal marginal cartilage; dt 2, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel’s cartilage; no, nasal opening (nasal aperture); mes, mesoterygium; met, metapterygium; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pro, propterygium; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage; scp, scapular process; vm, ventral marginal cartilage; vt, ventral terminal cartilage." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Further details of the skeleton of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (UFPB 5217, female, 236 mm DW). A) Neurocranium in dorsal view. B) Lateral view of left scapula. C) Pelvic girdle showing extent of median pre-pelvic process (UFPB 6100, male 174 mm DW). D) Gill arches in dorsal view, splayed to left (dorsal elements removed from right side). Abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; afp, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; avf, anteroventral fenestra; bb, basibranchial copula; bh, basihyal; cb: ceratobranchial (1, 5); epi, epibranchial (2); fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hb, hypobranchial (1); ip, iliac process; isp, ischial process; lf, lymphatic foramina; nc, nasal capsule; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; of, obturator foramen; paf, parietal fossa; pb, pharyngobranchial (2); pc, procondyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; ph, pseudohyal (ventral); pop, postorbital process; pp, prepelvic process; prp, preorbital process; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/271375/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/271376/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/271377/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/271378/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/271379/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/271380/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/271381/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/271382/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/271383/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/271384/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 1–10</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="9C1AD4CAFF92FF8DFECECC9B9C8FFCD3" box="[293,414,761,786]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,242,332,355]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,242,1016,1039]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1331,449,1794]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1411,1133,1527]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Measurements expressed as percentages of disc width (in mm) taken on specimens of Potamotrygon wallacei, n. sp. Means, ranges, and standard deviations (SD) calculated based on all specimens measured (n: number of specimens). Holotype: MZUSP 117809." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Meristic data taken from specimens of Potamotrygon wallacei, n. sp. B-G are paratypes. A: MZUSP 117809 (holotype); B: MZUSP 10290; C: MZUSP 117804; D: MZUSP 117806; E: MZUSP 117805; F: MZUSP 117812; G: MZUSP 104962." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/85E7B1F9FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9F1CFE65" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/85E7B1F9FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C5FFB91" pageId="1" tableUuid-0="85E7B1F9FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9F1CFE65" tableUuid-1="85E7B1F9FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C5FFB91">Tables 1–2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF92FF8DFF7CCD209EB7FAC5" pageId="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCD209C9EFCB7" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCD209C9EFCB7" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCD209F85FC96" ID-CoL="4M4RG" authority="Fernandez-Yepez, 1957" authorityName="Fernandez-Yepez" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,660,833,855]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCD209C88FC96" box="[151,409,833,855]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon schroederi</emphasis>
Fernandez-Yépez, 1957
</taxonomicName>
[in part].— 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFCE0CD23995EFC96" author="Castex" box="[779,1103,833,855]" page="1" pageId="1" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFCE0CD23992AFC96" author="Castex" box="[779,1083,833,855]" pageId="1" refString="Castex, M. N. &amp; Yagolkowski, D. R. (1970) Notas sobre dos especies de raya de agua dulce (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae): a. Redescipcion de P. schroederi, Yepez, 1957. b. Designacion de dos paratipos de P. pauckei, Castex 1963 y descripcion de los mismos. Acta Scientifica (Instituto Lationoamericana de Fisiolgia y Reproducion, Universidad del Salvador), 9, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1970">Castex &amp; Yagolkowski, 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 1
</treatmentCitation>
–13 (redescription); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFAC9CD209DFCFCB7" author="Rosa" page="302" pageId="1" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFAC9CD209889FC96" author="Rosa" box="[1314,1432,833,855]" pageId="1" refString="Rosa, R. S. (1985) A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Unpublished PhD diss., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, 523 pp." type="book" year="1985">Rosa, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 302
</treatmentCitation>
–314 (revision).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCDE29E84FC55" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" box="[151,917,894,917]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCDE29E84FC55" box="[151,917,894,917]" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCDE29CDAFC55" ID-CoL="36SBZ" authority="Garman, 1913" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,459,894,917]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Disceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thayeri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCDE29C24FC55" box="[151,309,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="1">Disceus thayeri</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFED0CD1C9C9EFC55" box="[315,399,894,916]" name="Germany" pageId="1">Garman</collectingCountry>
, 1913
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFE03CD1C9FECFC55" author="Nieuwenhuizen" box="[488,765,894,916]" page="370" pageId="1" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFE03CD1C9FDCFC55" author="Nieuwenhuizen" box="[488,717,894,916]" pageId="1" refString="Nieuwenhuizen, A. van den (1974) Disceus thayeri Garman, 1913 und andere Besonderheiten aus Sudamerika. Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift, 27 (11), 370 - 371." type="journal article" year="1974">Nieuwenhuizen, 1974</bibRefCitation>
: 370
</treatmentCitation>
(in aquarium).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCDFC9EF5FC72" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" box="[151,996,925,947]" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCDFC9F05FC72" ID-CoL="6TS4D" authority="Garman, 1913" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,532,925,947]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCDFC9C6CFC72" box="[151,381,925,947]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon laticeps</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFE68CDFF9CC6FC72" box="[387,471,925,947]" name="Germany" pageId="1">Garman</collectingCountry>
, 1913
</taxonomicName>
[in part].— 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFD62CDFF9E32FC72" author="Wheeler" box="[649,803,925,947]" pageId="1" refString="Wheeler, A. (1975) Fishes of the World. An Illustrated Dictionary. Ferndale Ed., London, 366 pp." type="book" year="1975">Wheeler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 10 (text book).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCDDF9CA0FBEF" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCDDF9CA0FBEF" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCDDF9C39FC13" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[151,296,957,978]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCDDF9C39FC13" box="[151,296,957,978]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.— 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFE8FCDDE9CE3FC13" author="Gery" box="[356,498,956,978]" page="2" pageId="1" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFE8FCDDE9CCBFC13" author="Gery" box="[356,474,956,978]" pageId="1" refString="Gery, J. (1976) Les adaptations differentielles des poisons en millieux marin et d'eau douce. Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie, 1976 (1), 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="1976">Géry, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 2
</treatmentCitation>
(fig.); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFDD1CDDE9FE7FC13" author="Wallace" box="[570,758,956,978]" page="70" pageId="1" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFDD1CDDE9FC1FC13" author="Wallace" box="[570,720,956,978]" pageId="1" refString="Wallace, A. R. (2002) Peixes do Rio Negro. Fishes of the Rio Negro. Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Imprensa Oficial do Estado, Sao Paulo, 518 pp. [Introductory text and translation by M. de T. - P. Ragazzo]." type="book" year="2002">Wallace, 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 70
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 22 (notes, illustration); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFBF8CDDF9817FC13" author="Duncan" box="[1043,1286,956,978]" page="20" pageId="1" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFBF8CDDF99F0FC13" author="Duncan" box="[1043,1249,956,978]" pageId="1" refString="Duncan, W. P., Da Costa, O. T. F., Sakuragui, M. M. &amp; Fernandes, M. N. (2009) Functional morphology of the gill in Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae): implications for adaptation to freshwater. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 83 (1), 19 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 605458" type="journal article" year="2009">
Duncan 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFB82CDDF9986FC13" box="[1129,1175,956,978]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 20
</treatmentCitation>
–31 (figs. 3, 4, 7–10) (gill functional morphology); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFDDDCDB89E25FC31" author="Shibuya" box="[566,820,986,1008]" page="869" pageId="1" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFDDDCDB89E14FC31" author="Shibuya" box="[566,773,986,1008]" pageId="1" refString="Shibuya, A., Zuanon, J. A. S., Araujo, M. L. G. de &amp; Tanaka, S. (2010) Morphology of lateral line canals in Neotropical freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from Negro River, Brazilian Amazon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (4), 867 - 876. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000400017" type="journal article" year="2010">
Shibuya 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFD64CDB99FAAFC31" box="[655,699,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 869
</treatmentCitation>
(fig. 3C) (lateral-line canals); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFB83CDB89852FC31" author="Kodra" box="[1128,1347,986,1008]" page="15" pageId="1" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFB83CDB89830FC31" author="Kodra" box="[1128,1313,986,1008]" pageId="1" refString="Kodra, A. de S., Fernandes, M. N. &amp; Duncan, W. P. (2014) Effect of clearwater on osmoregulation of cururu ray, Potamotrygon sp. (Chondrichthyes; Potamotrygonidae), an endemic species from blackwater river. Scientia Amazonia, 3 (1), 15 - 24." type="journal article" year="2014">
Kodra 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFB46CDB999C8FC31" box="[1197,1241,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
: 15
</treatmentCitation>
–21 (fig. 2) (osmoregulation); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFE46CD989FD7FBCE" author="Duncan" box="[429,710,1017,1039]" page="128" pageId="1" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFE46CD989F9EFBCE" author="Duncan" box="[429,655,1017,1039]" pageId="1" refString="Duncan, W. P., Silva, M. I. da &amp; Fernandes, M. N. (2015) Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups. Neotropical Ichthyology, 13 (1), 123 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20140132" type="journal article" year="2015">
Duncan 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFDE1CD989F2EFBCE" box="[522,575,1017,1039]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
: 128
</treatmentCitation>
–134 (fig. 1B) (gill physiology); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFBD0CD9B988AFBCE" author="Fontenelle" box="[1083,1435,1017,1039]" page="6" pageId="1" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFBD0CD9B986CFBCE" author="Fontenelle" box="[1083,1405,1017,1039]" pageId="1" refString="Fontenelle, J. P. &amp; Carvalho, M. R. de (2016) Systematic implications of brain morphology in Potamotrygonidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Journal of Morphology, 277 (2), 252 - 263. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20493" type="journal article" year="2016">Fontenelle &amp; Carvalho, 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 6
</treatmentCitation>
(morphology of brain).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCA5A9F6EFBAA" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCA5A9F6EFBAA" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCA5A9C65FB8D" ID-CoL="4M4QV" box="[151,372,1078,1101]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCA5A9C65FB8D" box="[151,372,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon hystrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[in part].— 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFE07CA549FE3FB8D" author="Axelrod" box="[492,754,1078,1101]" page="105" pageId="1" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFE07CA549FD0FB8D" author="Axelrod" box="[492,705,1078,1101]" pageId="1" refString="Axelrod, H. R., Burgess, W. E., Pronek, N. &amp; Walls, J. G. (1986) Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes. 2 nd Edition. TFH Publications, Neptune City, 782 pp." type="book" year="1986">
Axelrod 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFDA2CA5A9F6FFB8D" box="[585,638,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al.</emphasis>
, 1986
</bibRefCitation>
: 105
</treatmentCitation>
(fig.); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFCD7CA54991BFB8D" author="Lambert" box="[828,1034,1078,1100]" page="204" pageId="1" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFCD7CA549EC7FB8D" author="Lambert" box="[828,982,1078,1100]" pageId="1" refString="Lambert, D. (1994) Forgotten livebearers: the stingrays. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 43 (4), 204 - 207." type="journal article" year="1994">Lambert, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 204
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFBFECA549808FB8D" author="Axelrod" box="[1045,1305,1078,1101]" page="216" pageId="1" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFBFECA5499F9FB8D" author="Axelrod" box="[1045,1256,1078,1101]" pageId="1" refString="Axelrod, H. R., Burgess, W. E., Pronek, N. &amp; Walls, J. G. (1997) Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes. 9 th Edition. TFH Publications, Neptune City, 992 pp." type="book" year="1997">
Axelrod 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFB9BCA5A998CFB8D" box="[1136,1181,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 1997
</bibRefCitation>
: 216
</treatmentCitation>
(fig. 1), 217 (figs. 1, 2); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFED6CA349CFBFBAA" author="Fenner" box="[317,490,1109,1131]" page="18" pageId="1" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFED6CA349CD7FBAA" author="Fenner" box="[317,454,1109,1131]" pageId="1" refString="Fenner, R. (1997) A diversity of aquatic life: the freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 45 (8), 18 - 29." type="journal article" year="1997">Fenner, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 18
</treatmentCitation>
, 20, 28 (figs.).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCA179FC5FB69" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCA179FC5FB69" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCA179F60FB4B" ID-CoL="77VPB" authority="Muller &amp; Henle, 1836" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,625,1140,1162]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCA179C60FB4B" box="[151,369,1140,1162]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon histrix</emphasis>
(Müller &amp; Henle, 1836)
</taxonomicName>
[in part].—Kuroiwa, 1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFC73CA1699C8FB4B" author="Driedzic" box="[920,1241,1140,1162]" pageId="1" refString="Driedzic, W. &amp; Almeida-Val, V. M. F. (1996) Enzymes of cardiac energy metabolism in Amazonian teleosts and the freshwater stingray (Potamotrygon hystrix). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 274, 327 - 333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1097 - 010 X (19960415) 274: 6 % 3 C 327 :: AID-JEZ 1 % 3 E 3.0. CO; 2 - Q" type="journal article" year="1996">Driedzic &amp; Almeida-Val, 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFB0DCA169C32FB69" author="Rabut" page="42" pageId="1" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFB0DCA169DECFB69" author="Rabut" pageId="1" refString="Rabut, C. &amp; Fasquel, F. (1998) Les raies d'eau douce. Aquarium Magazine, 143, 41 - 44." type="journal article" year="1998">Rabut &amp; Fasquel, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFEC6CAF19F25FB69" author="Ross" box="[301,564,1170,1192]" page="84" pageId="1" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFEC6CAF19F1EFB69" author="Ross" box="[301,527,1170,1192]" pageId="1" refString="Ross, R. A. &amp; Schafer, F. (2000) Suβwasser Rochen. Morfelden-Waldorf, Aqualog Verlag, 192 pp." type="book" year="2000">Ross &amp; Schäfer, 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 84
</treatmentCitation>
, 85, 150 (figs.).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCAD09907FB27" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCAD09907FB27" bridged="true" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCAD09C85FB06" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[151,404,1201,1223]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCAD09C39FB06" box="[151,296,1202,1223]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFEB8CAD39C85FB06" box="[339,404,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="1">histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.—Zaiden 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFDE8CAD09F23FB06" box="[515,562,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2012: 1–8 (physiology of male reproductive system); 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFB91CAD39879FB06" author="Brinn" box="[1146,1384,1201,1223]" page="139" pageId="1" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFB91CAD39829FB06" author="Brinn" box="[1146,1336,1201,1223]" pageId="1" refString="Brinn, R. P., Marcon, J. L., McComb, D. M., Gomes, L. C., Abreu, J. S. &amp; Baldisseroto, B. (2012) Stress responses of the endemic freshwater cururu stingray (Potamotrygon cf. histrix) during transportation in the Amazon region of the Rio Negro. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 162 (Part A), 139 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cbpa. 2011.07.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
Brinn 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFB57CAD099FDFB06" box="[1212,1260,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 139
</treatmentCitation>
–144 (physiology, stress response); 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFE13CAB39FA5FB27" author="Magro" box="[504,692,1232,1254]" pageId="1" refString="Magro, N. M., Oliveira, A. T. de &amp; O'Dwyer, L. H. (2015) First report and description of a Cyrilia sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) from a freshwater Cururu Stingray Potamotrygon cf. histrix (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae), from the Amazon Region, Brazil. Journal of Fish Diseases. [article published online: 8 December 2015] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / jfd. 12425" type="journal article" year="2015">
Magro 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFDAACAB39F7FFB27" box="[577,622,1232,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
(on-line publ., pathogenic agents).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCA929EB7FAC5" blockId="1.[151,1437,833,1285]" box="[151,934,1262,1285]" pageId="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F188C65FFF92FF8DFF7CCA929EB7FAC5" box="[151,934,1262,1285]" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF92FF8DFF7CCA929C39FAC4" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[151,296,1264,1285]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCA929C39FAC4" box="[151,296,1264,1285]" italics="true" pageId="1">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. C.— 
<treatmentCitation id="5039C760FF92FF8DFE94CA8C9F3DFAC5" author="Araujo" box="[383,556,1262,1284]" page="10" pageId="1" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF92FF8DFE94CA8C9F1BFAC5" author="Araujo" box="[383,522,1262,1284]" pageId="1" refString="Araujo, M. L. G. (1998) Biologia Reprodutiva e Pesca de Potamotrygon sp. C (Chondrichthyes - Potamotrygonidae), no Medio Rio Negro, Amazonas. Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia &amp; Universidade do Amazonas, Manaus, 171 pp." type="book" year="1998">Araújo, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
–150 (figs.) (reproduction, fisheries).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF92FF8EFF7CCB539E0CFD69" lastPageId="2" pageId="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF7CCB539C8BFAAF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1329,2038]" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF7CCB539C15FA8B" bold="true" box="[151,260,1329,1354]" pageId="1">
<typeStatus id="0E235FD3FF92FF8DFF7CCB539C15FA8B" box="[151,260,1329,1354]" pageId="1" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFEFECB509C63FA8B" box="[277,370,1330,1354]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117809 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFD68CB509FF2FA88" box="[643,739,1330,1354]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.71" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="371.0">371 mm</quantity>
TL, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFCCACB509E93FA88" box="[801,898,1330,1354]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4699999999999998" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="247.0">247 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFC22CB539938FA88" box="[969,1065,1329,1354]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="264.0">264 mm</quantity>
DL), field no. RN11.19, col. F. Marques 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFEEBCB349C20FAAC" box="[256,305,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF92FF8DFEACCB379C98FAAF" box="[327,393,1365,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1631,1653]" captionTargetBox="[268,1306,204,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[244,1345,193,1618]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of holotype of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (adult female, MZUSP 117809, 371 mm TL). Note that specimen lacks distal tip of tail and anteriormost caudal sting (smaller, posterior caudal sting shown), and that disc is slightly curled in B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271375/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8DFF2CCB1B9864FA53" blockId="1.[151,1437,1329,2038]" box="[199,1397,1401,1426]" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF2CCB1B9C4CFA53" bold="true" box="[199,349,1401,1426]" pageId="1">
<typeStatus id="0E235FD3FF92FF8DFF2CCB1B9C13FA53" box="[199,258,1401,1426]" pageId="1">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
. Rio Negro, municipality of Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFC7DCB1B9ECCFA53" box="[918,989,1401,1426]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFC02CB18999CFA53" box="[1001,1165,1401,1426]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-0.9584">0° 57' 30.24&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFB72CB1B9860FA53" box="[1177,1393,1401,1426]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-62.937416">062° 56' 14.697&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF92FF8EFF2CCBFF994BFE81" blockId="1.[151,1437,1329,2038]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFF2CCBFF9C2EFA77" bold="true" box="[199,319,1437,1462]" pageId="1">
<typeStatus id="0E235FD3FF92FF8DFF2CCBFF9C2EFA77" box="[199,319,1437,1462]" pageId="1" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF92FF8DFEBECBFC9CE2FA77" box="[341,499,1437,1462]" pageId="1" type="generic">21 specimens</specimenCount>
). 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFDEECBFC9F48FA74" box="[517,601,1438,1461]" pageId="1">BMNH</collectionCode>
1893.4.24.42 (female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFCB4CBFF9EADFA74" box="[863,956,1437,1462]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
DL), Manaus, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFB00CBFF9823FA77" box="[1259,1330,1437,1462]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF92FF8DFAD5CBFC9DC3FA1B" pageId="1" value="1893-04-24">24 April 1893</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFF0ACBA09C3DFA18" box="[225,300,1474,1497]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1">MNRJ</collectionCode>
3532 (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF92FF8DFE68CBA09F02FA1B" box="[387,531,1473,1498]" pageId="1" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
, female 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFD92CBA09FCBFA18" box="[633,730,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.31" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="231.0">231 mm</quantity>
DL, male 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFCB7CBA09EACFA18" box="[860,957,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.19" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="219.0">219 mm</quantity>
DL, male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFBACCBA099B9FA18" box="[1095,1192,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="144.0">144 mm</quantity>
DL), Uipiranga, Rio Negro, Amazonas, 1941; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFE29CB849F0EFA3F" box="[450,543,1510,1534]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
10290 (female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFD09CB849E55FA3C" box="[738,836,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2399999999999998" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="324.0">324 mm</quantity>
TL, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFC69CB879EF2FA3C" box="[898,995,1509,1534]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.06" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="206.0">206 mm</quantity>
DL), vicinity of Manaus, Rio Negro, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFEF5C86B9C74F9E3" box="[286,357,1545,1570]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF92FF8DFE98C86B9F6FF9E3" box="[371,638,1545,1570]" pageId="1" value="1967-11-15" valueMax="1967-11-23" valueMin="1967-11-15">15–23 November 1967</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFD67C8689FF8F9E3" box="[652,745,1546,1570]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
19209 (female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFC42C8689918F9E0" box="[937,1033,1546,1570]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="217.0">217 mm</quantity>
DW), Rio Negro, at mouth of Rio Cuieiras, above Manaus, AM, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFE1BC84F9F26F987" box="[496,567,1581,1606]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF92FF8DFDA8C84C9FCDF987" box="[579,732,1582,1606]" pageId="1" value="1977-01">January 1977</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFD02C84C9E57F987" box="[745,838,1582,1606]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
104962 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFBA6C84F99BBF984" box="[1101,1194,1581,1606]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="345.0">345 mm</quantity>
TL), lake adjacent to mouth of Rio Demeni, Rio Negro, Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFCC3C8339E7EF9AB" box="[808,879,1617,1642]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFC96C8309952F9AB" box="[893,1091,1617,1642]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-0.7647218">0° 45' 52.9986&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFBBAC833983FF9AB" box="[1105,1326,1617,1642]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-62.943054">062° 56' 34.998&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, field no. RN04.07, col. M.L.G. de Araújo 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFDE4C8149F53F94C" box="[527,578,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
.; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFDB2C8149FA7F94F" box="[601,694,1654,1678]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
104966 (female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFC6BC8149ECEF94C" box="[896,991,1654,1678]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="320.0">320 mm</quantity>
TL), Comunidade Marabá, Rio Negro, Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFE61C8FB9CC0F973" box="[394,465,1689,1714]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFE36C8F89F8CF973" box="[477,669,1689,1714]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-0.97722197">0° 58' 37.9992&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFD43C8FB9E6EF973" box="[680,895,1689,1714]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-62.943054">062° 56' 34.998&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, field no. RN04.58, col. M.L.G. de Araújo 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFAB7C8F8989CF970" box="[1372,1421,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
.; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFF7CC8DC9DE5F917" box="[151,244,1726,1750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
104977 (adult male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFE1BC8DC9F41F914" box="[496,592,1726,1750]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.82" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="282.0">282 mm</quantity>
TL), Praia do Tabuleiro, Rio Negro, Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFAE9C8DF9858F917" box="[1282,1353,1725,1750]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFAB3C8DC9C01F93B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-0.9066668">0° 54' 24.0006&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFEF7C8839F15F93B" box="[284,516,1761,1786]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-62.9725">062° 58' 20.9994&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, field no. RN05.65, col. M. Domingues 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFC24C8809911F938" box="[975,1024,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
.; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFBF3C8809964F93B" box="[1048,1141,1762,1786]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804 (female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFAD5C883988DF938" box="[1342,1436,1761,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="325.0">325 mm</quantity>
TL), Rio Negro, Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFD89C9679FB8F8DF" box="[610,681,1797,1822]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFD51C9649E78F8DF" box="[698,873,1797,1822]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-0.9584">0° 57' 30.24&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFC92C967994AF8DF" box="[889,1115,1797,1822]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-62.937416">062° 56' 14.697&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, field no. RN11.01, col. F. Marques 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFEEFC9489C29F880" box="[260,312,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
.; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFEB9C9489CBEF883" box="[338,431,1834,1858]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117805 (adult male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFD46C94B9E1FF880" box="[685,782,1833,1858]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
TL), field no. RN11.08, same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFB32C9489827F883" box="[1241,1334,1834,1858]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFF7CC92C9DE5F8A7" box="[151,244,1870,1894]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117806 (adult male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFE0DC92F9F52F8A4" box="[486,579,1869,1894]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.67" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="367.0">367 mm</quantity>
TL), mouth of Rio Demeni, Rio Negro, Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF92FF8DFAECC92F985FF8A7" box="[1287,1358,1869,1894]" name="Brazil" pageId="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFAB1C92C9DF7F84B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-0.7755">0° 46' 31.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF92FF8DFF18C9139CAEF84B" box="[243,447,1905,1930]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="1" value="-62.9373">062° 56' 14.28&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, field no. RN04.33, col. F. Marques 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF92FF8DFC89C9109E84F848" box="[866,917,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF92FF8DFC46C9139EE2F84B" box="[941,1011,1905,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[269,1297,489,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[234,1336,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of paratype of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (adult male, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). Specimen was dissected to study ventral lateral-line canals (skin slightly displaced)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271376/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFBE0C9109979F84B" box="[1035,1128,1906,1930]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117807 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFA99C9109DD2F86C" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="380.0">380 mm</quantity>
TL), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFE45C9F49F1AF86F" box="[430,523,1942,1966]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFD95C9F49FCAF86F" box="[638,731,1942,1966]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117808 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFC1AC9F49942F86C" box="[1009,1107,1942,1966]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4299999999999997" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="343.0">343 mm</quantity>
TL), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFAD4C9F4988DF86F" box="[1343,1436,1942,1966]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFF15C9D89C4AF813" box="[254,347,1978,2002]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117810 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFD98C9D89FC4F810" box="[627,725,1978,2002]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.31" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="331.0">331 mm</quantity>
TL), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFC28C9D89931F813" box="[963,1056,1978,2002]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFB78C9D899E1F813" box="[1171,1264,1978,2002]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117811 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFF1AC9BF9C5CF834" box="[241,333,2013,2038]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="335.0">335 mm</quantity>
TL), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFDCAC9BC9F6FF837" box="[545,638,2014,2038]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF92FF8DFD0DC9BC9E52F837" box="[742,835,2014,2038]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117812 (adult male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF92FF8DFBDBC9BF999CF834" box="[1072,1165,2013,2038]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="315.0">315 mm</quantity>
TL), field no. RN11.03, same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFED1CEFA9C86FF71" box="[314,407,152,176]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2">MZUSP</collectionCode>
117804; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFDE2CEFA9F5EFF6E" box="[521,591,152,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
3543 (male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFD1ACEF59E42FF6E" box="[753,851,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="175.0">175 mm</quantity>
DL), Barcelos, Rio Negro, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFAC1CEF59861FF71" box="[1322,1392,151,176]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brasil</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF91FF8EFA6BCEF59C26FF14" pageId="2" value="1996-10-25">25 October 1996</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFEADCEDF9C9DFF15" box="[326,396,189,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
4866 (female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFDABCEDE9FB0FF15" box="[576,673,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="107.0">107 mm</quantity>
DL), Rio Itu, tributary of Rio Negro, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFB05CEDE9820FF14" box="[1262,1329,188,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brasil</collectingCountry>
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFAD0CEDE9889FF14" box="[1339,1432,188,213]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" precision="925" value="-0.93333334">00º56’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFF7CCEBD9DEDFF39" box="[151,252,223,248]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" precision="925" value="-62.9">62º54’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF91FF8EFEECCEBD9CB2FF39" box="[263,419,223,248]" pageId="2" value="2001-10">October 2001</date>
, col. M.L.G. de Araújo; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFD58CE829FE8FF36" box="[691,761,224,247]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
4867 (male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFC66CE829EFBFF36" box="[909,1002,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="107.0">107 mm</quantity>
DL), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFB29CE829819FF36" box="[1218,1288,224,247]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
4866; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFABDCE82988DFF36" box="[1366,1436,224,247]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
9017 (two females, 225 and 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFE0ECF669F54FEDD" box="[485,581,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="281.0">281 mm</quantity>
TL), Rio Itu, tributary of Rio Negro, ca. 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFBC5CF669969FEDC" box="[1070,1144,260,285]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
upstream from Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFEF0CF459C73FE81" box="[283,354,295,320]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFE85CF4A9CE8FE81" box="[366,505,296,320]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-0.4775">00°28’39’’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFDEFCF459F86FE81" box="[516,663,295,320]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-63.258335">63°15’30’’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF91FF8EFD48CF4A9E40FE81" box="[675,849,296,320]" pageId="2" value="1999-01-03">3 January 1999</date>
, col. M.L.G. de Araújo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF91FF8EFF2CCF2E9E0CFD69" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFF2CCF2E9F19FEA4" bold="true" box="[199,520,332,357]" pageId="2">Other specimens examined</emphasis>
. (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF91FF8EFDF5CF2E9FADFEA4" box="[542,700,332,357]" pageId="2" type="generic">50 specimens</specimenCount>
). 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFD26CF2E9E3BFEA5" box="[717,810,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2">MZUSP</collectionCode>
27473 (juv. male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFC10CF2E995BFEA5" box="[1019,1098,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="93.0">93 mm</quantity>
DL), Baia Grande, Rio Jufari, upper Rio Negro, Caracaí, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFDA2CF0D9F81FE49" box="[585,656,367,392]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 1982; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFD09CF129E2EFE49" box="[738,831,368,392]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2">MZUSP</collectionCode>
73650 (adult female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFBDDCF0D9982FE46" box="[1078,1171,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="263.0">263 mm</quantity>
DW), Rio Itu, tributary of Rio Negro, ca. 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFE88CFF69CBAFE6C" box="[355,427,404,429]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
upstream from Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFCBCCFF69E8FFE6C" box="[855,926,404,429]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFC41CFF69924FE6D" box="[938,1077,404,428]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-0.4775">00°28’39’’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFBAACFF699C6FE6C" box="[1089,1239,404,429]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-63.258335">63°15’30’’W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFB0FCFF69850FE6D" box="[1252,1345,404,428]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2">MZUSP</collectionCode>
116094 (data as in 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFEFBCFDA9C7CFE11" box="[272,365,440,464]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2">MZUSP</collectionCode>
104692); 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFE0BCFDA9F37FE0E" box="[480,550,440,463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
3543 (male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFD52CFD59E04FE0E" box="[697,789,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="175.0">175 mm</quantity>
DL), Barcelos, Rio Negro, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFB24CFD59804FE11" box="[1231,1301,439,464]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brasil</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF91FF8EFAF4CFD59DC2FE34" pageId="2" value="1996-10-25">25 October 1996</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFF35CFBF9C35FE35" box="[222,292,477,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
4865 (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF91FF8EFE9ECFBE9F02FE34" box="[373,531,476,501]" pageId="2" type="generic">36 specimens</specimenCount>
), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFD55CFBF9E15FE35" box="[702,772,477,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
4866; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFCBFCFBF9E8BFE35" box="[852,922,477,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
5215 (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF91FF8EFC00CFBE996BFE34" box="[1003,1146,476,501]" pageId="2" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
), Rio Itu, tributary of Rio Negro, ca. 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFEFECC629C4CFDD9" box="[277,349,511,536]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
upstream from Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFCE0CF9D9E43FDD9" box="[779,850,511,536]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFCB4CC629EFBFDD9" box="[863,1002,512,536]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-0.4775">00°28’39’’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFC1CCF9D999BFDD9" box="[1015,1162,511,536]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-63.258335">63°15’30’’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="A526C7B1FF91FF8EFB7CCC62985BFDD9" box="[1175,1354,512,536]" pageId="2" value="1999-01-03">3 January 1999</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFABDCC62988DFDD6" box="[1366,1436,512,535]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
5214 (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF91FF8EFF0ACC469C62FDFC" box="[225,371,548,573]" pageId="2" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
), Igarapé Zamula, tributary of Rio Negro ca. 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFC6ECC469EDEFDFC" box="[901,975,548,573]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
downstream from Barcelos, Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF91FF8EFF7CCC259DCFFDA1" box="[151,222,583,608]" name="Brazil" pageId="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFF02CC259C65FDA1" box="[233,372,583,608]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-0.865">00°51’54’’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4AC87B6FF91FF8EFE6BCC259F07FDA1" box="[384,534,583,608]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" precision="15" value="-62.778057">62°46’41’’W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFDCACC2A9F76FD9E" box="[545,615,584,607]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
5215 (
<specimenCount id="C79E2AF8FF91FF8EFD5CCC2A9E54FDA1" box="[695,837,583,608]" pageId="2" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFC06CC2A9922FD9E" box="[1005,1075,584,607]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
9017; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFB6ACC2A99D6FD9E" box="[1153,1223,584,607]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
5216 (adult male), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFED9CC0F9C69FD45" box="[306,376,621,644]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
9017; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFE20CC0F9F00FD45" box="[459,529,621,644]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
5217 (dissected female, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFCDACC0E9E81FD45" box="[817,912,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
DW), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFB96CC0F99D2FD45" box="[1149,1219,621,644]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
9017; 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFAFECC0F984AFD45" box="[1301,1371,621,644]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
6100 (dissected male, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFEB9CCF29CBEFD66" box="[338,431,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="174.0">174 mm</quantity>
DW), same data as 
<collectionCode id="B78979B4FF91FF8EFD7BCCF29FC7FD66" box="[656,726,656,679]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="2">UFPB</collectionCode>
9017.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF91FF8EFF2CCCD69929FB61" pageId="2" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF91FF8EFF2CCCD69929FB61" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFF2CCCD69C2BFD0C" bold="true" box="[199,314,692,717]" pageId="2">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. A species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFE02CCD79F9BFD0D" box="[489,650,693,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFE02CCD79F9BFD0D" box="[489,650,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
endemic to the Rio Negro drainage, diagnosed by its unique color pattern, composed of a light brown dorsal disc surface with blackish irregularly-shaped, few and broad vermiculations on central disc, delimiting a light brown amphora- or Ω-shaped figure or large light brown reniform blotches at disc center, with subcircular to reniform ocellated light brown spots towards disc margins, a darkbanded tail on its sides, and small size (smallest known species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFC7BCD279921FC9D" box="[912,1072,837,860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFC7BCD279921FC9D" box="[912,1072,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, maturing at 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFB21CD269870FC9D" box="[1226,1377,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="175.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="160.0">160–190 mm</quantity>
DW, largest examined specimen 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFE37CD0A9F2FFCBE" box="[476,574,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
DW). The following combination of characters further distinguishes this species from congeners: enlarged spines on dorsal midtail in one to three irregular rows, few in number, low, and not extending posteriorly to caudal stings, ending near mid length of tail; denticles on posterior mid-disc and tail base Y-shaped, with a central, anterior, bulbous cusp and usually two posterior pairs of smaller, rounded cusps; anterior angular cartilage well-developed, lacking posterior angular cartilage (both angulars present and well developed in most species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFE14CA7F9F8EFBF5" box="[511,671,1053,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFE14CA7F9F8EFBF5" box="[511,671,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFCE2CA7F9E66FBF5" box="[777,887,1053,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFCE2CA7F9E66FBF5" box="[777,887,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFC60CA7F9932FBF5" box="[907,1059,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFC60CA7F9932FBF5" box="[907,1059,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. schroederi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFBDCCA7F99B1FBF5" box="[1079,1184,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFBDCCA7F99B1FBF5" box="[1079,1184,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFB5FCA7F9862FBF5" box="[1204,1395,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schuhmacheri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFB5FCA7F99D3FBF5" box="[1204,1218,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFB3DCA7E9862FBF5" box="[1238,1395,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2">schuhmacheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFA6CCA7F9DE7FB99" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFA6CCA7F9DE7FB99" italics="true" pageId="2">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFEEFCA239C9AFB99" box="[260,395,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. hu m e ro s a</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFE77CA239F1DFB96" box="[412,524,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signata">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFE77CA239F1DFB96" box="[412,524,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. signata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFDA1CA239FD2FB96" box="[586,707,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFDA1CA239FD2FB96" box="[586,707,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. marinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF91FF8EFD38CA239E5FFB99" box="[723,846,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFD38CA239E5FFB99" box="[723,846,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF91FF8EFCB7CA229E8AFB96" box="[860,923,1088,1111]" pageId="2" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, is easily distinguished from these species by its unique color pattern, arrangement of enlarged spines on dorsal tail, and smaller size); and clasper skeleton with a single basal segment (almost all species of potamotrygonids have two segments).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF91FF81FF2CCACE992FF8AD" lastPageId="13" pageId="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF91FF8EFF2CCACE9ED9FA00" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF91FF8EFF2CCACE9C40FB04" bold="true" box="[199,337,1196,1221]" pageId="2">Description</emphasis>
. Small sized stingray, largest examined specimen 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFC6ECACE9EF3FB05" box="[901,994,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="290.0">290 mm</quantity>
DL, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFBF7CACE9968FB05" box="[1052,1145,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="2" unit="mm" value="263.0">263 mm</quantity>
DW. Disc markedly oval, disc length 1.1–1.2 times DW; greatest disc width anterior to its mid-length. Disc slightly tapers posteriorly. Anterior snout with small knob-like protuberance, present also in adults. Anterior disc margin broadly convex, especially in larger adult specimens. Head not greatly protruding above disc, and not particularly broad. Eyes relatively large, somewhat bulging; eye length 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFD54CB5E9E25FA94" box="[703,820,1340,1365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" metricValueMax="12.192" metricValueMin="4.064" pageId="2" unit="in" value="3.2" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–4.8 in</quantity>
interorbital distance, 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFBDFCB5E99BBFA94" box="[1076,1194,1340,1365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" metricValueMax="4.826" metricValueMin="2.794" pageId="2" unit="in" value="1.5" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.9 in</quantity>
interocular distance. Preocular distance 3.0– 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFE49CB029CF5FAB9" box="[418,484,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.652" pageId="2" unit="in" value="3.8">3.8 in</quantity>
DW, 1.0–1.5 times interocular distance. Spiracles relatively large, rhomboidal, but more slender in preserved specimens. Spiracle length 1.2–2.4 times eye length, and 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFB92CBE699FEFA5C" box="[1145,1263,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.874" metricValueMin="4.826" pageId="2" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="1.9">1.9–3.1 in</quantity>
interspiracular distance. Spiracles extending anterolaterally to about mid-length of eyes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF91FF8EFF2CCBAE9998F8E9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2">
Mouth relatively small, its width about equal to internarial distance. Nasal curtain more broad posteriorly, trapezoidal, with small median indentation, and covering almost all of mouth; posterior margin of nasal curtain fringed in some specimens. Nostrils very slender, elongate. Posterior margin of mouth with small median notch. Very weak, shallow grooves at lower jaw corners. Floor of mouth with five buccal papillae. Preoral distance 4.0– 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFF23C83E9C1BF9B4" box="[200,266,1628,1653]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3208" pageId="2" unit="in" value="5.2">5.2 in</quantity>
DW. Teeth relatively small, loosely set in quincunx, in 24–58/24–53 total longitudinal rows (
<typeStatus id="0E235FD3FF91FF8EFAD2C83E988CF9B4" box="[1337,1437,1628,1653]" pageId="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
with 36/38), and 4–7 exposed teeth in median row of lower dental plate. Tooth crown reniform in apical view, with concave anterior margin, without prominent cusps except in mature males. Teeth sexually dimorphic, adult and subadult males with pointed central cusp and two small accessory cusps; females with blunt teeth. Branchial basket relatively wide, distance between first pair of gill slits 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFCF8C88E9E97F8C4" box="[787,902,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0922000000000003" metricValueMax="1.2446000000000002" metricValueMin="0.9398000000000002" pageId="2" unit="in" value="4.3" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="3.7">3.7–4.9 in</quantity>
DW; distance between first and fifth gill slits 
<quantity id="16604C94FF91FF8EFF7CC96D9C19F8E9" box="[151,264,1807,1832]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.7018" metricValueMin="1.3462" pageId="2" unit="in" value="6.0" valueMax="6.7" valueMin="5.3">5.3–6.7 in</quantity>
DW. Fifth gill slits about half of width of first gill slit; gill slits weakly sinuous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF91FF8FFF2CC9569EE8FEDC" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="3" pageId="2">
Pelvic fins relatively broad and somewhat rounded at apices, partially covered by disc and only slightly protruding beyond disc posteriorly. Claspers in adult males slender and elongate, extending posteriorly to about one-third tail length. Tail relatively short and slender, tail length about equal to disc width in intact juvenile specimens; other examined specimens with broken tails. Tail width at base about one-half to three-fourths interorbital distance. Lateral tail ridges well-developed, present from tail base to close to sting origin. Tail in crosssection somewhat flat dorsoventrally. Tail with well-developed dorsal and ventral finfolds posterior to caudal stings, especially dorsal finfold; height of dorsal finfold 
<quantity id="16604C94FF90FF8FFCF4CEDE9E83FF14" box="[799,914,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="6.35" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="3" unit="in" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 in</quantity>
tail height. Caudal sting slender, sting length 1.3–3.3 times tail width at base. Usually one or two caudal stings present, with lateral serrations more developed at sting posterior third, near sting tip; lateral serrations not very well developed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9F1CFE65" ID-Table-UUID="85E7B1F9FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9F1CFE65" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/85E7B1F9FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9F1CFE65" pageId="3" targetBox="[159,1331,449,1794]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9F1CFE65" blockId="3.[151,1436,331,420]" pageId="3">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF90FF8FFF7CCF2E9C1CFEA2" bold="true" box="[151,269,332,355]" pageId="3">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements expressed as percentages of disc width (in mm) taken on specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF90FF8FFB53CF2E9DA7FE42" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF90FF8FFB53CF2E9DA7FE42" italics="true" pageId="3">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF90FF8FFF28CF0E9DECFE42" box="[195,253,364,387]" pageId="3" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Means, ranges, and standard deviations (SD) calculated based on all specimens measured (n: number of specimens). Holotype: MZUSP 117809.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF90FF8FFF74CFA39836F8C3" pageId="3">
<table id="A39813D1FF900073FF74CFA39822F8C3" box="[159,1331,449,1794]" gridcols="5" gridrows="33" pageId="3">
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CFA39822FE16" box="[159,1331,449,471]" gridrow="0" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CFA39CC2FE16" box="[159,467,449,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3">MEASUREMENTS</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CFA39FACFE16" box="[607,701,449,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Holotype</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CFA39E27FE16" box="[796,822,449,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3">n</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CFA399B4FE16" box="[952,1189,449,471]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Range Mean</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCFA39822FE16" box="[1287,1331,449,471]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3">SD</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CF889822FDC1" box="[159,1331,490,512]" gridrow="1" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CF889CC2FDC1" box="[159,467,490,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3">1. Disc width mm (=100%)</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CF889FACFDC1" box="[607,701,490,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3">247.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CF889E27FDC1" box="[796,822,490,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CF8899B4FDC1" box="[952,1189,490,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3">72.4–263 162.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCF889822FDC1" box="[1287,1331,490,512]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3">51.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CC769822FDEB" box="[159,1331,532,554]" gridrow="2" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CC769CC2FDEB" box="[159,467,532,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3">2. Disc length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CC769FACFDEB" box="[607,701,532,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3">106.9</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CC769E27FDEB" box="[796,822,532,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CC7699B4FDEB" box="[952,1189,532,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3">105.3–122.2 109.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCC769822FDEB" box="[1287,1331,532,554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3">3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CC5F9822FD92" box="[159,1331,573,595]" gridrow="3" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CC5F9CC2FD92" box="[159,467,573,595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3">3. Total length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CC5F9FACFD92" box="[607,701,573,595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3">150.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CC5F9E27FD92" box="[796,822,573,595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3">23</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CC5F99B4FD92" box="[952,1189,573,595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3">144.1–215.4 173.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCC5F9822FD92" box="[1287,1331,573,595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3">20.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CC049822FDBD" box="[159,1331,614,636]" gridrow="4" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CC049CC2FDBD" box="[159,467,614,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3">4. Internal disc length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CC049FACFDBD" box="[607,701,614,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3">91.5</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CC049E27FDBD" box="[796,822,614,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CC0499B4FDBD" box="[952,1189,614,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3">80.6–109.2 91.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCC049822FDBD" box="[1287,1331,614,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3">5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CCF29822FD67" box="[159,1331,656,678]" gridrow="5" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CCF29CC2FD67" box="[159,467,656,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3">5. Mouth to scapulocoracoid</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CCF29FACFD67" box="[607,701,656,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3">33.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CCF29E27FD67" box="[796,822,656,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CCF299B4FD67" box="[952,1189,656,678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3">30.8–38.7 34.1</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCCF29822FD67" box="[1287,1331,656,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CCDB9822FD0E" box="[159,1331,697,719]" gridrow="6" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CCDB9CC2FD0E" box="[159,467,697,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3">6. Mouth to cloaca</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CCDB9FACFD0E" box="[607,701,697,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3">68.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CCDB9E27FD0E" box="[796,822,697,719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CCDB99B4FD0E" box="[952,1189,697,719]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3">61.9–72.5 66.4</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCCDB9822FD0E" box="[1287,1331,697,719]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CC809822FD39" box="[159,1331,738,760]" gridrow="7" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CC809CC2FD39" box="[159,467,738,760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3">7. Cloaca to sting</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CC809FACFD39" box="[607,701,738,760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3">38.3</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CC809E27FD39" box="[796,822,738,760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3">46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CC8099B4FD39" box="[952,1189,738,760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3">32.7–72.5 38.8</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCC809822FD39" box="[1287,1331,738,760]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3">3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CD6E9822FCE3" box="[159,1331,780,802]" gridrow="8" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CD6E9CC2FCE3" box="[159,467,780,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3">8. Tail length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CD6E9FACFCE3" box="[607,701,780,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3">51.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CD6E9E27FCE3" box="[796,822,780,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3">22</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CD6E99B4FCE3" box="[952,1189,780,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3">49–113 79.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCD6E9822FCE3" box="[1287,1331,780,802]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3">19.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CD579822FC8A" box="[159,1331,821,843]" gridrow="9" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CD579CC2FC8A" box="[159,467,821,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3">9. Tail width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CD579FACFC8A" box="[607,701,821,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3">10.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CD579E27FC8A" box="[796,822,821,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CD5799B4FC8A" box="[952,1189,821,843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3">7.5–13.6 10.5</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCD579822FC8A" box="[1287,1331,821,843]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CD3C9822FCB5" box="[159,1331,862,884]" gridrow="10" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CD3C9CC2FCB5" box="[159,467,862,884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3">10. Tail width at sting base</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CD3C9FACFCB5" box="[607,701,862,884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3">4.4</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CD3C9E27FCB5" box="[796,822,862,884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3">46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CD3C99B4FCB5" box="[952,1189,862,884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3">3.8–7.4 5.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCD3C9822FCB5" box="[1287,1331,862,884]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3">1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CDEA9822FC5F" box="[159,1331,904,926]" gridrow="11" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CDEA9CC2FC5F" box="[159,467,904,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3">11. Tail height</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CDEA9FACFC5F" box="[607,701,904,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3">7.4</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CDEA9E27FC5F" box="[796,822,904,926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CDEA99B4FC5F" box="[952,1189,904,926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3">4.6–8.6 6.5</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCDEA9822FC5F" box="[1287,1331,904,926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CDD39822FC06" box="[159,1331,945,967]" gridrow="12" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CDD39CC2FC06" box="[159,467,945,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3">12. Tail finfold height</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CDD39FACFC06" box="[607,701,945,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3">–</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CDD39E27FC06" box="[796,822,945,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3">23</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CDD399B4FC06" box="[952,1189,945,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3">1.2–4.1 3.3</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCDD39822FC06" box="[1287,1331,945,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3">0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CDB89822FC31" box="[159,1331,986,1008]" gridrow="13" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CDB89CC2FC31" box="[159,467,986,1008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3">13. Pelvic fin width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CDB89FACFC31" box="[607,701,986,1008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3">50.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CDB89E27FC31" box="[796,822,986,1008]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CDB899B4FC31" box="[952,1189,986,1008]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3">20–62 26.7</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCDB89822FC31" box="[1287,1331,986,1008]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3">13.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CA669822FBDB" box="[159,1331,1028,1050]" gridrow="14" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CA669CC2FBDB" box="[159,467,1028,1050]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3">14. Pelvic fin length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CA669FACFBDB" box="[607,701,1028,1050]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3">26.8</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CA669E27FBDB" box="[796,822,1028,1050]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CA6699B4FBDB" box="[952,1189,1028,1050]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3">19.8–28.5 24.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCA669822FBDB" box="[1287,1331,1028,1050]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CA4F9822FB82" box="[159,1331,1069,1091]" gridrow="15" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CA4F9CC2FB82" box="[159,467,1069,1091]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3">15. Clasper length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CA4F9FACFB82" box="[607,701,1069,1091]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3">–</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CA4F9E27FB82" box="[796,822,1069,1091]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3">20</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CA4F99B4FB82" box="[952,1189,1069,1091]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3">9.2–32.9 24.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCA4F9822FB82" box="[1287,1331,1069,1091]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3">8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CA349822FBAD" box="[159,1331,1110,1132]" gridrow="16" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CA349CC2FBAD" box="[159,467,1110,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3">16. Sting length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CA349FACFBAD" box="[607,701,1110,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3">21.9</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CA349E27FBAD" box="[796,822,1110,1132]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3">45</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CA3499B4FBAD" box="[952,1189,1110,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3">11.2–32.1 21.4</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCA349822FBAD" box="[1287,1331,1110,1132]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3">4.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CAE29822FB57" box="[159,1331,1152,1174]" gridrow="17" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CAE29CC2FB57" box="[159,467,1152,1174]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3">17. Precloacal length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CAE29FACFB57" box="[607,701,1152,1174]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3">88.3</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CAE29E27FB57" box="[796,822,1152,1174]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CAE299B4FB57" box="[952,1189,1152,1174]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3">81.7–93.4 86.9</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCAE29822FB57" box="[1287,1331,1152,1174]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CACB9822FB7E" box="[159,1331,1193,1215]" gridrow="18" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CACB9CC2FB7E" box="[159,467,1193,1215]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3">18. Preoral length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CACB9FACFB7E" box="[607,701,1193,1215]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3">20.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CACB9E27FB7E" box="[796,822,1193,1215]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CACB99B4FB7E" box="[952,1189,1193,1215]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3">18.2–24.8 21.1</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCACB9822FB7E" box="[1287,1331,1193,1215]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CAB09822FB29" box="[159,1331,1234,1256]" gridrow="19" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CAB09CC2FB29" box="[159,467,1234,1256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3">19. Prenarial length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CAB09FACFB29" box="[607,701,1234,1256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3">12.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CAB09E27FB29" box="[796,822,1234,1256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CAB099B4FB29" box="[952,1189,1234,1256]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3">12.4–17.6 14.7</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCAB09822FB29" box="[1287,1331,1234,1256]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CA9E9822FAD3" box="[159,1331,1276,1298]" gridrow="20" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CA9E9CC2FAD3" box="[159,467,1276,1298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3">20. Branchial basket length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CA9E9FACFAD3" box="[607,701,1276,1298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3">16.5</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CA9E9E27FAD3" box="[796,822,1276,1298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CA9E99B4FAD3" box="[952,1189,1276,1298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3">14.7–19.2 17.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCA9E9822FAD3" box="[1287,1331,1276,1298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CB479822FAFA" box="[159,1331,1317,1339]" gridrow="21" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CB479CC2FAFA" box="[159,467,1317,1339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3">21. Branchial basket width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CB479FACFAFA" box="[607,701,1317,1339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3">31.3</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CB479E27FAFA" box="[796,822,1317,1339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CB4799B4FAFA" box="[952,1189,1317,1339]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3">22.3–30 25.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCB479822FAFA" box="[1287,1331,1317,1339]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3">1.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CB2C9822FAA5" box="[159,1331,1358,1380]" gridrow="22" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CB2C9CC2FAA5" box="[159,467,1358,1380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3">22. Mouth width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CB2C9FACFAA5" box="[607,701,1358,1380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3">11.3</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CB2C9E27FAA5" box="[796,822,1358,1380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CB2C99B4FAA5" box="[952,1189,1358,1380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3">8–12.2 9.8</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCB2C9822FAA5" box="[1287,1331,1358,1380]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="3">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CB1A9822FA4F" box="[159,1331,1400,1422]" gridrow="23" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CB1A9CC2FA4F" box="[159,467,1400,1422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3">23. Nostril length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CB1A9FACFA4F" box="[607,701,1400,1422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3">6.6</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CB1A9E27FA4F" box="[796,822,1400,1422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CB1A99B4FA4F" box="[952,1189,1400,1422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="3">6–8 7.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCB1A9822FA4F" box="[1287,1331,1400,1422]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="3">0.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CBC39822FA76" box="[159,1331,1441,1463]" gridrow="24" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CBC39CC2FA76" box="[159,467,1441,1463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3">24. Internarial width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CBC39FACFA76" box="[607,701,1441,1463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3">6.1</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CBC39E27FA76" box="[796,822,1441,1463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CBC399B4FA76" box="[952,1189,1441,1463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="3">5.9–8.4 7.0</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCBC39822FA76" box="[1287,1331,1441,1463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="3">0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CBA89822FA21" box="[159,1331,1482,1504]" gridrow="25" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CBA89CC2FA21" box="[159,467,1482,1504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3">25. Eye length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CBA89FACFA21" box="[607,701,1482,1504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3">4.7</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CBA89E27FA21" box="[796,822,1482,1504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="3">46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CBA899B4FA21" box="[952,1189,1482,1504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="3">3.4–6.9 5.4</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCBA89822FA21" box="[1287,1331,1482,1504]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="3">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74CB969822F9CB" box="[159,1331,1524,1546]" gridrow="26" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74CB969CC2F9CB" box="[159,467,1524,1546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3">26. Spiracle length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4CB969FACF9CB" box="[607,701,1524,1546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="3">8.1</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7CB969E27F9CB" box="[796,822,1524,1546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53CB9699B4F9CB" box="[952,1189,1524,1546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="3">6.5–10.3 8.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECCB969822F9CB" box="[1287,1331,1524,1546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="3">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74C87F9822F9F2" box="[159,1331,1565,1587]" gridrow="27" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74C87F9CC2F9F2" box="[159,467,1565,1587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="3">27. Interocular width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4C87F9FACF9F2" box="[607,701,1565,1587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="3">17.7</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7C87F9E27F9F2" box="[796,822,1565,1587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="3">41</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53C87F99B4F9F2" box="[952,1189,1565,1587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="3">14.1–23.7 20.5</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECC87F9822F9F2" box="[1287,1331,1565,1587]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="3">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74C8249822F99D" box="[159,1331,1606,1628]" gridrow="28" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74C8249CC2F99D" box="[159,467,1606,1628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="3">28. Interorbital width (cranial)</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4C8249FACF99D" box="[607,701,1606,1628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="3">–</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7C8249E27F99D" box="[796,822,1606,1628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="3">30</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53C82499B4F99D" box="[952,1189,1606,1628]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="3">6.5–11.7 8.8</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECC8249822F99D" box="[1287,1331,1606,1628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="3">1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74C8129822F947" box="[159,1331,1648,1670]" gridrow="29" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74C8129CC2F947" box="[159,467,1648,1670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="3">29. Interspiracular width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4C8129FACF947" box="[607,701,1648,1670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="3">16.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7C8129E27F947" box="[796,822,1648,1670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="3">47</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53C81299B4F947" box="[952,1189,1648,1670]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="3">15.5–24.1 19.8</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECC8129822F947" box="[1287,1331,1648,1670]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="3">2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74C8FB9822F96E" box="[159,1331,1689,1711]" gridrow="30" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74C8FB9CC2F96E" box="[159,467,1689,1711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="3">30. Preocular length</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4C8FB9FACF96E" box="[607,701,1689,1711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="3">24.4</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7C8FB9E27F96E" box="[796,822,1689,1711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="3">46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53C8FB99B4F96E" box="[952,1189,1689,1711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="3">21.7–31.7 27.8</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECC8FB9822F96E" box="[1287,1331,1689,1711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="3">2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74C8A09822F919" box="[159,1331,1730,1752]" gridrow="31" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74C8A09CC2F919" box="[159,467,1730,1752]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="3">31. Upper dental plate width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4C8A09FACF919" box="[607,701,1730,1752]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="3">9</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7C8A09E27F919" box="[796,822,1730,1752]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="3">27</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53C8A099B4F919" box="[952,1189,1730,1752]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="3">7.1–9.7 8.2</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECC8A09822F919" box="[1287,1331,1730,1752]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="3">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF900073FF74C88E9822F8C3" box="[159,1331,1772,1794]" gridrow="32" pageId="3">
<th id="2C798A4FFF900073FF74C88E9CC2F8C3" box="[159,467,1772,1794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="3">32. Lower dental plate width</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FDB4C88E9FACF8C3" box="[607,701,1772,1794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="3">8.1</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FCF7C88E9E27F8C3" box="[796,822,1772,1794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="3">26</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FC53C88E99B4F8C3" box="[952,1189,1772,1794]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="3">5.5–9.7 7.7</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF900073FAECC88E9822F8C3" box="[1287,1331,1772,1794]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="3">0.9</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF90FF88FF2CC920989CFDD9" blockId="3.[151,1436,1858,2027]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="4" pageId="3">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF90FF8FFF2CC9209C59F89A" bold="true" box="[199,328,1858,1883]" pageId="3">Coloration</emphasis>
. Dorsal surface of disc light brown, brown or grayish-brown with irregularly-shaped dark brown to black figures and vermiculations, delimiting light brown, large reniform or brain-shaped areas at disc center, and subcircular light brown areas towards disc margins (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF90FF8FFD03C9E89E44F862" box="[744,853,1930,1955]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1631,1653]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1631,1653]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1782,1804]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1102,1124]" captionTargetBox-0="[268,1306,204,1595]" captionTargetBox-1="[269,1297,489,1844]" captionTargetBox-2="[270,1290,234,1563]" captionTargetBox-3="[246,1341,193,1748]" captionTargetBox-4="[234,1336,193,1072]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[244,1345,193,1618]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[234,1336,445,1870]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[234,1336,193,1625]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[246,1341,193,1748]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[234,1336,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of holotype of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (adult female, MZUSP 117809, 371 mm TL). Note that specimen lacks distal tip of tail and anteriormost caudal sting (smaller, posterior caudal sting shown), and that disc is slightly curled in B." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of paratype of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (adult male, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). Specimen was dissected to study ventral lateral-line canals (skin slightly displaced)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., freshly captured specimen with heavy mucus cover (about 340 mm TL, 230 mm DW; Rio Cuari, Rio Negro basin; photo courtesy of N. Labbish Chao)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Live and freshly caught specimens of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., showing variation in dorsal color pattern. A) From aquabr. com. br / artigos / peixes / arraia-de-agua-doce. B – E) From R. Hardwick (specimens in D are neonates; note great height of dorsal finfold in tail above specimen in E). F – G) Courtesy of N. Labbish Chao (note distinct amphora-shaped mark on disc center in G)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of live adult male specimen. Note large, lighter blotches on back that in many specimens coalesce to form amphora- or Ω-shaped figure, smaller spots closer to disc margins, particular coloration on eyes, and lateral darker bands on tail (photo courtesy of J. K. Langhammer)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/271375/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/271376/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/271377/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/271378/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/271379/files/figure.png" pageId="3">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
). The black pigment forms a light brown amphora- or Ω-shaped figure on mid-disc (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF90FF8FFDDBC9CC9F6CF806" box="[560,637,1966,1991]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1782,1804]" captionTargetBox="[246,1341,193,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[246,1341,193,1748]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Live and freshly caught specimens of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., showing variation in dorsal color pattern. A) From aquabr. com. br / artigos / peixes / arraia-de-agua-doce. B – E) From R. Hardwick (specimens in D are neonates; note great height of dorsal finfold in tail above specimen in E). F – G) Courtesy of N. Labbish Chao (note distinct amphora-shaped mark on disc center in G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271378/files/figure.png" pageId="3">
Fig. 
<quantity id="16604C94FF90FF8FFD86C9CD9F6CF806" box="[621,637,1967,1991]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" unit="g" value="4.0">4</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g), starting immediately behind eyes and spiracles and continuing posteriorly on disc. The blackish pigment is easily washed away in captured or preserved specimens, but is usually retained around the spiracles and anterior disc. Light brownish irregular spots on disc periphery usually have darker centers forming weakly ocellated spots. The outer margins of these spots usually have lighter, yellowish spots. These smaller spots may be reniform or cerebriform, and decrease in size toward disc margins; on posterolateral disc they may be fused into lighter streaks. Orbits surrounded by yellowish spots delimited by a fine, darker vermiculate pattern (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF97FF88FE6ECF459CDCFE81" box="[389,461,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[234,1336,1237,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[234,1336,1237,1913]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Detail of eyes and spiracles of live adult female specimen (courtesy of R. Hardwick)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271380/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Sides of tail with alternate light brown and intense black bars that do not connect dorsally, and occurring from tail origin to just posterior to caudal sting origin. Tail finfolds black with slender, lighter vertical lines. Ventral surface of disc white with broad, dark brown disc margins, and creamy to grayish center. Ventral anterior snout region and tail region with grayish-brown, faded spots. Small orange blotches sometimes present on ventral tail base, anterior snout and disc sides, mixed with grayish-brown spots. Occasionally a ventral dark brown spot present on center of disc in adult specimens. Pelvic fins ventrally white with dark brown posterior margins and claspers. Ventral surface of tail dark brown, mottled with light brown and grayish blotches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF97FF88FF2CCC469F6FFC09" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="4">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FF2CCC469C87FDFC" bold="true" box="[199,406,548,573]" pageId="4">Dermal denticles</emphasis>
. Dorsal surface of disc not prickly, with few small, not densely distributed denticles. Denticle crowns form a Y-shape in apical view on mid-disc, with an anterior, central rounded or bulbous cusp and two or sometimes three pairs of smaller, rounded accessory posterior cusps (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF97FF88FBD1CC0E9997FD45" box="[1082,1158,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,567,589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,545]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,546]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. SEM photos of dorsal denticles near posterior mid-disc in Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., showing conspicuous morphology of rounded protuberances forming a Y-shaped pattern (MZUSP 10290)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271381/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Small denticles more numerous on posterior mid-disc and tail base. Enlarged spines (or thorns) just posterior to pelvic girdle and anterior to tail origin on posterior mid-disc and on dorsal tail midline. Tail with up to 30 middorsal thorns in adult and subadult specimens, in one to three irregular and more or less parallel rows; usually more thorns present over tail base and posterior disc, fewer thorns posteriorly on midtail. Thorns in multiple rows on tail base, and usually in one row on midtail. Thorns with slightly rounded bases, posteriorly pointed and raked apices, and usually greater in size at posterior level of pelvic fins. Thorns extend posteriorly to terminate well anterior to caudal stings, at near half tail length. Juvenile specimens with less developed and fewer middorsal spines, and almost no smaller denticles on dorsal surface. No tubercles developed dorsally or laterally on tail. Larger female specimens with moderately developed lateral spines on tail.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C5FFB91" ID-Table-UUID="85E7B1F9FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C5FFB91" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/85E7B1F9FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C5FFB91" pageId="4" targetBox="[159,1411,1133,1527]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C5FFB91" blockId="4.[151,1436,1015,1104]" pageId="4">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FF7CCD9A9C1DFBCE" bold="true" box="[151,268,1016,1039]" pageId="4">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Meristic data taken from specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF97FF88FD5FCD9A9EBCFBCE" box="[692,941,1015,1039]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD5FCD9A9EBCFBCE" box="[692,941,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="4">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF97FF88FC50CD9A9EE5FBCE" box="[955,1012,1016,1039]" pageId="4" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
B-G are paratypes. A: MZUSP 117809 (holotype); B: MZUSP 10290; C: MZUSP 117804; D: MZUSP 117806; E: MZUSP 117805; F: MZUSP 117812; G: MZUSP 104962.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF97FF88FF74CA0F9862FA36" pageId="4">
<table id="A39813D1FF970073FF74CA0F9892FA36" box="[159,1411,1133,1527]" gridcols="10" gridrows="10" pageId="4">
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CA0F9892FB42" box="[159,1411,1133,1155]" gridrow="0" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CA0F9CA2FB42" box="[159,435,1133,1155]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4">CHARACTER</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CA0F9F49FB42" box="[562,600,1133,1155]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4">A</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCA0F9FA7FB42" box="[656,694,1133,1155]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4">B</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CA0F9E04FB42" box="[751,789,1133,1155]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4">C</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CA0F9E65FB42" box="[846,884,1133,1155]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4">D</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CA0F9ED7FB42" box="[941,966,1133,1155]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4">E</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CA0F9937FB42" box="[1036,1062,1133,1155]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4">F</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CA0F9980FB42" box="[1130,1169,1133,1155]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="4">G</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CA0F9807FB42" box="[1226,1302,1133,1155]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="4">Range</th>
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CA0F9892FB42" box="[1352,1411,1133,1155]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="4">Mode</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CAF49892FB6D" box="[159,1411,1174,1196]" gridrow="1" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CAF49CA2FB6D" box="[159,435,1174,1196]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4">Prepelvic vertebrae</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CAF49F49FB6D" box="[562,600,1174,1196]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4">30</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCAF49FA7FB6D" box="[656,694,1174,1196]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4">26</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CAF49E04FB6D" box="[751,789,1174,1196]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4">30</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CAF49E65FB6D" box="[846,884,1174,1196]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4">29</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CAF49ED7FB6D" box="[941,966,1174,1196]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4">29</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CAF49937FB6D" box="[1036,1062,1174,1196]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4">28</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CAF49980FB6D" box="[1130,1169,1174,1196]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="4">28</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CAF49807FB6D" box="[1226,1302,1174,1196]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="4">26–30</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CAF49892FB6D" box="[1352,1411,1174,1196]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="4">28</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CAA29892FB17" box="[159,1411,1216,1238]" gridrow="2" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CAA29CA2FB17" box="[159,435,1216,1238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4">Monospondylous vertebrae</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CAA29F49FB17" box="[562,600,1216,1238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4">34</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCAA29FA7FB17" box="[656,694,1216,1238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4">–</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CAA29E04FB17" box="[751,789,1216,1238]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4">33</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CAA29E65FB17" box="[846,884,1216,1238]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4">33</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CAA29ED7FB17" box="[941,966,1216,1238]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4">33</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CAA29937FB17" box="[1036,1062,1216,1238]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4">36</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CAA29980FB17" box="[1130,1169,1216,1238]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="4">32</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CAA29807FB17" box="[1226,1302,1216,1238]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="4">32–36</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CAA29892FB17" box="[1352,1411,1216,1238]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="4">33</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CA8B9892FB3E" box="[159,1411,1257,1279]" gridrow="3" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CA8B9CA2FB3E" box="[159,435,1257,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4">Diplospondylous vertebrae</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CA8B9F49FB3E" box="[562,600,1257,1279]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4">80</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCA8B9FA7FB3E" box="[656,694,1257,1279]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4">–</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CA8B9E04FB3E" box="[751,789,1257,1279]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4">79</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CA8B9E65FB3E" box="[846,884,1257,1279]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4">74</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CA8B9ED7FB3E" box="[941,966,1257,1279]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4">62</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CA8B9937FB3E" box="[1036,1062,1257,1279]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4">62</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CA8B9980FB3E" box="[1130,1169,1257,1279]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="4">91</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CA8B9807FB3E" box="[1226,1302,1257,1279]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="4">62–91</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CA8B9892FB3E" box="[1352,1411,1257,1279]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="4">62</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CB709892FAE9" box="[159,1411,1298,1320]" gridrow="4" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CB709CA2FAE9" box="[159,435,1298,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4">Total vertebrae</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CB709F49FAE9" box="[562,600,1298,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4">114</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCB709FA7FAE9" box="[656,694,1298,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4">120</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CB709E04FAE9" box="[751,789,1298,1320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4">112</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CB709E65FAE9" box="[846,884,1298,1320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4">107</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CB709ED7FAE9" box="[941,966,1298,1320]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4">95</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CB709937FAE9" box="[1036,1062,1298,1320]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4">98</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CB709980FAE9" box="[1130,1169,1298,1320]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="4">123</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CB709807FAE9" box="[1226,1302,1298,1320]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="4">95–123</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CB709892FAE9" box="[1352,1411,1298,1320]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="4">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CB5E9892FA93" box="[159,1411,1340,1362]" gridrow="5" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CB5E9CA2FA93" box="[159,435,1340,1362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4">Propterygial radials</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CB5E9F49FA93" box="[562,600,1340,1362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4">44</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCB5E9FA7FA93" box="[656,694,1340,1362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4">44</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CB5E9E04FA93" box="[751,789,1340,1362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4">44</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CB5E9E65FA93" box="[846,884,1340,1362]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4">45</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CB5E9ED7FA93" box="[941,966,1340,1362]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4">44</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CB5E9937FA93" box="[1036,1062,1340,1362]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="4">46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CB5E9980FA93" box="[1130,1169,1340,1362]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="4">46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CB5E9807FA93" box="[1226,1302,1340,1362]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="4">44–46</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CB5E9892FA93" box="[1352,1411,1340,1362]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="4">44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CB079892FABA" box="[159,1411,1381,1403]" gridrow="6" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CB079CA2FABA" box="[159,435,1381,1403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4">Mesopterygial radials</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CB079F49FABA" box="[562,600,1381,1403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4">16</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCB079FA7FABA" box="[656,694,1381,1403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4">18</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CB079E04FABA" box="[751,789,1381,1403]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4">15</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CB079E65FABA" box="[846,884,1381,1403]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4">13</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CB079ED7FABA" box="[941,966,1381,1403]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4">15</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CB079937FABA" box="[1036,1062,1381,1403]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="4">14</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CB079980FABA" box="[1130,1169,1381,1403]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="4">15</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CB079807FABA" box="[1226,1302,1381,1403]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="4">13–18</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CB079892FABA" box="[1352,1411,1381,1403]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="4">15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CBEC9892FA65" box="[159,1411,1422,1444]" gridrow="7" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CBEC9CA2FA65" box="[159,435,1422,1444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4">Metapterygial radials</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CBEC9F49FA65" box="[562,600,1422,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4">44</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCBEC9FA7FA65" box="[656,694,1422,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4">38</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CBEC9E04FA65" box="[751,789,1422,1444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4">42</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CBEC9E65FA65" box="[846,884,1422,1444]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4">39</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CBEC9ED7FA65" box="[941,966,1422,1444]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4">39</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CBEC9937FA65" box="[1036,1062,1422,1444]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="4">38</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CBEC9980FA65" box="[1130,1169,1422,1444]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="4">40</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CBEC9807FA65" box="[1226,1302,1422,1444]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="4">38–44</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CBEC9892FA65" box="[1352,1411,1422,1444]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="4">38</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CBDA9892FA0F" box="[159,1411,1464,1486]" gridrow="8" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CBDA9CA2FA0F" box="[159,435,1464,1486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4">Total pectoral-fin radials</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CBDA9F49FA0F" box="[562,600,1464,1486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4">104</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCBDA9FA7FA0F" box="[656,694,1464,1486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4">100</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CBDA9E04FA0F" box="[751,789,1464,1486]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4">101</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CBDA9E65FA0F" box="[846,884,1464,1486]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4">97</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CBDA9ED7FA0F" box="[941,966,1464,1486]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4">98</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CBDA9937FA0F" box="[1036,1062,1464,1486]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="4">98</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CBDA9980FA0F" box="[1130,1169,1464,1486]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="4">101</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CBDA9807FA0F" box="[1226,1302,1464,1486]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="4">97–104</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CBDA9892FA0F" box="[1352,1411,1464,1486]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="4">101</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FA8E333FF970073FF74CB839892FA36" box="[159,1411,1505,1527]" gridrow="9" pageId="4">
<th id="2C798A4FFF970073FF74CB839CA2FA36" box="[159,435,1505,1527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4">Pelvic-fin radials</th>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FDD9CB839F49FA36" box="[562,600,1505,1527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4">23</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD7BCB839FA7FA36" box="[656,694,1505,1527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4">23</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FD04CB839E04FA36" box="[751,789,1505,1527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4">23</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FCA5CB839E65FA36" box="[846,884,1505,1527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4">18</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FC46CB839ED7FA36" box="[941,966,1505,1527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4">17</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FBE7CB839937FA36" box="[1036,1062,1505,1527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="4">18</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB81CB839980FA36" box="[1130,1169,1505,1527]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="4">21</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FB21CB839807FA36" box="[1226,1302,1505,1527]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="4">17–23</td>
<td id="2C798A4FFF970073FAA3CB839892FA36" box="[1352,1411,1505,1527]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="4">23</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF97FF88FF2CC84E9F1CF810" blockId="4.[151,1437,1580,2001]" pageId="4">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FF2CC84E9CECF984" bold="true" box="[199,509,1580,1605]" pageId="4">Ventral lateral-line canals</emphasis>
. Suborbital loop (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD21C84E9FFAF984" bold="true" box="[714,747,1580,1605]" pageId="4">sol</emphasis>
) slender, curved medially (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF97FF88FBF4C84E9972F985" box="[1055,1123,1580,1605]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[390,1169,718,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[358,1215,700,1765]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Ventral lateral-line canals of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (paratype, MZUSP 117806, adult male, 367 mm TL). Abbreviations: ajl, anterior jugular loop; ast, anterior subpleural tubules; hyoc, hyomandibular canal; ioc, infraorbital canal; iol, infraorbital loop; jug, jugular canal; man, mandibular canal; pjl, posterior jugular loop; pnl, prenasal loop; pst, posterior subpleural tubule; soc, supraorbital canal; sol, suborbital loop; spl, subpleural loop." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271382/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), extending toward anterior disc margin close to hyomandibular canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD70C82D9FC2F9A9" bold="true" box="[667,723,1615,1640]" pageId="4">hyoc</emphasis>
); suborbital loop formed by infraorbital canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FAE6C82D983EF9A9" bold="true" box="[1293,1327,1615,1640]" pageId="4">ioc</emphasis>
). Medial component of infraorbital canal undulated; posterior portion of infraorbital canal extends to close to first gill slit, forming small, subtriangular infraorbital loop (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD46C8F59FDBF971" bold="true" box="[685,714,1687,1712]" pageId="4">iol</emphasis>
). Orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FB1BC8F59804F971" bold="true" box="[1264,1301,1687,1712]" pageId="4">soc</emphasis>
) extends in parallel to medial portion of infraorbital canal, closer to nostrils, and is also highly undulated, forming a very slender prenasal loop (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FE7FC8BD9CAAF939" bold="true" box="[404,443,1759,1784]" pageId="4">pnl</emphasis>
). Mandibular canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD4CC8BD9FCDF939" bold="true" box="[679,732,1759,1784]" pageId="4">man</emphasis>
) short, somewhat arched, and just posterior to mouth. Anterior jugular loop (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FEC4C9669C5FF8DC" bold="true" box="[303,334,1796,1821]" pageId="4">ajl</emphasis>
) slender; posterior jugular loop (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD2AC9669FF3F8DC" bold="true" box="[705,738,1796,1821]" pageId="4">pjl</emphasis>
) broader, rectangular, formed medially by jugular canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FA8FC966989AF8DC" bold="true" box="[1380,1419,1796,1821]" pageId="4">jug</emphasis>
). Subpleural component of hyomandibular canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FD2CC9459FEEF881" bold="true" box="[711,767,1831,1856]" pageId="4">hyoc</emphasis>
) extends laterally at branchial slits, somewhat undulated. Initial portion of infraorbital canal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FDA9C92E9F75F8A4" bold="true" box="[578,612,1868,1893]" pageId="4">ioc</emphasis>
) sometimes with slight undulations. Anterior subpleural tubules (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FA9BC92E9883F8A4" bold="true" box="[1392,1426,1868,1893]" pageId="4">ast</emphasis>
) present anteriorly, branching from anterior portion of hyomandibular canal. Posterior subpleural tubule (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FA84C90D9882F849" bold="true" box="[1391,1427,1903,1928]" pageId="4">pst</emphasis>
) single, extending posteriorly past anterior pelvic fin margin. Subpleural loop (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF97FF88FBCBC9F69953F86C" bold="true" box="[1056,1090,1940,1965]" pageId="4">spl</emphasis>
) slender, formed by posterior segment of hyomandibular canal.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF96FF89FF7CC83D9CC2F973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271375/files/figure.png" pageId="5" targetBox="[268,1306,204,1595]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF96FF89FF7CC83D9CC2F973" blockId="5.[151,1436,1631,1714]" pageId="5">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FF7CC83D9C02F9B4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1631,1653]" pageId="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF96FF89FCE9C8029EFEF9B4" box="[770,1007,1631,1653]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FCE9C8029EFEF9B4" box="[770,1007,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF96FF89FC1EC802993AF9B4" box="[1013,1067,1632,1653]" pageId="5" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(adult female, MZUSP 117809, 371 mm TL). Note that specimen lacks distal tip of tail and anteriormost caudal sting (smaller, posterior caudal sting shown), and that disc is slightly curled in B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF96FF8AFF2CC89F9916FE46" blockId="5.[151,1436,1789,2030]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="6" pageId="5">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FF2CC89F9C81F8D7" bold="true" box="[199,400,1789,1814]" pageId="5">Skeletal features</emphasis>
. Neurocranium about as twice as long as wide, with greatest width at level of pre- and postorbital processes (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF96FF89FE7DC9409CF9F8FB" box="[406,488,1826,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1215]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Aspects of the skeletal anatomy and dermal denticles and spines of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., from radiographs in dorsoventral view. A) Head region (adult male paratype, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). B) Right scapular region (specimen as in A). C) Right pelvic fin and adult clasper (specimen as in A). D) Base of tail region, showing distribution and development of dermal denticles and spines (paratype, MZUSP 117804, adult female, 325 mm TL). E) Tail and pelvic region, showing dermal denticles, spines, and caudal sting (paratype, MZUSP 104962, adult female, 345 mm TL). Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; apr, anterior segment of propterygium; at, accessory terminal cartilage; ax, axial cartilage; bp, basipterygium; cs, caudal sting; dm, dorsal marginal cartilage; dt 2, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel’s cartilage; no, nasal opening (nasal aperture); mes, mesoterygium; met, metapterygium; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pro, propterygium; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage; scp, scapular process; vm, ventral marginal cartilage; vt, ventral terminal cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271383/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF96FF89FE1DC9409F04F8FB" box="[502,533,1826,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1757,1779]" captionTargetBox="[293,1300,683,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1344,629,1731]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Further details of the skeleton of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (UFPB 5217, female, 236 mm DW). A) Neurocranium in dorsal view. B) Lateral view of left scapula. C) Pelvic girdle showing extent of median pre-pelvic process (UFPB 6100, male 174 mm DW). D) Gill arches in dorsal view, splayed to left (dorsal elements removed from right side). Abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; afp, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; avf, anteroventral fenestra; bb, basibranchial copula; bh, basihyal; cb: ceratobranchial (1, 5); epi, epibranchial (2); fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hb, hypobranchial (1); ip, iliac process; isp, ischial process; lf, lymphatic foramina; nc, nasal capsule; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; of, obturator foramen; paf, parietal fossa; pb, pharyngobranchial (2); pc, procondyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; ph, pseudohyal (ventral); pop, postorbital process; pp, prepelvic process; prp, preorbital process; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271384/files/figure.png" pageId="5">10</figureCitation>
). Nasal capsules broadly rounded, without strong anterior median indentation; internasal septum very slender. Nasal apertures (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FD39C9279FFEF89F" bold="true" box="[722,751,1861,1886]" pageId="5">no</emphasis>
) broad, much wider than long. Preorbital processes (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FA8CC9279883F89F" bold="true" box="[1383,1426,1861,1886]" pageId="5">prp</emphasis>
) posterolaterally directed, slender, and broadly triangular. Postorbital processes (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FBDDC9089972F842" bold="true" box="[1078,1123,1898,1923]" pageId="5">pop</emphasis>
) projecting anterolaterally, rectangular, broad and relatively robust. Anterior to postorbital process, triangular supraorbital process (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FAD4C9EF9848F867" bold="true" box="[1343,1369,1933,1958]" pageId="5">sp</emphasis>
) well defined. Neurocranium most slender at posterior third of orbit. Otic capsule short, straight in dorsoventral view, and wider than orbital region. Precerebral (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FD40C9B79FC1F82F" bold="true" box="[683,720,2005,2030]" pageId="5">pcf</emphasis>
) and frontoparietal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF96FF89FC3AC9B79EE2F82F" bold="true" box="[977,1011,2005,2030]" pageId="5">fpf</emphasis>
) fontenellae about three-fourths of neurocranial length. Precerebral fontanelle very circular, occupying first third of neurocranial length; frontoparietal fontanelle slender and elongate, constricted medially and tapering posteriorly, terminating at mid-level of postorbital processes. Epiphysial bar separating both fontanelle incomplete but present even in larger adults. Parietal fossa (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF95FF8AFED4CF669C77FEDC" bold="true" box="[319,358,260,285]" pageId="6">paf</emphasis>
) very shallow. Antorbital cartilage very slender in dorsoventral view, wider at articulation with posterolateral aspect of nasal capsule; antorbitals laterally compressed, extending posteriorly beyond level of preorbital processes to level of articulation between palatoquadrate and Meckel’s cartilage. Prespiracular cartilages (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF95FF8AFF4BCF0D9DD6FE49" bold="true" box="[160,199,367,392]" pageId="6">psc</emphasis>
) slender, weakly calcified, relatively elongate, and laterally very concave.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF95FF8AFF7CC90C995AF863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271376/files/figure.png" pageId="6" targetBox="[269,1297,489,1844]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF95FF8AFF7CC90C995AF863" blockId="6.[151,1436,1902,1954]" pageId="6">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF95FF8AFF7CC90C9C02F845" bold="true" box="[151,275,1902,1924]" pageId="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of paratype of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF95FF8AFCE7C90D9EEAF845" box="[780,1019,1902,1924]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF95FF8AFCE7C90D9EEAF845" box="[780,1019,1902,1924]" italics="true" pageId="6">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF95FF8AFBE9C90D9928F845" box="[1026,1081,1903,1924]" pageId="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(adult male, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). Specimen was dissected to study ventral lateral-line canals (skin slightly displaced).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF94FF8BFF7CC83D99D8F955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271377/files/figure.png" pageId="7" targetBox="[270,1290,234,1563]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF94FF8BFF7CC83D99D8F955" blockId="7.[151,1436,1631,1684]" pageId="7">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF94FF8BFF7CC83D9C05F9B4" bold="true" box="[151,276,1631,1653]" pageId="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF94FF8BFD78C8029E90F9B4" box="[659,897,1631,1653]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF94FF8BFD78C8029E90F9B4" box="[659,897,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="7">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF94FF8BFC62C8029ED3F9B4" box="[905,962,1632,1653]" pageId="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, freshly captured specimen with heavy mucus cover (about 340 mm TL, 230 mm DW; Rio Cuari, Rio Negro basin; photo courtesy of N. Labbish Chao).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF94FF8BFF2CC8BD9841F86D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1759,1964]" pageId="7">
Meckel’s cartilages (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF94FF8BFE5EC8BD9CC8F939" bold="true" box="[437,473,1759,1784]" pageId="7">mc</emphasis>
) much stouter than palatoquadrates, with well-developed dorsally projecting lateral processes; palatoquadrates very slender. Hyomandibulae (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF94FF8BFCD9C9619E4FF8DD" bold="true" box="[818,862,1795,1820]" pageId="7">hyo</emphasis>
) relatively slender, especially at articulation with ventrolateral aspect of otic capsule. Hyomandibulae extend laterally to more or less level of propterygium. A single, robust (anterior) angular cartilage (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF94FF8BFD69C9299F8CF8A5" bold="true" box="[642,669,1867,1892]" pageId="7">ac</emphasis>
) present; angular cartilage anteriorly concave and about one-third length of hyomandibulae; posterior angular possibly vestigial, not seen in radiographs or dissected and clear-andstained specimens. Anterior angular positioned perpendicular to neurocranial length, not obliquely oriented.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9BFF84FF7CC8949C57F8A9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271378/files/figure.png" pageId="8" targetBox="[246,1341,193,1748]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9BFF84FF7CC8949C57F8A9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1782,1896]" pageId="8">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9BFF84FF7CC8949C02F8CD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1782,1804]" pageId="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Live and freshly caught specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9BFF84FD75C8959E9DF8CD" box="[670,908,1782,1804]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9BFF84FD75C8959E9DF8CD" box="[670,908,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="8">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF9BFF84FC79C8959EDAF8CD" box="[914,971,1783,1804]" pageId="8" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, showing variation in dorsal color pattern. A) From aquabr.com.br/artigos/peixes/arraia-de-agua-doce. B–E) From R. Hardwick (specimens in D are neonates; note great height of dorsal finfold in tail above specimen in E). F–G) Courtesy of N. Labbish Chao (note distinct amphora-shaped mark on disc center in G).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9AFF85FF7CCA2C9F7DFB65" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271379/files/figure.png" pageId="9" targetBox="[234,1336,193,1072]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9AFF85FF7CCA2C9F7DFB65" blockId="9.[151,1436,1102,1188]" pageId="9">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9AFF85FF7CCA2C9C02FBA5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1102,1124]" pageId="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Dorsal view of live adult male specimen. Note large, lighter blotches on back that in many specimens coalesce to form amphora- or Ω-shaped figure, smaller spots closer to disc margins, particular coloration on eyes, and lateral darker bands on tail (photo courtesy of J.K. Langhammer).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9AFF85FF7CC9F49969F86D" box="[151,1144,1942,1964]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271380/files/figure.png" pageId="9" targetBox="[234,1336,1237,1913]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9AFF85FF7CC9F49969F86D" blockId="9.[151,1144,1942,1964]" box="[151,1144,1942,1964]" pageId="9">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9AFF85FF7CC9F49C03F86D" bold="true" box="[151,274,1942,1964]" pageId="9">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Detail of eyes and spiracles of live adult female specimen (courtesy of R. Hardwick).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF99FF86FF7CCC559EFFFDAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271381/files/figure.png" pageId="10" targetBox="[151,1436,193,545]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF99FF86FF7CCC559EFFFDAA" blockId="10.[151,1436,567,619]" pageId="10">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FF7CCC559C04FD8C" bold="true" box="[151,277,567,589]" pageId="10">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
SEM photos of dorsal denticles near posterior mid-disc in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF99FF86FC6ACC5A9960FD8C" box="[897,1137,567,589]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FC6ACC5A9960FD8C" box="[897,1137,567,589]" italics="true" pageId="10">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF99FF86FB92CC5A99A2FD8C" box="[1145,1203,568,589]" pageId="10" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, showing conspicuous morphology of rounded protuberances forming a Y-shaped pattern (MZUSP 10290).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF99FF86FF7CC9699EF2F8BD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271382/files/figure.png" pageId="10" targetBox="[390,1169,718,1739]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF99FF86FF7CC9699EF2F8BD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1803,1916]" pageId="10">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FF7CC9699C02F8E0" bold="true" box="[151,275,1803,1825]" pageId="10">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Ventral lateral-line canals of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF99FF86FDAFC96E9E23F8E0" box="[580,818,1803,1825]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FDAFC96E9E23F8E0" box="[580,818,1803,1825]" italics="true" pageId="10">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF99FF86FCD2C96E9E61F8E0" box="[825,880,1804,1825]" pageId="10" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(paratype, MZUSP 117806, adult male, 367 mm TL). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FEDEC94B9C40F8FE" bold="true" box="[309,337,1833,1855]" pageId="10">ajl</emphasis>
, anterior jugular loop; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FDA8C94B9F70F8FE" bold="true" box="[579,609,1833,1855]" pageId="10">ast</emphasis>
, anterior subpleural tubules; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FC7AC94B9ED5F8FE" bold="true" box="[913,964,1833,1855]" pageId="10">hyoc</emphasis>
, hyomandibular canal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FB53C94B99C6F8FE" bold="true" box="[1208,1239,1833,1855]" pageId="10">ioc</emphasis>
, infraorbital canal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FF7CC92A9DA3F89F" bold="true" box="[151,178,1864,1886]" pageId="10">iol</emphasis>
, infraorbital loop; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FE9FC92A9C86F89F" bold="true" box="[372,407,1864,1886]" pageId="10">jug</emphasis>
, jugular canal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FDD3C92A9F79F89F" bold="true" box="[568,616,1864,1886]" pageId="10">man</emphasis>
, mandibular canal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FCDFC92A9E40F89F" bold="true" box="[820,849,1864,1886]" pageId="10">pjl</emphasis>
, posterior jugular loop; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FBA7C92A997EF89F" bold="true" box="[1100,1135,1864,1886]" pageId="10">pnl</emphasis>
, prenasal loop; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FAFFC92A9825F89F" bold="true" box="[1300,1332,1864,1886]" pageId="10">pst</emphasis>
, posterior subpleural tubule; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FEB8C9049C64F8BD" bold="true" box="[339,373,1894,1916]" pageId="10">soc</emphasis>
, supraorbital canal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FDAFC9049F70F8BD" bold="true" box="[580,609,1894,1916]" pageId="10">sol</emphasis>
, suborbital loop; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF99FF86FCFFC9049E23F8BD" bold="true" box="[788,818,1894,1916]" pageId="10">spl</emphasis>
, subpleural loop.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF98FF87FF7CCAB79EA3FA3E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271383/files/figure.png" pageId="11" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1215]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF98FF87FF7CCAB79EA3FA3E" blockId="11.[151,1436,1237,1535]" pageId="11">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FF7CCAB79C08FB2A" bold="true" box="[151,281,1237,1259]" pageId="11">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Aspects of the skeletal anatomy and dermal denticles and spines of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF98FF87FBF1CAB4981FFB2A" box="[1050,1294,1237,1259]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FBF1CAB4981FFB2A" box="[1050,1294,1237,1259]" italics="true" pageId="11">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF98FF87FAF0CAB49848FB2A" box="[1307,1369,1238,1259]" pageId="11" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, from radiographs in dorsoventral view. A) Head region (adult male paratype, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). B) Right scapular region (specimen as in A). C) Right pelvic fin and adult clasper (specimen as in A). D) Base of tail region, showing distribution and development of dermal denticles and spines (paratype, MZUSP 117804, adult female, 325 mm TL). E) Tail and pelvic region, showing dermal denticles, spines, and caudal sting (paratype, MZUSP 104962, adult female, 345 mm TL). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FED1CB0C9C40FA45" bold="true" box="[314,337,1390,1412]" pageId="11">ac</emphasis>
, angular cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FDC3CB0C9F5CFA45" bold="true" box="[552,589,1390,1412]" pageId="11">apr</emphasis>
, anterior segment of propterygium; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FC37CB0C9EE0FA45" bold="true" box="[988,1009,1390,1412]" pageId="11">at</emphasis>
, accessory terminal cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FAD5CB0C9846FA45" bold="true" box="[1342,1367,1390,1412]" pageId="11">ax</emphasis>
, axial cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FF10CBEF9C06FA62" bold="true" box="[251,279,1421,1443]" pageId="11">bp</emphasis>
, basipterygium; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FE29CBEF9CC6FA62" bold="true" box="[450,471,1421,1443]" pageId="11">cs</emphasis>
, caudal sting; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FD81CBEF9F9CFA62" bold="true" box="[618,653,1421,1443]" pageId="11">dm</emphasis>
, dorsal marginal cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FC4ACBEF9ED5FA62" bold="true" box="[929,964,1421,1443]" pageId="11">dt2</emphasis>
, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FB0CCBEF9817FA62" bold="true" box="[1255,1286,1421,1443]" pageId="11">fpf</emphasis>
, frontoparietal fontanelle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FEFACBCE9C29FA03" bold="true" box="[273,312,1452,1474]" pageId="11">hyo</emphasis>
, hyomandibula; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FE19CBCE9F03FA03" bold="true" box="[498,530,1452,1474]" pageId="11">mc</emphasis>
, Meckel’s cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FD15CBCE9E08FA03" bold="true" box="[766,793,1452,1474]" pageId="11">no</emphasis>
, nasal opening (nasal aperture); 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FB62CBCE99A2FA03" bold="true" box="[1161,1203,1452,1474]" pageId="11">mes</emphasis>
, mesoterygium; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FA86CBCE9887FA03" bold="true" box="[1389,1430,1452,1474]" pageId="11">met</emphasis>
, metapterygium; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FEA8CBA89C74FA21" bold="true" box="[323,357,1482,1504]" pageId="11">pcf</emphasis>
, precerebral fontanelle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FD80CBA89F81FA21" bold="true" box="[619,656,1482,1504]" pageId="11">pro</emphasis>
, propterygium; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FCD4CBA89E77FA21" bold="true" box="[831,870,1482,1504]" pageId="11">prp</emphasis>
, preorbital process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FBAFCBA89976FA21" bold="true" box="[1092,1127,1482,1504]" pageId="11">psc</emphasis>
, prespiracular cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FA99CBA89884FA21" bold="true" box="[1394,1429,1482,1504]" pageId="11">scp</emphasis>
, scapular process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FEA0CB8B9C7CFA3E" bold="true" box="[331,365,1513,1535]" pageId="11">vm</emphasis>
, ventral marginal cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FD61CB8B9F8EFA3E" bold="true" box="[650,671,1513,1535]" pageId="11">vt</emphasis>
, ventral terminal cartilage.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF98FF87FF2CC8329CC3F880" blockId="11.[151,1436,1616,2037]" pageId="11">Cervicothoracic synarcual about three-fourths length of neurocranium, its greatest width about equal to greatest width of orbit; lateral stays not projecting laterally to great extent. Spinal nerve foramina ranging from 26–29 on each side. Two to three vertebrae incorporated into cervicothoracic synarcual. Thoracolumbar synarcual very slender, not strongly calcified, and relatively short. Individual vertebral centra occurring caudally to about one-half length of caudal sting. Caudal to individual centra, a weakly calcified notochordal extension (cartilaginous rod) present distally. Transition from mono- to diplospondyly occurs at about third to fourth centrum posterior to rear margin of pelvic girdle.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF98FF80FF2CC92E9C65FEDE" blockId="11.[151,1436,1616,2037]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,611]" lastPageId="12" pageId="11">
Propterygium (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FE97C92E9CB7F8A4" bold="true" box="[380,422,1868,1893]" pageId="11">pro</emphasis>
) posteriorly wide, tapering anteriorly, much more stout at base than meso- and metapterygium, and with a slender anterior propterygial segment (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FC5AC9129ECAF848" bold="true" box="[945,987,1904,1929]" pageId="11">apr</emphasis>
) articulating with six to seven radial elements lateral to nasal capsule. Metapterygium (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FD20C9F69FE9F86C" bold="true" box="[715,760,1940,1965]" pageId="11">met</emphasis>
) only slightly more broadly arched than propterygium, with four posterior segments decreasing in size caudally. Mesopterygium (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF98FF87FC2DC9DA9EE4F810" bold="true" box="[966,1013,1976,2001]" pageId="11">mes</emphasis>
) more elongated anteriorly, slender, slightly convex externally but with slight indentation at about its mid-length. Pectoral radial elements sometimes fused at base, especially at posterior propterygium close to mesopterygium and at anterior metapterygium. Pectoral radials slender close to pectoral basals, slightly widening and shortening toward mid-disc, and slender again distally, bifurcating at 8th, 9th or 10th segment depending on location in disc; a total of up to 18 radial segments present at mid-disc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9FFF80FF2CCF489ED7FDA2" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,611]" pageId="12">
Median prepelvic process (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FE14CF489F0FFE82" bold="true" box="[511,542,298,323]" pageId="12">pp</emphasis>
) of pelvic girdle slender, elongate and longer than maximum width of pelvic girdle. Pelvic girdle with concave anterior margins lateral to median prepelvic process. Lateral prepelvic processes markedly triangular, well developed. Iliac processes (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FCFCCF109E3FFE4A" bold="true" box="[791,814,370,395]" pageId="12">ip</emphasis>
) extending caudally beyond ischial processes (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FA82CF10989AFE4A" bold="true" box="[1385,1419,370,395]" pageId="12">isp</emphasis>
), somewhat irregular and broad distally. Ischial process broadly triangular. Three obturator foramina (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FAF1CFF49820FE6E" bold="true" box="[1306,1329,406,431]" pageId="12">of</emphasis>
) present. Posterior margin of puboischiadic bar highly concave. Basipterygium stout and relatively short, articulating with pelvic radials except first enlarged radial (articulates to lateral aspect of iliac projection of pelvic girdle directly) and two posteriormost enlarged radials (articulate with beta cartilage and basal segment of clasper). Proximal pelvic radial element much longer than other radial elements; a total of six radial segments present from basal elements to outer disc margin, bifurcating at fourth segment from basals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9FFF80FF7CC8BF9C9FF828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271384/files/figure.png" pageId="12" targetBox="[293,1300,683,1675]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9FFF80FF7CC8BF9C9FF828" blockId="12.[151,1436,1757,2025]" pageId="12">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FF7CC8BF9C34F932" bold="true" box="[151,293,1757,1779]" pageId="12">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Further details of the skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9FFF80FD49C8BC9E84F932" box="[674,917,1757,1779]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FD49C8BC9E84F932" box="[674,917,1757,1779]" italics="true" pageId="12">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF9FFF80FC4BC8BC9ECDF932" box="[928,988,1758,1779]" pageId="12" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(UFPB 5217, female, 236 mm DW). A) Neurocranium in dorsal view. B) Lateral view of left scapula. C) Pelvic girdle showing extent of median pre-pelvic process (UFPB 6100, male 174 mm DW). D) Gill arches in dorsal view, splayed to left (dorsal elements removed from right side). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FED7C95B9C4EF88E" bold="true" box="[316,351,1849,1871]" pageId="12">adf</emphasis>
, anterodorsal fenestra; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FD8DC95B9F98F88E" bold="true" box="[614,649,1849,1871]" pageId="12">afp</emphasis>
, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FBA3C95B997BF88E" bold="true" box="[1096,1130,1849,1871]" pageId="12">avf</emphasis>
, anteroventral fenestra; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FA92C95B9884F88E" bold="true" box="[1401,1429,1849,1871]" pageId="12">bb</emphasis>
, basibranchial copula; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FE68C93A9C8EF8AF" bold="true" box="[387,415,1880,1902]" pageId="12">bh</emphasis>
, basihyal; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FDF7C93A9F24F8AF" bold="true" box="[540,565,1880,1902]" pageId="12">cb</emphasis>
: ceratobranchial (1, 5); 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FCAEC93A9E74F8AF" bold="true" box="[837,869,1880,1902]" pageId="12">epi</emphasis>
, epibranchial (2); 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FBDDC93A9944F8AF" bold="true" box="[1078,1109,1880,1902]" pageId="12">fpf</emphasis>
, frontoparietal fontanelle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FA92C93A9884F8AF" bold="true" box="[1401,1429,1880,1902]" pageId="12">hb</emphasis>
, hypobranchial (1); 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FEB6C9149C63F84D" bold="true" box="[349,370,1910,1932]" pageId="12">ip</emphasis>
, iliac process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FDF9C9149F20F84D" bold="true" box="[530,561,1910,1932]" pageId="12">isp</emphasis>
, ischial process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FD0DC9149FE4F84D" bold="true" box="[742,757,1910,1932]" pageId="12">lf</emphasis>
, lymphatic foramina; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FC36C9149EE7F84D" bold="true" box="[989,1014,1910,1932]" pageId="12">nc</emphasis>
, nasal capsule; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FB75C91499D9F84D" bold="true" box="[1182,1224,1910,1932]" pageId="12">msc</emphasis>
, mesocondyle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FA86C9149887F84D" bold="true" box="[1389,1430,1910,1932]" pageId="12">mtc</emphasis>
, metacondyle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FECEC9F79C2BF86A" bold="true" box="[293,314,1941,1963]" pageId="12">of</emphasis>
, obturator foramen; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FDE0C9F79F3FF86A" bold="true" box="[523,558,1941,1963]" pageId="12">paf</emphasis>
, parietal fossa; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FD25C9F79FFBF86A" bold="true" box="[718,746,1941,1963]" pageId="12">pb</emphasis>
, pharyngobranchial (2); 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FC0EC9F79EEFF86A" bold="true" box="[997,1022,1941,1963]" pageId="12">pc</emphasis>
, procondyle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FB61C9F799BDF86A" bold="true" box="[1162,1196,1941,1963]" pageId="12">pcf</emphasis>
, precerebral fontanelle; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FF7CC9D69DA2F80B" bold="true" box="[151,179,1972,1994]" pageId="12">ph</emphasis>
, pseudohyal (ventral); 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FE75C9D69CD6F80B" bold="true" box="[414,455,1972,1994]" pageId="12">pop</emphasis>
, postorbital process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FD4BC9D69FADF80B" bold="true" box="[672,700,1972,1994]" pageId="12">pp</emphasis>
, prepelvic process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FC6CC9D69EBFF80B" bold="true" box="[903,942,1972,1994]" pageId="12">prp</emphasis>
, preorbital process; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FB96C9D699B1F80B" bold="true" box="[1149,1184,1972,1994]" pageId="12">pvf</emphasis>
, posteroventral fenestra; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9FFF80FF7CC9B19DBEF828" bold="true" box="[151,175,2003,2025]" pageId="12">sp</emphasis>
, supraorbital process.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9EFF81FF7CCB5399B9FA45" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271385/files/figure.png" pageId="13" targetBox="[314,1238,215,1286]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9EFF81FF7CCB5399B9FA45" blockId="13.[151,1436,1329,1412]" pageId="13">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF7CCB539C0EFA86" bold="true" box="[151,287,1329,1351]" pageId="13">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
Clasper skeleton of adult male (UFPB 5216, 345 mm TL). A) Dorsal view. B) Ventral view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FA6BCB539884FA86" bold="true" box="[1408,1429,1329,1351]" pageId="13">at</emphasis>
, accessory terminal cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FE2ACB2D9CCBFAA4" bold="true" box="[449,474,1359,1381]" pageId="13">ax</emphasis>
, axial cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FD6ECB2D9F8FFAA4" bold="true" box="[645,670,1359,1381]" pageId="13">be</emphasis>
, beta cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FCA9CB2D9E4FFAA4" bold="true" box="[834,862,1359,1381]" pageId="13">bp</emphasis>
, basipterygium; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FBE1CB2D9933FAA4" bold="true" box="[1034,1058,1359,1381]" pageId="13">bs</emphasis>
, basal segment; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FB26CB2D99E1FAA4" bold="true" box="[1229,1264,1359,1381]" pageId="13">dm</emphasis>
, dorsal marginal cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF10CB0C9C0FFA45" bold="true" box="[251,286,1390,1412]" pageId="13">dt2</emphasis>
, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FDAACB0C9F73FA45" bold="true" box="[577,610,1390,1412]" pageId="13">vm</emphasis>
, ventral marginal cartilage; 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FC6ACB0C9E87FA45" bold="true" box="[897,918,1390,1412]" pageId="13">vt</emphasis>
, ventral terminal cartilage.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9EFF81FF2CCBA8983AF91E" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2006]" pageId="13">
Clasper skeleton (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF9EFF81FE7BCBA89CCFFA22" box="[400,478,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1215]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Aspects of the skeletal anatomy and dermal denticles and spines of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., from radiographs in dorsoventral view. A) Head region (adult male paratype, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). B) Right scapular region (specimen as in A). C) Right pelvic fin and adult clasper (specimen as in A). D) Base of tail region, showing distribution and development of dermal denticles and spines (paratype, MZUSP 117804, adult female, 325 mm TL). E) Tail and pelvic region, showing dermal denticles, spines, and caudal sting (paratype, MZUSP 104962, adult female, 345 mm TL). Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; apr, anterior segment of propterygium; at, accessory terminal cartilage; ax, axial cartilage; bp, basipterygium; cs, caudal sting; dm, dorsal marginal cartilage; dt 2, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel’s cartilage; no, nasal opening (nasal aperture); mes, mesoterygium; met, metapterygium; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pro, propterygium; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage; scp, scapular process; vm, ventral marginal cartilage; vt, ventral terminal cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271383/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
c, 11) consists of a single basal segment, beta cartilage, axial, dorsal marginal, ventral marginal, dorsal terminal 2, accessory terminal, and ventral terminal cartilages. Basal segment (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FB2BCB8C99CAF9C6" bold="true" box="[1216,1243,1518,1543]" pageId="13">bs</emphasis>
) curved in apical view, with convex inner margin. Beta cartilage (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FD55C8709FCBF9EA" bold="true" box="[702,730,1554,1579]" pageId="13">be</emphasis>
) slender, proximally articulating with basal segment and with posteriormost pelvic radials, distally tapering and articulating with axial cartilage at its proximal third. Axial cartilage (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FEE7C8389C39F9B2" bold="true" box="[268,296,1626,1651]" pageId="13">ax</emphasis>
) elongate and nearly straight in ventral view. Dorsal marginal nearly trapezoidal in dorsal view, tapering anteriorly and with a depression along midline. Ventral marginal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FBF9C81C9926F956" bold="true" box="[1042,1079,1662,1687]" pageId="13">vm</emphasis>
) elongate, anteriorly tapering. Dorsal terminal 2 (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FE9BC8C09C86F97A" bold="true" box="[368,407,1698,1723]" pageId="13">dt2</emphasis>
) elongate with rounded distal margin. Accessory terminal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FBD5C8C09944F97A" bold="true" box="[1086,1109,1698,1723]" pageId="13">at</emphasis>
) elongate with convex outer margin. Ventral terminal (
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FE52C8A49CC1F91E" bold="true" box="[441,464,1734,1759]" pageId="13">vt</emphasis>
) elongate, posteriorly broad in ventral view, and with concave outer margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9EFF81FF2CC8889944F8E6" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2006]" pageId="13">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF2CC8889CF6F8C2" bold="true" box="[199,487,1770,1795]" pageId="13">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9EFF81FE1DC8899FEDF8C3" box="[502,764,1770,1794]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FE1DC8899FEDF8C3" box="[502,764,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="13">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the Rio Negro drainage in Amazonas, 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF9EFF81FABBC8889886F8C2" box="[1360,1431,1770,1795]" name="Brazil" pageId="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, occurring from Santa Isabel down to Rio Cuieiras in the vicinity of Manaus (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF9EFF81FC1FC96C9956F8E6" box="[1012,1095,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,250,930,952]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,452,901]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,445,909]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Maps showing distribution of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. in the Rio Negro basin (on left) and in the region near Barcelos (on right), upper Rio Negro basin, highlighting sampling efforts underway by one of us (MLG) since the mid- 1990 ' s (note that some collection localities occurred in small streams not indicated on map)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271386/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9EFF81FF2CC950992FF8AD" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2006]" pageId="13">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF2CC9509C6EF88A" bold="true" box="[199,383,1842,1867]" pageId="13">Common name</emphasis>
. The species is known as “raia cururu” in 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF9EFF81FC84C9509EA6F88A" box="[879,951,1842,1867]" name="Brazil" pageId="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; “cururu” is a common name for the cane toad, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9EFF81FF3EC9369C9DF8AA" box="[213,396,1876,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF3EC9369C9DF8AA" box="[213,396,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="13">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to which the dorsum of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9EFF81FD4FC9369E0EF8AD" box="[676,799,1876,1900]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FD4FC9369E0EF8AD" box="[676,799,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="13">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears some resemblance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF9EFF81FF2CC9179857F870" pageId="13" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9EFF81FF2CC9179857F870" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2006]" pageId="13">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF2CC9179C57F84F" bold="true" box="[199,326,1909,1934]" pageId="13">Etymology</emphasis>
. The specific name honors Alfred Russel Wallace (
<date id="A526C7B1FF9EFF81FC5BC9179925F84C" box="[944,1076,1909,1933]" pageId="13" value="1823" valueMax="1913">1823–1913</date>
), the first naturalist to collect, observe and illustrate this species while on his travels in the Rio Negro in the early 1850's (
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9EFF81FB7FC9FB982BF870" author="Wallace" box="[1172,1338,1945,1970]" pageId="13" refString="Wallace, A. R. (2002) Peixes do Rio Negro. Fishes of the Rio Negro. Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Imprensa Oficial do Estado, Sao Paulo, 518 pp. [Introductory text and translation by M. de T. - P. Ragazzo]." type="book" year="2002">Wallace, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF9EFF82FF2CC9DF9F40FE49" lastPageId="14" pageId="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9EFF82FF2CC9DF9F40FE49" blockId="13.[151,1437,1482,2006]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="14" pageId="13">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9EFF81FF2CC9DF9C25F817" bold="true" box="[199,308,1981,2006]" pageId="13">Remarks</emphasis>
. Historically, this species has been known at least since Alfred Russel Wallace’s journey to the Amazon in the mid 19th Century (
<date id="A526C7B1FF9DFF82FDC8CEF59FB6FF71" box="[547,679,151,176]" pageId="14" value="1848" valueMax="1852">1848–1852</date>
). Wallace figured and provided a short descriptive account on this species in plate 22 of his manuscript, under the vernacular name “raia” (Portuguese name for ray) (
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9DFF82FB00CEDE9881FF15" author="Wallace" box="[1259,1424,188,213]" pageId="14" refString="Wallace, A. R. (2002) Peixes do Rio Negro. Fishes of the Rio Negro. Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Imprensa Oficial do Estado, Sao Paulo, 518 pp. [Introductory text and translation by M. de T. - P. Ragazzo]." type="book" year="2002">Wallace, 2002</bibRefCitation>
), mentioning its color, branchial slits, and caudal stings, and noting that young specimens have markings that are &quot;more finer and fainter&quot;. His remarkably precise illustration is reproduced here (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF9DFF82FBB8CF6699BAFEDD" box="[1107,1195,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1835,1857]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,1064,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1045,1813]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Alfred Russel Wallace's illustration of the new species, rendered between 1850 and 1852 (modified from Wallace, 2002). Original illustration about 12 cm long." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271387/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
); its only somewhat inaccurate aspect is the enlarged spines (thorns) on dorsal tail, which appear exaggerated. Unfortunately, all his biological materials were lost upon the sinking of the vessel Helen during his return to 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF9DFF82FB67CF2E99FDFEA4" box="[1164,1260,332,357]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14">England</collectingCountry>
, and no formal description was subsequently provided.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9DFF82FF7CCDC09EE2FC37" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271386/files/figure.png" pageId="14" targetBox="[158,1427,452,901]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9DFF82FF7CCDC09EE2FC37" blockId="14.[151,1435,930,1014]" pageId="14">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FF7CCDC09C0EFC79" bold="true" box="[151,287,930,952]" pageId="14">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Maps showing distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FDBFCDC19E51FC79" box="[596,832,930,952]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FDBFCDC19E51FC79" box="[596,832,930,952]" italics="true" pageId="14">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF9DFF82FCAECDC19E6DFC79" box="[837,892,931,952]" pageId="14" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the Rio Negro basin (on left) and in the region near Barcelos (on right), upper Rio Negro basin, highlighting sampling efforts underway by one of us (MLG) since the mid-1990's (note that some collection localities occurred in small streams not indicated on map).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9DFF82FF7CC9499FD3F8A1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271387/files/figure.png" pageId="14" targetBox="[151,1424,1064,1777]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9DFF82FF7CC9499FD3F8A1" blockId="14.[151,1435,1835,1888]" pageId="14">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FF7CC9499C35F880" bold="true" box="[151,292,1835,1857]" pageId="14">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Alfred Russel Wallace's illustration of the new species, rendered between 1850 and 1852 (modified from Wallace, 2002). Original illustration about 12 cm long.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="9982B2FAFF9DFF9DFF2CC9EF9CB6FD0C" lastPageId="17" pageId="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9DFF83FF2CC9EF9E44FE49" blockId="14.[151,1436,1932,2029]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="15" pageId="14">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FF2CC9EF9CDFF864" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[199,462,1933,1957]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FF2CC9EF9CDFF864" box="[199,462,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="14">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been pictured several times in aquarium fish books and magazines, cited either as 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FF7CC9D39C29F809" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[151,312,1969,1992]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FF7CC9D39C29F809" box="[151,312,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="14">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. or misidentified as 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FDD0C9D39F8FF808" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[571,670,1969,1993]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FDD0C9D39F8FF808" box="[571,670,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="14">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FD20C9D39E23F808" ID-CoL="4M4QV" box="[715,818,1969,1993]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FD20C9D39E23F808" box="[715,818,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="14">P. hystrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FCA1C9D39924F809" box="[842,1077,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="14">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FCA1C9D39EAEF808" ID-CoL="6TS4D" box="[842,959,1969,1993]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">P. laticeps</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FC22C9D39924F809" ID-CoL="4M4R9" box="[969,1077,1969,1992]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="motoro">P. motoro</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
or 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9DFF82FBB2C9D39816F808" box="[1113,1287,1969,1993]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Disceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thayeri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9DFF82FBB2C9D39816F808" box="[1113,1287,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="14">Disceus thayeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Some of the most commonly used names are included above in the synonymy. One of the most widely used names for the species is 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FEE3CEFB9C7DFF71" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[264,364,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FEE3CEFB9C7DFF71" box="[264,364,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. Kuroiwa, 1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FD8ACEF59EACFF71" author="Driedzic" box="[609,957,151,176]" pageId="15" refString="Driedzic, W. &amp; Almeida-Val, V. M. F. (1996) Enzymes of cardiac energy metabolism in Amazonian teleosts and the freshwater stingray (Potamotrygon hystrix). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 274, 327 - 333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1097 - 010 X (19960415) 274: 6 % 3 C 327 :: AID-JEZ 1 % 3 E 3.0. CO; 2 - Q" type="journal article" year="1996">Driedzic &amp; Almeida-Val, 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FC22CEFA99D3FF71" author="Ross" box="[969,1218,151,176]" pageId="15" refString="Ross, R. A. &amp; Schafer, F. (2000) Suβwasser Rochen. Morfelden-Waldorf, Aqualog Verlag, 192 pp." type="book" year="2000">Ross &amp; Schäfer, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF9CFF83FB3FCEFA99E2FF71" box="[1236,1267,152,176]" name="American Samoa" pageId="15">As</collectingCountry>
pointed out by 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FF7CCEDF9C33FF14" author="Rosa" box="[151,290,188,213]" pageId="15" refString="Rosa, R. S. (1985) A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Unpublished PhD diss., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, 523 pp." type="book" year="1985">Rosa (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FEC6CEDE9F37FF15" box="[301,550,188,213]" pageId="15" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Lovejoy, N. R. &amp; Rosa, R. S. (2003) Potamotrygonidae. In: Reis, R. E., Ferraris Jr., C. J. &amp; Kullander, S. O. (Eds.), Checklist of freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Editora da Pontificia Universidade Catolica, Porto Alegre, pp. 22 - 29." type="book chapter">
Carvalho 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FE70CEDF9CDBFF15" box="[411,458,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="15">et al</emphasis>
. (2003)
</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FD8BCEDF9E38FF15" box="[608,809,188,212]" pageId="15" refString="Rosa, R. S., Carvalho, M. R. de &amp; Wanderley, C. A. (2008) Potamotrygon boesemani (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6, 1 - 8." type="journal article">
Rosa 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FD75CEDF9FC7FF15" box="[670,726,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FCDFCEDF9E86FF15" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[820,919,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FCDFCEDF9E86FF15" box="[820,919,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the Paraná-Paraguay river basin and does not occur in the Amazon region, while 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FD23CE839E2CFF39" ID-CoL="6TS4D" box="[712,829,224,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FD23CE839E2CFF39" box="[712,829,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FBB9CE8399ADFF39" box="[1106,1212,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. m o t o ro</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FB24CE829891FF39" box="[1231,1408,224,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Disceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thayeri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FB24CE829891FF39" box="[1231,1408,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="15">Disceus thayeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FDC1CF679EA6FEDD" ID-CoL="4DH5R" authority="Rosa, 1991" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1991" box="[554,951,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aiereba">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FDC1CF679E1EFEDD" box="[554,783,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15">Paratrygon aiereba</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FCCCCF669EBEFEDD" author="Rosa" box="[807,943,260,284]" pageId="15" refString="Rosa, R. S. (1991) Paratrygon aiereba (Muller &amp; Henle, 1841): the senior synonym of the freshwater stingray Disceus thayeri Garman, 1913 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 7 (4), 425 - 437." type="journal article" year="1991">Rosa, 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and is clearly distinct from species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FF7CCF4B9C26FE81" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[151,311,297,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FF7CCF4B9C26FE81" box="[151,311,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The scientific literature has also misidentified this species. 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FC31CF4A983FFE81" author="Castex" box="[986,1326,295,320]" pageId="15" refString="Castex, M. N. &amp; Yagolkowski, D. R. (1970) Notas sobre dos especies de raya de agua dulce (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae): a. Redescipcion de P. schroederi, Yepez, 1957. b. Designacion de dos paratipos de P. pauckei, Castex 1963 y descripcion de los mismos. Acta Scientifica (Instituto Lationoamericana de Fisiolgia y Reproducion, Universidad del Salvador), 9, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1970">Castex &amp; Yagolkowski (1970)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FA8FCF4A9DF0FEA4" author="Rosa" pageId="15" refString="Rosa, R. S. (1985) A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Unpublished PhD diss., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, 523 pp." type="book" year="1985">Rosa (1985)</bibRefCitation>
mistakenly treated 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FE57CF2F9F26FEA5" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[444,567,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FE57CF2F9F26FEA5" box="[444,567,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as juvenile specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FCBECF2F9EF9FEA5" ID-CoL="4M4RG" box="[853,1000,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FCBECF2F9EF9FEA5" box="[853,1000,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. schroederi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the small number of specimens, including adults of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FE9BCF139CFBFE49" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[368,490,368,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FE9BCF139CFBFE49" box="[368,490,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, available for study at that time.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85E7B1F9FF9CFF83FF7CCA879C44FA96" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271388/files/figure.png" pageId="15" targetBox="[209,1378,438,1241]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9CFF83FF7CCA879C44FA96" blockId="15.[151,1435,1253,1367]" pageId="15">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FF7CCA879C0EFB3A" bold="true" box="[151,287,1253,1275]" pageId="15">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Typical habitats where 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FDFACA849FEEFB3A" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[529,767,1253,1275]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FDFACA849FEEFB3A" box="[529,767,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8DF8018FF9CFF83FCEECA849E2DFB3A" box="[773,828,1254,1275]" pageId="15" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is common. Upper left: Igarapé Daraquá, near the mouth of Rio Itu, left bank of the Rio Negro just above Barcelos (AM, Brazil). Upper right: typical flooded forest (&quot;igapó&quot;) habitat (Rio Itu). Lower left: live specimen resting in a tank in the Rio Itu, showing its great transparency. Lower right: Igarapé Cazurucu, affluent of Rio Itu.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9CFF83FF2CCB1C9C16F971" blockId="15.[151,1437,1406,2030]" pageId="15">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FF2CCB1C9F39FA56" bold="true" box="[199,552,1406,1431]" pageId="15">Comparisons with congeners</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FDD1CB1D9E55FA57" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[570,836,1406,1430]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FDD1CB1D9E55FA57" box="[570,836,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguished from congeners by its color pattern, size, distribution of enlarged spines (thorns) on posterior disc and anterior dorsal tail, morphology of small dermal denticles on posterior mid-disc and tail base, number and morphology of angular cartilages, and presence of a single basal segment in clasper. Other, smaller distinctions in bodily proportions and dentition also appear to be diagnostic but require further comparisons. The single basal segment in the clasper skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FB3DC86E9842F9E2" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1238,1363,1547,1571]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FB3DC86E99F5F9E2" box="[1238,1252,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="15">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FB1FC8699842F9E2" box="[1268,1363,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="15">wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF9CFF83FA8FC8699DB7F986" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1237,1259]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1215]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Aspects of the skeletal anatomy and dermal denticles and spines of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., from radiographs in dorsoventral view. A) Head region (adult male paratype, MZUSP 117806, 367 mm TL). B) Right scapular region (specimen as in A). C) Right pelvic fin and adult clasper (specimen as in A). D) Base of tail region, showing distribution and development of dermal denticles and spines (paratype, MZUSP 117804, adult female, 325 mm TL). E) Tail and pelvic region, showing dermal denticles, spines, and caudal sting (paratype, MZUSP 104962, adult female, 345 mm TL). Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; apr, anterior segment of propterygium; at, accessory terminal cartilage; ax, axial cartilage; bp, basipterygium; cs, caudal sting; dm, dorsal marginal cartilage; dt 2, dorsal terminal 2 cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel’s cartilage; no, nasal opening (nasal aperture); mes, mesoterygium; met, metapterygium; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pro, propterygium; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage; scp, scapular process; vm, ventral marginal cartilage; vt, ventral terminal cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271383/files/figure.png" pageId="15">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
c, 11) contrasts with the condition in other potamotrygonids; 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FC88C84D9ED9F987" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[867,968,1582,1606]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FC88C84D9ED9F987" box="[867,968,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a single basal segment, but two basal segments are present in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FE17C8309FA8F9AB" ID-CoL="4M4RK" box="[508,697,1618,1642]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schuhmacheri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FE17C8309FA8F9AB" box="[508,697,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. schuhmacheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FD27C8309E2EF9A8" box="[716,831,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. f a l kn e r i</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FCBDC8309EDCF9AB" ID-CoL="4M4RM" box="[854,973,1618,1642]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scobina">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FCBDC8309EDCF9AB" box="[854,973,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. scobina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FC0BC830992BF9AB" ID-CoL="4M4R5" box="[992,1082,1618,1642]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limai">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FC0BC830992BF9AB" box="[992,1082,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. limai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FBA7C83099F2F9AB" ID-CoL="4M4RG" box="[1100,1251,1618,1642]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FBA7C83099F2F9AB" box="[1100,1251,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. schroederi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FB1EC8309865F9AB" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[1269,1396,1618,1642]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FB1EC8309865F9AB" box="[1269,1396,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FA6CC8309C15F94C" ID-CoL="4M4QY" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerosa">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FA6CC8309C15F94C" italics="true" pageId="15">P. humerosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FEFDC8149C93F94C" box="[278,386,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. m o t o ro</emphasis>
, and in species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FD87C8179FEAF94C" ID-CoL="63NVQ" box="[620,763,1653,1677]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FD87C8179FEAF94C" box="[620,763,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FCE6C8149E9FF94C" ID-CoL="6HCB" box="[781,910,1654,1677]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FCE6C8149E9FF94C" box="[781,910,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FC26C8179945F94C" ID-CoL="637CK" box="[973,1108,1653,1677]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FC26C8179945F94C" box="[973,1108,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(further comparisons are in progress).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF9CFF83FF2CC8DE997AF82F" blockId="15.[151,1437,1406,2030]" pageId="15">
No other species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FE5CC8DE9F46F912" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[439,599,1724,1747]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FE5CC8DE9F46F912" box="[439,599,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except perhaps 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FCF4C8DE9ED9F912" ID-CoL="4M4R6" box="[799,968,1723,1747]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FCF4C8DE9ED9F912" box="[799,968,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. magdalenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sexually matures and maintains such a small size over its lifetime. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FE0AC8829FFDF936" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[481,748,1759,1783]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FE0AC8829FFDF936" box="[481,748,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly matures smaller than 
<quantity id="16604C94FF9CFF83FBA0C8BD99BDF936" box="[1099,1196,1759,1783]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
DW and the largest female specimen examined was 
<quantity id="16604C94FF9CFF83FDE3C9609F77F8DB" box="[520,614,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="15" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
DW (another female of 
<quantity id="16604C94FF9CFF83FC6BC9609ECEF8DB" box="[896,991,1794,1819]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="15" unit="mm" value="263.0">263 mm</quantity>
DW measured 
<quantity id="16604C94FF9CFF83FB79C96099E0F8DB" box="[1170,1265,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="15" unit="mm" value="440.0">440 mm</quantity>
TL with intact tail); hundreds of specimens have been examined by us over a period of many years, and the largest females are usually well below 
<quantity id="16604C94FF9CFF83FE92C92B9CC8F8A1" box="[377,473,1865,1889]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="15" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
DW. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FDF4C92B9E43F8A1" ID-CoL="4M4R6" box="[543,850,1864,1888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FDF4C92B9E43F8A1" box="[543,850,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon magdalenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in known to reach larger sizes, with large females reported to reach 
<quantity id="16604C94FF9CFF83FE8BC90E9CAFF842" box="[352,446,1900,1924]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="15" unit="mm" value="470.0">470 mm</quantity>
DW (
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF9CFF83FDEEC90E9FC7F845" author="Lasso" box="[517,726,1900,1924]" pageId="15" refString="Lasso, C. A., Sanchez-Duarte, P., Sierra, C. M. R., Grijalba-Bendeck, M., Ortiz-Arroyave, L. M. &amp; Ramos-Socha, H. B. (2014) Potamotrygon magdalenae. In: Lasso, C. A., Rosa, R. S., Sanchez-Duarte, P., Morales-Betancourt, M. A. &amp; Agudelo- Cordoba, E. (Eds.), Serie Recursos Hidrobiologicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. IX. Rayas de Agua Dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramerica. Parte I. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa: Diversidad, Bioecologia, Uso y Conservacion. Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiologicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, pp. 195 - 206." type="book chapter" year="2014">
Lasso 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FDBBC90E9F93F845" box="[592,642,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="15">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Both species have markedly oval discs (especially in smaller specimens) and slender, proportionally elongate claspers in adult males. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FC2CC9F299E9F866" ID-CoL="4M4R6" box="[967,1272,1935,1959]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FC2CC9F299E9F866" box="[967,1272,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="15">Potamotrygon magdalenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF9CFF83FF3DC9D19C42F80B" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[214,339,1970,1994]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF9CFF83FF3DC9D19C42F80B" box="[214,339,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="15">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a much longer tail, two equally-sized angular cartilages, usually a finely vermiculate color pattern, and is endemic to the Magdalena and Atrato rivers of northern 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF9CFF83FC1FC9B79976F82F" box="[1012,1127,2005,2030]" name="Colombia" pageId="15">Colombia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9CFF2CCEF59E78FEA4" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16">
The specific design of the dermal denticles on mid-disc and tail base in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFBFDCEFB9982FF71" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1046,1171,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFBFDCEFB9982FF71" box="[1046,1171,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspicuous among species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEFCCEDF9CA6FF15" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[279,439,189,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEFCCEDF9CA6FF15" box="[279,439,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The Y-shaped design of the denticles, composed of an anterior, central, larger and bulbous cusp, and two or three posterior pairs of smaller, rounded cusps, has also been found in an undescribed species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEE5CF679CBFFEDD" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[270,430,261,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEE5CF679CBFFEDD" box="[270,430,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Rio Tapajós, which has other distinctive 
<typeStatus id="0E235FD3FF83FF9CFC00CF679937FEDC" box="[1003,1062,261,285]" pageId="16">types</typeStatus>
of denticles as well (Carvalho &amp; Lemos, unpubl.). A survey of denticles among almost all congeners found this pattern only in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB2ECF4B9850FE81" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1221,1345,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB2ECF4B9850FE81" box="[1221,1345,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the endemic Tapajós species, but further comparisons are underway.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9CFF2CCF0D9858FD66" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16">
The number and morphology of angular cartilages are important features that may greatly aid in distinguishing species of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEF8CFF79CA2FE6D" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[275,435,405,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEF8CFF79CA2FE6D" box="[275,435,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFE13CFF69FE1FE6D" author="Carvalho" box="[504,752,404,429]" pageId="16" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Maisey, J. G. &amp; Grande, L. (2004) Freshwater stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), with the description of a new genus and species and an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 284, 1 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2004) 284 % 3 C 0001: FSOTGR % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
Carvalho 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD82CFF79F8CFE6D" box="[617,669,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="16">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
, 2011; 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFCACCFF69968FE6D" author="Loboda" box="[839,1145,404,429]" pageId="16" refString="Loboda, T. S. &amp; Carvalho, M. R. de (2013) Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Muller &amp; Henle, 1841) species complex in the Parana-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4), 693 - 737. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000400001" type="journal article" year="2013">Loboda &amp; Carvalho, 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFB6CCFF69880FE6D" author="Fontenelle" box="[1159,1425,404,429]" pageId="16" refString="Fontenelle, J. P., Silva, J. P. C. B. da &amp; Carvalho, M. R. de (2014) Potamotrygon limai, sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3765 (3), 249 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3765.3.2" type="journal article" year="2014">
Fontenelle 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFAE3CFF7982DFE6D" box="[1288,1340,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="16">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFF7CCFDB9C8EFE11" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[151,415,440,464]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF7CCFDB9C8EFE11" box="[151,415,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a single angular element in between the hyomandibulae and lower jaws (the anterior angular); its length is about one-third hyomandibular length. A single angular cartilage associated to each hyomandibula in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEB1CC639CEBFDD9" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[346,506,513,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEB1CC639CEBFDD9" box="[346,506,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also found in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD5FCC639E0AFDD6" ID-CoL="4M4RR" box="[692,795,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD5FCC639E0AFDD6" box="[692,795,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFCC2CC639EABFDD9" ID-CoL="4M4RG" box="[809,954,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCC2CC639EABFDD9" box="[809,954,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. schroederi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFC22CC63993DFDD9" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[969,1068,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFC22CC63993DFDD9" box="[969,1068,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFBD2CC6399E0FDD9" ID-CoL="4M4RK" box="[1081,1265,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schuhmacheri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFBD2CC6399E0FDD9" box="[1081,1265,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. schuhmacheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB14CC63986BFDD9" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[1279,1402,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB14CC63986BFDD9" box="[1279,1402,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFA6CCC639C15FDFD" ID-CoL="4M4QY" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerosa">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFA6CCC639C15FDFD" italics="true" pageId="16">P. humerosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEFECC479C97FDFD" ID-CoL="4M4RN" box="[277,390,549,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signata">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEFECC479C97FDFD" box="[277,390,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. signata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE21CC479E48FDFD" ID-CoL="4M4R7" authority="Carvalho et al., 2011" authorityName="Carvalho et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[458,857,548,573]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE21CC479F54FDFD" box="[458,581,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. marinae</emphasis>
(Carvalho 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD21CC479FEFFDFD" box="[714,766,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="16">et al</emphasis>
., 2011)
</taxonomicName>
. The angular cartilage in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB6ECC479812FDFD" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1157,1283,548,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB6ECC479812FDFD" box="[1157,1283,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unlike the extremely elongated, anterior angular of the Rio Parnaíba basin endemic 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFC33CC2B9956FD9E" ID-CoL="4M4RN" box="[984,1095,584,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signata">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFC33CC2B9956FD9E" box="[984,1095,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. signata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is close to one-half of hyomandibulae length (
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFE4ECC0E9FB0FD45" author="Carvalho" box="[421,673,620,645]" pageId="16" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Maisey, J. G. &amp; Grande, L. (2004) Freshwater stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), with the description of a new genus and species and an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 284, 1 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2004) 284 % 3 C 0001: FSOTGR % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
Carvalho 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFDF3CC0F9F5DFD45" box="[536,588,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="16">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). The angular in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFC80CC0F9EF8FD45" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[875,1001,620,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFC80CC0F9EF8FD45" box="[875,1001,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in dimensions to that of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFA6CCC0F9DE7FD69" ID-CoL="4M4RB" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFA6CCC0F9DE7FD69" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEC7CCF39CA3FD69" box="[300,434,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. hu m e ro s a</emphasis>
, and appears to be slightly larger proportionally than in 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFBC0CCF399B1FD69" box="[1067,1184,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. m ar i n ae</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB31CCF39853FD66" ID-CoL="4M4RR" box="[1242,1346,656,680]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB31CCF39853FD66" box="[1242,1346,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9CFF2CCCD79F48FBCE" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16">
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFF2CCCD79CC5FD0D" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[199,468,692,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF2CCCD79CC5FD0D" box="[199,468,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to the much larger and more widely distributed northern South American species 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE8FCCBB9CCEFD31" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[356,479,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE8FCCBB9CCEFD31" box="[356,479,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color pattern, as both species have a brown to grayish-brown dorsal color covered with darker brown to blackish markings. However, these dorsal markings differ substantially in both species (see 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFF7CCD7D9CB5FCF9" author="Silva" box="[151,420,799,824]" pageId="16" refString="Silva, J. P. C. B. da &amp; Carvalho, M. R. de (2015) Systematics and morphology of Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) and allied forms (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3982 (1), 1 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3982.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Silva &amp; Carvalho, 2015</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE3ECD439F41FCF9" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[469,592,800,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE3ECD439F41FCF9" box="[469,592,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD63CD439E12FCF9" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[648,771,800,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD63CD439E12FCF9" box="[648,771,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have a complete or incomplete reticulate pattern. Although there is some variation among specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD13CD279E63FC9D" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[760,882,836,860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD13CD279E63FC9D" box="[760,882,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color pattern, this is not nearly as great as in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFA6CCD279DE7FC41" ID-CoL="4M4RB" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFA6CCD279DE7FC41" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; both species, however, have similarly colored tails. These species also differ in their arrangement of enlarged dorsal tail spines (
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE24CDEF9F5BFC65" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[463,586,908,932]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE24CDEF9F5BFC65" box="[463,586,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has a single row of wider-based spines extending to caudal stings) and denticles (
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFED1CDD39CA4FC09" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[314,437,944,968]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFED1CDD39CA4FC09" box="[314,437,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has more intense denticulation on disc and tail). Both species co-occur in the Rio Negro, and small or neonate specimens may be confused, even though their specific characteristics in color pattern and spines and denticles are already present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9CFF2CCA7E9840FACC" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16">
Similar differences separate 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFDFACA7F9F9EFBF5" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[529,655,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFDFACA7F9F9EFBF5" box="[529,655,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD31CA7F9E75FBF5" ID-CoL="4M4QY" box="[730,868,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerosa">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD31CA7F9E75FBF5" box="[730,868,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. humerosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFC4FCA7F990FFBF5" box="[932,1054,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. m ar i na e</emphasis>
, species with color patterns that resemble 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEE8CA239C6CFB99" ID-CoL="4M4RB" box="[259,381,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orbignyi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEE8CA239C6CFB99" box="[259,381,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. orbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(especially 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFDEFCA239F9DFB99" ID-CoL="4M4QY" box="[516,652,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerosa">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFDEFCA239F9DFB99" box="[516,652,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. humerosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, less so in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFCE3CA239E91FB96" ID-CoL="4M4R7" box="[776,896,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCE3CA239E91FB96" box="[776,896,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. marinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but that are very distinct from the color pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFF53CA079C27FBBD" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[184,310,1124,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF53CA079C27FBBD" box="[184,310,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both of these species have enlarged spines on dorsal tail extending posteriorly to caudal stings. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFF7CCAEB9CBAFB61" ID-CoL="4M4QY" box="[151,427,1160,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerosa">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF7CCAEB9CBAFB61" box="[151,427,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon humerosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has many well developed spines, also present on lateral tail, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB5CCAEB983EFB5E" ID-CoL="4M4R7" box="[1207,1327,1160,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB5CCAEB983EFB5E" box="[1207,1327,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. marinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has more slender spines in few rows, but very distinct from the arrangement of spines in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFBD3CACF99A4FB05" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1080,1205,1196,1220]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFBD3CACF99A4FB05" box="[1080,1205,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and also has small lateral tail spines in larger specimens. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFDA5CAB39E75FB29" ID-CoL="4M4QY" box="[590,868,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerosa">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFDA5CAB39E75FB29" box="[590,868,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon humerosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the mid Rio Amazonas basin in 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF83FF9CFABBCAAD9886FB29" box="[1360,1431,1231,1256]" name="Brazil" pageId="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFF2DCA979C2EFACD" ID-CoL="4M4R7" box="[198,319,1269,1292]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF2DCA979C2EFACD" box="[198,319,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. marinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF83FF9CFE09CA969F99FACC" box="[482,648,1268,1293]" name="French Guiana" pageId="16">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
(for further data on these species, see 
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFBDDCA969854FACC" author="Silva" box="[1078,1349,1268,1293]" pageId="16" refString="Silva, J. P. C. B. da &amp; Carvalho, M. R. de (2015) Systematics and morphology of Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) and allied forms (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3982 (1), 1 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3982.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Silva &amp; Carvalho, 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9CFF2CCB7A9ECCFA25" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16">
From the northern South American species 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD53CB7B9E0FFAEE" box="[696,798,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. t igrina</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFCB0CB7B9EFEFAF1" ID-CoL="4M4RG" box="[859,1007,1304,1328]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCB0CB7B9EFEFAF1" box="[859,1007,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. schroederi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFC15CB7B996BFAF1" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1022,1146,1304,1328]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFC15CB7B996BFAF1" box="[1022,1146,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguished in color pattern, as both former species have ornate patterns with rosettes, cerebriform markings, spots and elaborate broad vermiculations, and have the posterior tail with broad and intense cream-colored and brown alternating bands. These species also have relatively larger dorsal tail spines with broad bases that reach posteriorly to the caudal stings, unlike in 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE48CBCB9F0BFA7E" box="[419,538,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. w a l l a ce i</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFDC6CBCB9E5AFA01" ID-CoL="4M4RG" box="[557,843,1448,1472]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schroederi">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFDC6CBCB9E5AFA01" box="[557,843,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon schroederi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occurs in the Rio Negro, but 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB3ACBCB982BFA7E" ID-CoL="4M4RR" box="[1233,1338,1448,1472]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB3ACBCB982BFA7E" box="[1233,1338,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so far restricted to the upper Rio Amazonas basin in 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF83FF9CFD75CBAF9FC3FA25" box="[670,722,1485,1508]" name="Peru" pageId="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
(Carvalho 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCA4CBAF9E90FA25" box="[847,897,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="16">et al</emphasis>
., 2011).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9CFF2CCB8D988CF8C5" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16">
The Paraná-Paraguay basin species 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFDB3CB939FAAF9C9" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[600,699,1520,1544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFDB3CB939FAAF9C9" box="[600,699,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD19CB939EBAF9C9" ID-CoL="4M4RK" box="[754,939,1520,1544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schuhmacheri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD19CB939E11F9C9" box="[754,768,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCE5CB929EBAF9C9" box="[782,939,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16">schuhmacheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily differentiated from 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFB15CB939868F9C9" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[1278,1401,1520,1544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFB15CB939868F9C9" box="[1278,1401,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by their color pattern, comprised dorsally of slender, small vermiculate and rosette-like markings on a grayish-olive to dark brown background, and ventrally mostly gray with unpigmented areas near anterior and central disc. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFF7CC83F9C9AF9B5" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[151,395,1628,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF7CC83F9C9AF9B5" box="[151,395,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE20C83F9F98F9B5" ID-CoL="4M4RK" box="[459,649,1628,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schuhmacheri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE20C83F9CC8F9B5" box="[459,473,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE07C83E9F98F9B5" box="[492,649,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="16">schuhmacheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have markedly prickly discs and tails with numerous closely packed and sharp denticles, with denticles also on disc margins and lateral tail, and usually have a single row of enlarged spines that are much greater than in 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD41C8C79E36F97D" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[682,807,1700,1724]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD41C8C79E36F97D" box="[682,807,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and extend posteriorly to the caudal stings (Carvalho, unpubl.). Both species are also small sized, sexually maturing at about 
<quantity id="16604C94FF83FF9CFC33C8AA9929F91E" box="[984,1080,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="16" unit="mm" value="210.0">210 mm</quantity>
DW, but achieve greater sizes compared to 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFEC3C88F9CB2F8C5" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[296,419,1772,1796]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFEC3C88F9CB2F8C5" box="[296,419,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(larger specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFD7FC88F9FE6F8C5" ID-CoL="77VPB" box="[660,759,1772,1796]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFD7FC88F9FE6F8C5" box="[660,759,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="16">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFCC7C88F9EF4F8C5" ID-CoL="4M4RK" box="[812,997,1772,1796]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schuhmacheri">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCC7C88F9E2BF8C5" box="[812,826,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFCA3C88E9EF4F8C5" box="[840,997,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="16">schuhmacheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attain sizes greater than 
<quantity id="16604C94FF83FF9CFB11C88E9846F8C5" box="[1274,1367,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="16" unit="mm" value="350.0">350 mm</quantity>
DW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF83FF9DFF2CC96D9847FE81" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="17" pageId="16">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFF2CC96D9CF9F8E9" bold="true" box="[199,488,1807,1832]" pageId="16">Habitat and movements</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE13C9739FEEF8E9" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[504,767,1808,1832]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE13C9739FEEF8E9" box="[504,767,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="16">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in black waters with low 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF83FF9CFB90C973998CF8E9" box="[1147,1181,1809,1832]" name="Philippines" pageId="16">pH</collectingCountry>
and dissolved oxygen levels (
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF83FF9CFF0DC9569F31F88D" author="Duncan" box="[230,544,1844,1869]" pageId="16" refString="Duncan, W. P. &amp; Fernandes, M. N. (2010) Physicochemical characterization of the white, black, and clearwater rivers of the Amazon Basin and its implications on the distribution of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae). Pan- American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 5 (4), 454 - 464." type="journal article" year="2010">Duncan &amp; Fernandes, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); hence, even though it is present in the lower and upper Rio Negro and in some of its direct effluents, it does not enter the Rio Branco (a white water river that enters the Rio Negro but with a higher 
<collectingCountry id="A98FA1E1FF83FF9CFF0CC91E9C1FF855" box="[231,270,1916,1940]" name="Philippines" pageId="16">pH</collectingCountry>
). For example, 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF83FF9CFE2AC91F9F2FF855" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[449,574,1916,1940]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE2AC91F9CDEF855" box="[449,463,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF83FF9CFE34C91E9F2FF855" box="[479,574,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="16">wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to remain near the mouth of the Rio Demeni, a river with murkier waters that flows into the Rio Negro on its left bank just above Barcelos, where there is a strong influx of water from the Rio Negro. It also inhabits small black water tributaries of the Rio Negro drainage (“igarapés”), with sandy bottoms and abundant litter cover, including leaves and fallen tree trunks from the flooded forest (“igapó”) (
<figureCitation id="49A3FDF4FF82FF9DFF74CEDE9DE5FF15" box="[159,244,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1253,1275]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,438,1241]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[209,1378,438,1242]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 14. Typical habitats where Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. is common. Upper left: Igarapé Daraquá, near the mouth of Rio Itu, left bank of the Rio Negro just above Barcelos (AM, Brazil). Upper right: typical flooded forest (&quot; igapó &quot;) habitat (Rio Itu). Lower left: live specimen resting in a tank in the Rio Itu, showing its great transparency. Lower right: Igarapé Cazurucu, affluent of Rio Itu." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271388/files/figure.png" pageId="17">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Individuals show limited seasonal movements within the habitat, following flood and ebb cycles, when they respectively enter the flooded forest or congregate around islands in the main channels. The longest traveled distance by a tagged male specimen was 
<quantity id="16604C94FF82FF9DFD98CF669FADFEDC" box="[627,700,260,285]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
(Araújo, unpubl.). No movement patterns on a daily basis were observed in the field. The rays remain on or under the litter cover during the day and become active at night.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF82FF9DFF2CCF2E9F40FE6C" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="17">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF82FF9DFF2CCF2E9C45FEA4" bold="true" box="[199,340,332,357]" pageId="17">Food habits</emphasis>
. Newborn stingrays subsist on yolk reserves for the first three weeks of life and then start feeding on aquatic insects amidst the litter; sub-adults and adults shift their diet to shrimp and small characiform fishes (
<bibRefCitation id="B5099C80FF82FF9DFF75CFF69C95FE6D" author="Shibuya" box="[158,388,404,429]" pageId="17" refString="Shibuya, A., Araujo, M. L. G. de &amp; Zuanon, J. A. S. (2009) Analysis of stomach contents of freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii, Potamotrygonidae) from the middle Negro River, Amazonas, Brazil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 4 (4), 466 - 475." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shibuya 
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF82FF9DFEE8CFF79C25FE6D" box="[259,308,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="17">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; Araújo, unpubl.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D127E171FF82FF9DFF2CCFD59CB6FD0C" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="17">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF82FF9DFF2CCFD59C7AFE11" bold="true" box="[199,363,439,464]" pageId="17">Reproduction</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF82FF9DFE97CFDB9F95FE11" ID-CoL="4M4RS" box="[380,644,440,464]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallacei">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF82FF9DFE97CFDB9F95FE11" box="[380,644,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17">Potamotrygon wallacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as with other stingray species, exhibits matrotrophic viviparity with lipid histotrophy, the embryos being nourished by means of yolk sac and trophonemata. Sexual maturity occurs between the sizes of 
<quantity id="16604C94FF82FF9DFE68CF9D9F08FDD6" box="[387,537,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="17" unit="mm" value="175.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="160.0">160–190 mm</quantity>
DW, both for males and females. Fecundity ranges from 1–5 embryos (mode = 2) per female. Gestation is completed in three months (one of the shortest known for elasmobranchs) and newborns range from 
<quantity id="16604C94FF82FF9DFECACC259C8FFD9E" box="[289,414,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="17" unit="mm" value="77.5" valueMax="95.0" valueMin="60.0">60–95 mm</quantity>
DW. Adult females reproduce during their second year of life, much earlier than other 
<taxonomicName id="16989AF2FF82FF9DFF7CCC0F9C29FD45" ID-CoL="6V72" box="[151,312,621,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3EC3D63FF82FF9DFF7CCC0F9C29FD45" box="[151,312,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, which usually take 4–5 years (Araújo, unpubl.), in agreement with its small size. Parturition occurs between the months of October and January, which corresponds to the dry season and beginning of the floods in the Rio Negro.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>