890 lines
125 KiB
XML
890 lines
125 KiB
XML
<document id="1250B9BB8E5D48BF5298BE7DC2263D87" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8150" ID-PMC="PMC5019016" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--8150" ID-PubMed="27651730" ID-ZooBank="262DB958242246B692E61675C3C07DB1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e8150" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens" checkinTime="1553126057039" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zhang, Guanyang, Hart, Elwood R & Weirauch, Christiane" docDate="2016" docId="BCDB7CE6CFCC09FDEB420C0869FA6735" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e8150" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8150" docTitle="Zelus Fabricius 1803" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="8150" masterDocId="570F0E795632FF88A15573625E50C567" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens" masterLastPageNumber="8150" masterPageNumber="8150" pageNumber="8150" updateTime="1701316348929" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0F3FE282F92D88FFFE99FE9E3B11D6AB">A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4003144B4FDAA81B270D60DE4065FC4">Hart, Elwood R</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="6B08CDE37C974A1A81E743ED5C0C9ECF" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EF4884BA5F31871C5325AD63A03C17C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="858E439C25B0FA6A65FB8FD62E7EC3CF" ID-CoL="648XG" authority="Fabricius, 1803" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus Fabricius, 1803</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="75B0F3442BA7F75252B355EAC7C66921" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E0BCAE25D217CE7CCB9123DF403E64A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="C62AC3688C8A9B39FFD56E238DA4A38E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1803, p. 281, orig. descr.; Latreille, 1804, p. 260, list; Latreille, 1807, p. 129, list; Latreille, 1810, p. 433, type desig.; Lepeletier and Serville, 1825, p.815, list and descr.; Laporte, 1832, p. 9, type desig.; Burmeister, 1835, p. 225, descr.; Brulle, 1836, p. 316-317, descr.; Blanchard, 1840, p. 100, descr. and note; Blanchard, 1845, p. 433, 438, list and note; Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848, p. 88, descr. and note; Kolenati, 1857, p. 458-459, descr.;
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<normalizedToken id="FA7FBCBF701BA6495D69147997D322BF" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1861, p. 148, descr.;
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|
<normalizedToken id="776FFBB8EC52D16513E00DD98FB8643B" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862, p. 449-454, key and subgeneric descr. (with subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="28C3A83A36643C1806FC07B3A97D2910" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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); Carpenter and Westwood, 1863, p. 565, note; Mayr, 1866, p. 138, list;
|
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<normalizedToken id="D2B3E12B7CE108D07F0F832336444BDF" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1866, p. 296, list;
|
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<normalizedToken id="B132060261E81A3B3675076060EE9305" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1868, p. 107, restriction of definition;
|
|
<normalizedToken id="7BA1DA47865B1683DEDBEAC58E325C1A" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1872, p. 69, 88, key and cat. (with subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="282F2F0C4E8FCC046C02D0DE3C3BB16A" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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); Walker, 1873, VII., p. 49, key, VIII., p. 131-136, cat.; Berg, 1879, p. 150, list (with subgenus
|
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<taxonomicName id="CB878C42DB52534C334880845F41F1C6" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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); Uhler, 1886, p. 24, checklist; Provancher,1887, p. 179, note; Lethierry and Severin, 1896, p. 151, cat.; Champion, 1898, p. 251, cat. and note; Kirkaldy, 1900a, p. 263, type verification; Kirkaldy, 1900b, p. 242, syn.; Kirkaldy, 1902, p. 149, note; Fracker, 1913, p. 223, 238-240, key and note (with subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0EAC7C4227DEB606CB542A434D9DC980" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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); Van Duzee, 1916, p. 30, checklist (with subgenus
|
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<taxonomicName id="8F9AE15BAD46069A4B66EFA7B2489BF0" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
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); Van Duzee, 1917, p. 258-259, cat. (with subgenus
|
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<taxonomicName id="F0C59EB0007BE54A07128E559B605732" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
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); Blatchley, 1926, p. 567-568, key, descr. and note (with subgenus
|
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<taxonomicName id="7074302245436CBFF6E04B2C925EA7F3" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Zelus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zelus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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|
); Readio, 1927, p. 167, 168-169, key, descr. and note; Zimmerman, 1948, p. 137, note; Wygodzinsky, 1949a, p. 48, checklist; Fracker and Usinger, 1949, p. 277, key to nymphs; Alayo, 1967, p. 5, 35, list, key and note; Hart, 1986, key to North American species; Hart, 1987, key to Caribbean species; Maldonado, 1990, p. 325-332, cat.
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="35167F39A6362B8E75E1BA7C5953DA39" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="557189910964062195E00C4CAB43506A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Reduvius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reduvius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Reduvius</taxonomicName>
|
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Fabricius, 1775 (type by subsequent desig.,
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<taxonomicName id="7D35C8D797096817A88A14CF220CBF77" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cimex personatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="personatus">Cimex personatus</taxonomicName>
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Linnaeus, 1758), Lepeletier and Serville, 1825 (in part), p. 272, descr.; Perty, 1834 (in part), p. 173, list of species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B178DB4E5C3F54C7C6A40E1054A652D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="DD0D1A477814BE7BB34681CE6FC32997" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Arilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arilus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arilus</taxonomicName>
|
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Hahn, 1831 (type by subsequent designation,
|
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<taxonomicName id="3DBF6E82A8F8BAF98D7711C7E3A415BC" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cimex carinatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">Cimex carinatus</taxonomicName>
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Forster, 1771); Burmeister, 1835 (in part), p. 227-228, descr.; Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848 (in part), p. 33-35, descr.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5CDA2FD0799892FA41F608E6BB113D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="138B2C78EF740BEC6B956F19501247E8" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Euagoras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euagoras" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euagoras</taxonomicName>
|
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Burmeister, 1835 (type by subsequent designation,
|
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<taxonomicName id="06B028D9CE572134AA46301571083942" lsidName="E. stollii" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="stollii">E. stollii</taxonomicName>
|
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Burmeister, 1835) (in part), p. 226, descr.; Amyot and Serville, 1843 (in part), p. 368, descr. (as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80989C87F4F7317F1B6D6142BDAF5721" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Evagoras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Evagoras" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Evagoras</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848 (in part), p. 43-44, descr.;
|
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<normalizedToken id="5FCD04205B0461359DE45E11CD7DB225" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1855 (in part), p. 189, list (as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F7F5F00322F57BF038ADBC4D5309DCDB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Eccagoras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eccagoras" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eccagoras</taxonomicName>
|
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);
|
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<normalizedToken id="75B6B8C0BEA0E545D7F55A53C2B41FED" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1861, p. 148, (in part) junior syn. of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BFEF31A819C91EF9E577E669B9E7B416" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
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Fabr.; Mayr, 1866, p. 139, list; Walker, 1873, p. 49, 117, key and cat.; Provancher, 1887, p. 182, descr. (as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="006D8A2580011C703C43E5AA1F1E9A93" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Evagoras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Evagoras" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Evagoras</taxonomicName>
|
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); Kirkaldy, 1900b, p. 242, junior syn. of
|
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<taxonomicName id="81158EB661ACB51C11E048AFAB0D56B1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
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Fabr.; Kirkaldy, 1903, p. 215-216, note.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="5BA5EC096E58983FD91684CDC4D68E34" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="DC2B93FDBF510E68D15A395DB9E33F11" family="Sparidae" genus="Diplodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplodus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 370, descr.; Burmeister, 1853, p. 91, list (included in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3330AF221538FC94A4CDBDADEE1600F0" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Euagoras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euagoras" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euagoras</taxonomicName>
|
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Burm.);
|
|
<normalizedToken id="A5817450600E23F77571522CD24AB3E6" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1860, p. 74, list;
|
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<normalizedToken id="2B3CB5C1478D12FD2C44F181C2EC05C3" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862, p. 450, descr. (as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="78CA7EE4C79BFB7C46003F6B0C18F017" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
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);
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D578A3A27413FECB8ACB70A361C112C5" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1866, p. 296, key;
|
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<normalizedToken id="5BB6BED9B9BBE61DC1073FEAF64105BD" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1872, p. 90, list (as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="76BF6BA9F17EA61F7B26CEA56550B452" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Walker, 1873, VII., p. 49, VIII., p. 123, key and cat. (as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="935F1147AE24C4C5EC7C20BDDA4BC042" genus="Diploda" lsidName="Diploda" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="genus">Diploda</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Berg, 1879, p. 151, list (as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1762696EA29074068B62DE11597B8FA4" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Uhler, 1886, p. 24, checklist; Provancher, 1887, p. 179, key and descr.; Kirkaldy, 1903, p. 232, note; Fracker, 1913, p. 239, 240, key and list (as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="68C27316CBF798D68E7A0CA642EDD29C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="BA90D6E31340219182BD17D4310405FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C26726892A9FF245617B0A42C4BF7630" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Darbanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Darbanus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Darbanus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Amyot and Serville, 1843 (type by monotypy,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="84A5C04E6F143E398D85D9F77029AFB5" lsidName="D. nigrolineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nigrolineatus">D. nigrolineatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Provancher, 1872, p. 106, species descr.; Uhler, 1886, p. 24, checklist; Provancher, 1887, p. 179, 181, key and note; Van Duzee, 1912, p. 324; Fracker, 1913, p. 241, note.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="EEC3CF8429B9B1974AA5530B0D5E8B45" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BB3C7D5ADEF2A75E5B76056A1565B149" class="Insecta" genus="Pindus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pindus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pindus</taxonomicName>
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|
<normalizedToken id="69A608604E3B03B0652710C492943FBC" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862, p. 454, orig. descr. (as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A7CF1B02A84DCFC0ECA71FD343A8EA9D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
);
|
|
<normalizedToken id="3C3D3EE7B07D7B31B06D813B8D99367F" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1866, p. 296, key (as genus);
|
|
<normalizedToken id="ED9E1978D8425E5FF158EEE7B36DFD8B" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1872, p. 92, list and cat., as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="35419E4A579058EA3CC2941814012062" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Walker, 1873, VII., p. 66, list and cat. (as genus); Berg, 1879, p. 150, list (as subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1183862FE8A4EC72AC2C84C1DF0AB8C3" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
); Thierry and Severin, 1896, p. 151, cat.; Fracker, 1913, p. 223, 240, key and list; Van Duzee, 1916, p. 30, checklist; Van Duzee, 1917, p. 261, cat.; Blatchley, 1926, p. 569, key.
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="87E404D4F497837D674917808487A724" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FC3FF6C84377A7401F457C11DE5C9772" class="Insecta" genus="Diplacodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplacodus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplacodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kirkaldy, 1900b, p. 242, new name for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="37F6DC617C71853721A610EF160B0F8E" family="Sparidae" genus="Diplodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplodus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
A. and S. (preocc.).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="69E8112E82EC8F217D6F8D5379A7A0D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5BC3E6CF1C714039D101942D386A855" genus="Diplocodus" lsidName="Diplocodus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="genus">Diplocodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Van Duzee, 1916, p. 30, checklist (new name for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1C52DBD1FCABACCB39905D85D99F77F7" class="Insecta" genus="Diplacodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplacodus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplacodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kirkaldy, preocc.); Van Duzee, 1917, p. 260, cat.; Blatchley, 1926, p. 569, key.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BF5CAF24CCED8731A084B6B0B45919B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F6CEAC4035FCDD1F4A3E5D58178A7AC9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Iquitozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iquitozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iquitozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="CCD5A404DADA7F633033365FF9958EF9" originalValue="Bérenger">Berenger</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 2003, p. 23, orig. descr., syn. nov. (current study).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A25C7939A104EFDBF9E7F99AAF8BB0B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="512E4D691706ADA737A9F3C7B46282A3" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A19012983284940116E5B9318F25C5A1" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cimex longipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">Cimex longipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
Linnaeus, 1767
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="9B3D2CD5FBEA09C7281CEFC54FAC0653" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="9BB821B5AE7BE601F8E2DB151974486E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Description</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9A8CE356A7447A5D47CB31BB54C36454" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Male: Small to large, total length 8-25 mm (Suppl. material 2), with most of moderate sizes (11-18 mm); usually slender (length/width = 4.0-5.0), some species relatively robust (<3.5) to rather slender (>6.0). COLORATION: Colors and patterns of preserved specimens variably yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, orange-brown, and brownish-black to black, with most species uniformly colored. VESTITURE: Most species with moderately dense or dense, fine, short, recumbent and short, long, erect setae; some species with short, spine-like setae on head and pronotum; few species nearly glabrous. Setation on legs sparse in most species; profemur and tibia with dense sundew setae in some species. STRUCTURE: Head: Length much greater than width across eye. Postocular lobe usually longer than anteocular, tube-like posteriorly in most species. Ocellus raised, directed somewhat laterally. Eye variably sized, not protruding above or below dorsal or ventral surfaces of head, with one exception (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="165457F4C516201048DFF46F5A540762" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus grandoculus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandoculus">Zelus grandoculus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.). Antenna: Scape and basiflagellomere long and subequal in length, usually longer than head and pronotum combined; pedicel and distiflagellomere short and about 1/3 length of scape. Scape thickest; basiflagellomere usually thicker than pedicel, subequal in some species. Labium: Segment II longest, 1.3-2.2x length of segment I; segment III shortest, usually 0.5x length of segment I; variably curved between segments I and II. Thorax: Anterior pronotal lobe about 1/2 to 3/4 length of posterior lobe; anterolateral angles of pronotal collar rounded, with or without tuberculate protrusion; medial dorsal longitudinal sulcus usually shallow at collar, deepening through posterior 1/2; sometimes with subtuberculate elevation near posterior margin laterad to medial sulcus. Posterior pronotal lobe rugulose (not conspicuous in species with dense setation); slightly or greatly wider than anterior lobe; disc of most species elevated above humeral angle and posterior margin of lobe; humeral angle with tuberculate to long spinous lateral process, rounded and unarmed in small number of species. Scutellum in most species with angulate apex, slightly produced and projected upward in some species. Legs: long, slender in most species; femoral diameters generally subequal; pro- and metafemoral lengths subequal, greater than mesofemoral length. Hemelytron: Attaining or surpassing apex of abdomen, by large proportion in some species. Quadrate cell small to large; median vein conspicuous in some species and not visible in many. Cu and M of cubital cell subparallel in most species, converging in some. Abdomen: Lateral margins subparallel; ventral outline usually straight, in some species somewhat concave and abdomen appearing arched (see "Material and methods" for discussion of this character). Genitalia: Segment eight usually short, less than 1/2 length of pygophore; posterior margin generally slightly concave, straight in some species, never convex. Pygophore: ovoid to elongated; slightly to greatly expanded laterally close to base of paramere; dorsal bridge short to long. Medial process single, not bifurcating, of variable length and shape; triangular or cylindrical as most common configuration; apex blunt or with hooklike process. Paramere generally cylindrical, often swollen and bending apically, length variable. Phallus: Dorsal phallothecal sclerite generally semi-cylindrical, broad and shield-like in many species, elongated in some; dorsal surface lacking armature in most species, with projection, process or elevation in some species; lateral margins usually straight or convex, constricted or recurved in some species; apical part keeled in middle and/or curved dorsad; apex usually rounded or truncate, with or without medial emargination. Struts attached to dorsal phallothecal sclerite in majority of species; apical part recurved dorsad and often semi-circular; bridge connecting two sides in many species. Basal plate arm slender to heavy, separate or fused; basal plate bridge present, variable in width and degree of sclerotization; basal plate extension short, often extended onto basal plate arm.
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="519BD8C545A095DC601FC45696F1EF46" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Female: Larger than male. Coloration usually similar to that of male and more variable in some species, but may differ between sexes dramatically in certain species. Eye and ocellus smaller than in male in some species. Basiflagellomere not swollen and about equal diameter as or smaller than pedicel. Lateral process on humeral angle, if present, usually more produced and longer than in male. Mesofemur slightly swollen in many species. Lateral margins of abdomen expanded in some species.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="028BEFBAF7CE3FCD6E108EF3A79F13DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="F24D839241C28C09D7C56C83F40D789A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Diagnosis</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FF8C5D1B0B1C38B810869054CC56D717" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
This genus is distinguished from other genera of the New World
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6FE56061DAEAC4BD9BA7E611123C21FC" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="tribe" tribe="Harpactorini">Harpactorini</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the cylindrical head, the length of the head being at least 1.9X its width; the unarmed antenniferous tubercles; the second labial segment being at least 1.3x the length of the first segment; the long scape and basiflagellomere that are subequal in length and the short pedicel and distiflagellomere; the generally unarmed (i.e. no tubercles or spines) disc of the posterior pronotal lobe (except in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2DE3A4D21251F14416C785E99E2C47E2" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus tetracanthus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetracanthus">Zelus tetracanthus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="5E6D22E871F6C55742EB6413C3AF2902" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="17E976A8C26884D0B5220A88B7407B93" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus lewisi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lewisi">Zelus lewisi</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E26877EC390913060B19E02BEF3C486C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus minutus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutus">Zelus minutus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Hart, 1987); the humeral angle with or without process, and if present, usually not prominently projected; the legs with sundew setae and sticky glands (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="805BBE03167196AF785EEA507ADEDE1B" author="Zhang, Guanyang" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="1 - 10" title="Sticky predators: a comparative study of sticky glands in harpactorine assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae)" volume="94" year="2013">Zhang and Weirauch 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); the profemur subequal in length and diameter to the metafemur; and the medial process of pygophore single, not bifurcating.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23A6E2CB2977E04E3D0ED89C10B70F53" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is apparently closely related to three other genera,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3F4E30C0387DF08569F18A32759ABB57" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Elkins,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BCA9D0395E877F37F4D2AACE395A56D7" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ischnoclopius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnoclopius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ischnoclopius</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E2CD226C1185F809CD3E9BA405C7552F" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
and "Hartzelus" [manuscript name], that share many of the aforementioned characters. It is separated from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EB6193645B27B17891D4D3FD7F2F4764" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the presence of paramere (lacking in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="337C535C98DDA6FFBEB4C9DC0BE69882" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A34B194A596A83808E13FC3939F20EB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ischnoclopius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnoclopius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ischnoclopius</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3BD1D643701E2144689839F16C8114E2" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
by its rather slender body form (length:width ratio greater than seven), the very long profemur, at least 0.6x of body length, and the very short paramere. An undescribed genus, "Hartzelus" (Gil-Santana and Berenger, pers. comm.), which would be in part based on species removed by us from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7A86ABCCCAA3EA0A30FC8C3126798576" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A2451728B2295B401531F58B87F44CD0" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
in having a bifurcating medial process of the pygophore (single in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="41A0AD54DB07B073C27858E86F94E778" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and generally more slender legs. No Old World species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="779D65B4025D37128F4592BF1AF0BAA8" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="tribe" tribe="Harpactorini">Harpactorini</taxonomicName>
|
|
are similar or appear to be closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7695C9828494CA77BF5C6BBC524A478B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Confusion may potentially arise with members of genera that show a similar slender body form and slender legs (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7C082036B8D41CF3DCEA2870F94ACB91" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Euagoras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euagoras" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euagoras</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BD7F18F3917E4DD6A69F35F484BACDB0" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Vestula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vestula" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vestula</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="7F76972779AE37E9EA3FBAAAD12D6E4C" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
), but these are distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CA5E70ED01A64C7D12C87397D53D18B7" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on the characters listed above.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="E2C316D4A7918855E7699989F709A28F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="3099B15A8F08294CFC6F03DAFFCF06A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Distribution</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C3604B403C296DEA67573C8246A6E08E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Native to (except for Chile) and throughout the New World, including the Caribbean, with highest diversity in the Neotropics. One species (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="44E9FD598AF9D09335F5FA094E6585C1" lsidName="Z. renardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="renardii">Z. renardii</taxonomicName>
|
|
) has been introduced to Hawaii, the Polynesian islands, Jamaica, Philippines, Spain, Greece and Chile.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="38F8A9029A3063548622FC0E124DC011" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="biology">
|
|
<paragraph id="31DB62CCCF84C4DA13486544090BAD63" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Biology</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="46DCE6C40C05D93056A847BAA974B5E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
We provide a non-exhaustive account of the biology of various species of this genus. As with other harpactorines, species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4F7BACEA4E78BC61712372DAC0E3CC8A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
generally do not show associations with or preferences of host plants, probably due to their generalist habits. However, two recent studies have found two species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7145C585E86DEA9DCE2ED07FB489CFC9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
that have both nymphs and adults occurring in the same plant species in relatively large quantities. In
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F859F40353FDE740EB5C404DEB1E79CF" author="Gil-Santana, Helcio" journalOrPublisher="EntomoBrasilis. 2011; 4 (1) 30 - 32" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="30 - 32" title="Association between Zelusversicolor (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae) and Bidensrubifolia Kunth (Asterales, Asteraceae)" volume="4" year="2011">Gil-Santana and Alves (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, based on a multi-year study the authors observed forty-seven females, twenty-seven males and fifteen nymphs of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DAE425BD20041B59CD6954EB175D2A2C" lsidName="Z. versicolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="versicolor">Z. versicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6FA0FB6E5CF64AD155CE3814E0597F79" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bidens rubifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubifolia">Bidens rubifolia</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kunth (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23AC7319F935966283B9D3BFF4A7920F" lsidName="Heteroptera" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="order">Asterales</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="422E0D98F701DA4485C7582ADFFCE0F2" family="Asteraceae" lsidName="Heteroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) in a single site in the city of Nova Friburgo, Brazil. Interestingly, they did not see individuals of the same species in other plants in the same site, which can be seen as evidence for host plant preference. In French Guiana
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1CD416060C2479D4404015CC1BE0A72E" author="Revel, Messika" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination=": e 13110" title="An Assassin among Predators: The Relationship between Plant-Ants, Their Host Myrmecophytes and the ReduviidaeZelusannulosus" volume="5" year="2010">Revel et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
counted as many as 405 individuals of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C1DDAE36B21F4EDE27D14F47D5F073D3" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus annulosus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulosus">Zelus annulosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken id="68113469F1D7972F7C2E7BEC18F0BA04" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1866) and its egg masses from several pubescent plant species, including (but not limited to)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="241AA5C6F718FD9DF6C9ABACCD8E02EC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Hirtella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hirtella physophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="physophora">Hirtella physophora</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mart. & Zucc. (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83AAFE58ADEDBA6EFA7E115F9DACD756" family="Chrysobalanaceae" lsidName="Heteroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="family">Chrysobalanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="809A8C46D4651FBE8CA2EC662EBA0572" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cordia nodosa" order="Boraginales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodosa">Cordia nodosa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Lam. (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F941279EC8CFC4612623052800C95DB6" family="Boraginaceae" lsidName="Heteroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7DF7F226E715D16BCBD62BBDA9CB9E6E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tococa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tococa guianensis" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianensis">Tococa guianensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Aubl. (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="57D3BA56C10E199DB9CA23997520BFA3" family="Melastomataceae" lsidName="Heteroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
); all three are myrmecophytes. They hypothesized an intriguing tri-party mutualistic relationship between the assassin bug, an ant (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F1F0C4F46CA59CEF225A70A765178C63" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Allomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allomerus decemarticulatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decemarticulatus">Allomerus decemarticulatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mayr) and the plants.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="83726D563F0C1AD9D93D0E0E59BE733B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Several species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7033A88BECC28C45569FB0AFF8461F1F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
are possibly mimics of various other insects.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CD1962D1D434C598DCE6913A18DC8529" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus errans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="errans">Zelus errans</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius, 1803,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6FDE8233EC235DCF0247F22A876DAD27" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vespiformis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespiformis">Zelus vespiformis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Hart, 1987 and to some extent
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05538BBAA679616BBA05FA2D6B6119FD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius, 1803 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="832C54D45F20745971C0F496A3EC66CE" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus gracilipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Zelus gracilipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. have wing and body color patterns similar to many braconid wasps, an intriguing form of mimicry seen also in a number of other Neotropical harpactorine genera.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D37E9FB0D6F578608C8D6BBAB845C136" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
shows areas of black and orange colors, however, the posterior pronotal lobe is medially dark and laterally orange.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="20ABAFA4175ADB0151A6E9450BDE73FE" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus gracilipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Zelus gracilipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
also shows a uniformly orange posterior pronotal lobe, but the hemelytron is uniformly dark and lacks the banding pattern typical to a wasp mimic.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9410F16DBFC8E075704FF0E347127D64" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nigromaculatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Zelus nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Champion, 1899 has an appearance similar to that of a typical vespid, the only species in this genus with that kind of color pattern.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="86554E38AC4DF2B8F7EBAC3EC33B17F9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus laticornis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticornis">Zelus laticornis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1853),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6082008824003BAEE349FF4E094E5D0F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus grassans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grassans">Zelus grassans</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="A44B5D8C99C5893C5FA12015BAE36B39" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ACBC01EDFE6A11559622FBFDB1DC67BC" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus ruficeps" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">Zelus ruficeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="4F8D573E7DCB1D1FFF02E0D11A382207" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862 have red and dark markings on abdomens and orange or reddish dorsal surfaces, a pattern found in many species of pyrrhocorids (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="15BF688F6EE5FB12EBCFEC23358B9F74" class="Insecta" family="Pyrrhocoridae" genus="Dysdercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dysdercus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dysdercus</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp.) and coreids (e.g.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BD2BA4F78AAB065A3FEEFE4622427885" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Hypselonotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypselonotus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypselonotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp.). Interestingly, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2E7379CC0FA5DD7E305F61A8336C1EEC" lsidName="Z. laticornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="laticornis">Z. laticornis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it is only the females showing this coloration. Certain color forms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="76951B601037642D2F73C2C358B6FA8B" lsidName="Z. longipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="longipes">Z. longipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
are possibly mimics of the milkweed bug,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4B5DE5772AC04B0737C73481EF1EA4E4" class="Insecta" family="Lygaeidae" genus="Oncopeltus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncopeltus fasciatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">Oncopeltus fasciatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Dallas).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2724E01A50A384FD0D32C835FFEF32AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CE855B81FFFBF087C0E5E5CA04BFC7DE" author="Weirauch, Christiane" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="641 - 649" title="Zelusrenardii and Z. tetracanthus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Biological attributes and the potential for dispersal in two assassin bug species" volume="95" year="2012">Weirauch et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
studied predatory and mating behaviors of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="93D5DD411B603096E3E7232A55C19446" lsidName="Z. renardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="renardii">Z. renardii</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3222D6AEA150E88A50EA378F479819A5" lsidName="Z. tetracanthus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="tetracanthus">Z. tetracanthus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and discussed a possible link between biological attributes and invasion potential.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7CAB6076DDCE402D57053AB39D0E4DB2" author="Law, Yao-Hua" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="771 - 774" title="Sticky Substance on Eggs Improves Predation Success and Substrate Adhesion in Newly Hatched <I> Zelusrenardii </ I> (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Instars" volume="103" year="2010">Law and Sediqi (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
experimentally demonstrated that sticky substance derived from egg mass coating improves predation success and substrate adhesion ability of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0DA38D883AC39A0281EBEEDB6A048CE2" lsidName="Z. renardii" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="renardii">Z. renardii</taxonomicName>
|
|
first instar.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="FD24FFA1C3C84FB9E4B012D60CA39D36" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="taxon discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="4A142AF3424302AFE17FBD3A40B57DB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="DBC35603E0127C6EAB317508329071FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
The generic limit of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="41AD35A957CBE7009B52F724544B4EB0" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is now relatively well defined and the genus can be separated from all other but one genera of New World
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D55BB6D46EF386073FF95FE39F11AF8" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="tribe" tribe="Harpactorini">Harpactorini</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on characters discussed in the diagnosis. Based on a molecular phylogeny,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="2844507B4A014AFDDAA916F5FB80691B" author="Zhang, Guanyang" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="339 - 351" title="Molecular phylogeny of Harpactorini (Insecta: Reduviidae): correlation of novel predation strategy with accelerated evolution of predatory leg morphology" volume="30" year="2014">Zhang and Weirauch (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
recovered the monophyly of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3FDAAAF3113E6ADE790B6110A5152779" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="766F2EFABACF094B416802B923C17112" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and "Hartzelus" (which includes
|
|
<taxonomicName id="886FB5B0B39AD510364472458AA74C08" lsidName="Z. araneiformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="araneiformis">Z. araneiformis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a species we remove from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EB340A81FEF02DA090EED542C6B2269D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
). In that analysis,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="57D7CA89550884CA420CB8820B9CCCC1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ischnoclopius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnoclopius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ischnoclopius</taxonomicName>
|
|
was represented by a single species and placed as sister to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DE3B26A861C4D790A0E5F943D58C20FF" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The genera
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3BF1B41932D65596048807042B26CA3D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, "Hartzelus",
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83B42ABF19BEA76B3390F5AA28A6B3BB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ischnoclopius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnoclopius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ischnoclopius</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1EC4770E28CBF51876BB22B162179ADB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
together constitute a monophyletic group in the same study, and we here refer to this group the "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="834308F4B50DF9AB0086B751EA9349F0" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade". Without a cladistic analysis, questions remain if the characters used to diagnose
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1F8BDFC85D55A3BC29C687AD80750000" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
are synapomorphies of that genus. It is almost certain that the unbifurcating medial process represents a symplesiomorphic state as that character can be seen in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FA89D32F162CC2FB0341CEF75E9B8595" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Atopozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="89199908BACE42BABC4B48A0329B6E84" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Ischnoclopius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnoclopius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ischnoclopius</taxonomicName>
|
|
and many other Neotropical harpactorines. The unarmed antenniferous tubercles are also plesiomorphic to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="385D0854A32571755E5A267DB7FD08B8" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, since all other genera of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2D1A1924BEBFD55D5DAA63F5787877FA" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade exhibit that condition, but may be synapomorphic to the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B80F2181B4CE0DE27ECCF628312A7EBF" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade. We agree with
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FF54CF52891D423D9148591A5CD273EC" author="Forero, Dimitri" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="278 - 284" title="Pronozelus, a New Neotropical harpactorine genus and species from Colombia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)" volume="118" year="2012">Forero (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CC2BCDCD588B49193EA178741251F5D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is defined mainly by the absence of apomorphies seen in other genera. Future research should illuminate this issue by studying the distribution and the polarity of characters with a formal cladistic framework.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E7ACB8B94BCF88D81D2F023BA7697D65" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
The genus that we are uncertain about its relationship with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F0E790E22B89548331CAFDC1EC83691A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EC36D716E30EC0A6CB0DE66DDC3B1743" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Pronozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pronozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pronozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Forero, erected by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0B8B467E3894FD24B456931E6DBB36BB" author="Forero, Dimitri" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Americana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="278 - 284" title="Pronozelus, a New Neotropical harpactorine genus and species from Colombia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)" volume="118" year="2012">Forero (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
to accommodate a new species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="99DB12FF1F9DE16582A1B962541083FC" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Pronozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pronozelus schuhi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schuhi">Pronozelus schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
Forero, 2012. This species appears to possess all the characters diagnostic of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CCD1D96C92FBD429ABD21B29D740FDBD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but also shows some peculiar characters. The principal characters separating
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F6810105A328E6BF1AF3A92EF70D849D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Pronozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pronozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pronozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C16560CE7CE6D9E58C29EDDE87AACA08" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
include the laterally expanded posterior pronotal lobe, the prominent, greatly expanded posterolateral rim of pygophore lateral to paramere socket, and the posterior pronotal lobe greater than 2.2x length of the anterior lobe. The conspicuous lateral expansion of the posterior pronotal lobe is not observed in any species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4167FCC19E646A28C7A164A753B31277" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but this character appears to be autapomorphic in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="604A8EE0E72F783FAD828E7C3CAB7BB8" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade and does not support
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE06A01AF42D869B17847E045C33E1BE" lsidName="P. schuhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="schuhi">P. schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
being phylogenetically separated from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7E060D5A5B12E816439F9C54FCC0A198" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. We have not done an extensive survey of the condition of the posterolateral rim of the pygophore and cannot determine the distribution or polarity of the lateral prominence as exhibited in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="78CCA2386A92B3AFBE70BB6ABFDA5AB5" lsidName="P. schuhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="schuhi">P. schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="697150D3BA03C99B47D782BD1191570A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus rosulentus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosulentus">Zelus rosulentus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n., the posterolateral part of the pygophore also appears to be expanded, although not as prominent as that seen in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="55287741C7A9D999C330691A341C09A3" lsidName="P. schuhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="schuhi">P. schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Finally, according to measurements done in this study, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CF97D1809C74E2458B39ED162625C449" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. the posterior pronotal lobe frequently exceeds 2.2x length of the anterior lobe, thereby negating the use of that character as a basis for placing
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2702F363A5612416791A5B5C3062425A" lsidName="P. schuhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="schuhi">P. schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
outside
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0D5641F1B156FF93F0CD488AA518A3F5" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Despite the foregoing discussion, we have opted to not transfer
|
|
<taxonomicName id="54C2EC261B617E483E2B45C6AE93CA60" lsidName="P. schuhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="schuhi">P. schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="348B53B11BD47D54268DDA16CD355EFB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
or synonymize
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5191EE612F9A160BBC11DF5A2297FF16" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Pronozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pronozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pronozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28F90182F47C9F09D78EA969C51C74B8" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The polarity of the characters diagnostic to either genus has not been clearly defined. There remains a possibility, although we think a small one, that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="79EFEBC184C775277A7C9009F36B8678" lsidName="P. schuhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="schuhi">P. schuhi</taxonomicName>
|
|
represents a lineage sister to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="61C21EE0D45F8D5BDC28721C820AFB76" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="415242C71C7A75B3E09C900048B5DE83" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7C661BC7567955FC931D99F3AA33575F" author="Berenger, J-M" journalOrPublisher="Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N. S.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="23 - 27" title="Iquitozeluscouturieri, nouveaux genre et nouvelle espece d'Harpactorinae du Perou (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)" volume="20" year="2003">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="6F849DBE5B14385E0365B36BD8B2BE86" originalValue="Bérenger">Berenger</normalizedToken>
|
|
(2003)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
's new species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C2BB835DFA62F23227CCF33B9563196D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Iquitozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iquitozelus couturieri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="couturieri">Iquitozelus couturieri</taxonomicName>
|
|
, exhibits all the characters diagnostic of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="74B707A53854F803B968E9B92BBBDCA6" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except for those of the male genitalia as the known specimens are all females. The main character that
|
|
<normalizedToken id="BE7F850D40F746EB1FAB1FD27B689B37" originalValue="Bérenger">Berenger</normalizedToken>
|
|
used as the basis for erecting a new genus, i.e., the "foliaceous expansion of the VI connexivum segment", appears to be autapomorphic within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5290AE164801574F00D1DAA3423E9102" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade. Synonymy of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B904573EFB0AAB540315D6C33EBE8EF3" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Iquitozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iquitozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iquitozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="73B40BE006D822B9EC16B10C8436BD33" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is warranted and established here. We further postulate that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B8E5759D599E8ECBA3B6EE11272EEF8E" lsidName="I. couturieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="couturieri">I. couturieri</taxonomicName>
|
|
is most closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FCBECD1DD3D2378E3ABC97F38874EBF5" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus amblycephalus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblycephalus">Zelus amblycephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0125CE0B8CFE9441DADB4F4113A611CB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus umbraculus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbraculus">Zelus umbraculus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FD2FDB4F3E2FC94FE40B1BBDBD9B4674" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus umbraculoides" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbraculoides">Zelus umbraculoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. Further discussions regarding the status of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6EC8D0EADA8C2AAAC06DD31A225403DD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Iquitozelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iquitozelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iquitozelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the specific membership of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AA88FB5DB695EC0D12144D184D7D1AA8" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus couturieri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="couturieri">Zelus couturieri</taxonomicName>
|
|
syn. nov. (
|
|
<normalizedToken id="069E88177C6A154C3300311C081B8429" originalValue="Bérenger">Berenger</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 2003) are presented in the treatment of that species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1BF107374C1CC37DCA1BE917AE0972E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="8067BFC0E3C46E25F2DEF8493C06EEFE" author="Maldonado, J." journalOrPublisher="University of Puerto Rico, Mayagueez, Puerto Rico" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" title="Systematic Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1" year="1990">Maldonado (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
considered two unpublished, manuscript names invalid, and they are "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0BA2C9784BF0D17AF81CD8DFAA72AE3B" family="Sparidae" genus="Diplodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplodus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
armiger" and "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05ABD791C4238135D95DD1460E9AB354" family="Sparidae" genus="Diplodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplodus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
|
|
melanophthalmus". They appeared in Dohrn (1860). We follow this treatment.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A41C159433ED9E4C532773A5A456CB28" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Except for several pairs or complexes of closely related species, identification of males can be almost always unambiguously performed based on exposed genitalic structures such as paramere and medial process, further corroborated with phallic structures, external morphology and coloration. Identification of females of many species, where females appear to be as distinct as males, is straightforward based on coloration and external morphology. However, identification can be difficult for closely related species, where females are indistinguishable based on external morphology. In these cases, association of males and females and identification of females were primarily based on collecting event information. Sexual dimorphism presents another special challenge. While most species show limited sexual dimorphism that does not go beyond minor size and coloration differences, some species exhibit pronounced differences between the sexes (see Material and Methods for discussion of association of male and female specimens). Based on the observation that species in closely related genera do not exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, we here hypothesize that pronounced sexual dimorphism is a derived condition within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A6302329E27A06F36B1E8C1C62AE6E3F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C2F9B4BD4A063A8CD4923B115C37E179" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="species groups">
|
|
<paragraph id="18EAFDE2A07757DD7207CE1DBA608C44" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Species groups</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1FFF59DD788A857614B8203DD1707FFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
We find here that previous subgeneric groups are based on superficial resemblance and these are not adopted. Instead, we recognize eleven species groups in the current study, based primarily on characters of the male genitalia, but also on non-genitalic external morphology if those characters can be applied to both sexes. Several species for which only females are known are therefore not assigned to a species group. Although the groupings proposed here are not based on a cladistic analysis, they show a degree of congruence with the relationships recovered in the phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E65F62D6E066A08ED2964B5A58122EB2" author="Zhang, Guanyang" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" pagination="339 - 351" title="Molecular phylogeny of Harpactorini (Insecta: Reduviidae): correlation of novel predation strategy with accelerated evolution of predatory leg morphology" volume="30" year="2014">Zhang and Weirauch (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and many of the characters are putative synapomorphies of the groups. A brief discussion of the species groups is presented below.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E54C1EF6552DE178DFC02465597B0843" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
1.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED22D4D87C3C401B8BD10B298A90F5BC" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus tetracanthus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetracanthus">Zelus tetracanthus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2F910E2F006F36CC5A006B30AEA71276" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23434B9836A86F0FE2EC1E809A0B4E86" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus minutus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutus">Zelus minutus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Hart, 1987,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EAB7813C91C9F2FC6F570AB99F7FA12D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus prolixus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolixus">Zelus prolixus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EAD7EBC77A83C9FA3FA7C47AE824FFD3" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1860,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D0CF91C229ECE73F6DB3B9D9E49525A7" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus rosulentus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosulentus">Zelus rosulentus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DBA3D8AC47CA9364265B633DA2E2C710" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus tetracanthus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetracanthus">Zelus tetracanthus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="3AD19B178F0C32F7F321BB9D9DF5BE9D" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6D772C280F518AB6AE25EDFA1B1B1651" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Members of this group have a rather broad, indistinct medial process, the base of which is nearly continuous with or inseparable from the ventral rim of the pygophore. We speculate that this character represents a plesiomorphic condition as it is seen in several other genera of the New World
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D5AD5942A6BD8F3F53BECD205DB8F8D" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="tribe" tribe="Harpactorini">Harpactorini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and thus the condition of the medial process does not necessarily support the monophyly of this group.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="32C806F98B12EB641EB1FA3090A8318F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus tetracanthus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetracanthus">Zelus tetracanthus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="000B0B286EAC2FB180E109AE66A8EC33" lsidName="Z. minutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="minutus">Z. minutus</taxonomicName>
|
|
also both have tubercles on the disc of the posterior pronotal lobe, which are more pronounced in the former. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 2.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5E2934903F2B58480897FEEBED72DE7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
2.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23C32D95CB50803F991DDFD70F3C4B0C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus luridus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">Zelus luridus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E9EE2F2E48549B5F3CF9646AE2BBB425" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="39B5784AF00B21D84B1442964EEB337F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus ambulans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambulans">Zelus ambulans</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="2E8E6110CC2BDC8FBC9ED7901A274621" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3B2D889D0AB5196FF51058D830CD32F3" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus antiguensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiguensis">Zelus antiguensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D01308725D6D7FD17FDD8713C9C23233" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus exsanguis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exsanguis">Zelus exsanguis</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="26EDE5C35825A655AECD410DBD2A2D24" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83F6C8F199B8A5A480F4F026A825BF5B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus grandoculus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandoculus">Zelus grandoculus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="460DF6B2FC5EDFED6A0C534FDA052D1A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus luridus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">Zelus luridus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D000132DEE2ECB52A9F9033A52797D39" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CC593A79076D5392C1770F54D24C397D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus spatulosus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulosus">Zelus spatulosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C882E4BEF54224E02EC036FAB15D0745" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
This is a group of species with primarily a North American distribution, with some species extending to northern Central America. The males show an apically expanded paramere and a triangular medial process that has a protrusion at the base but lacks any apical modifications. Notably,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6470A4F880F3C711A02F4D02C01E84D0" lsidName="Z. spatulosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="spatulosus">Z. spatulosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a slender medial process, deviating greatly from the remainders of the group. It is placed in this group mainly because of the apically expanded paramere and the uniform coloration.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5E0D42F12F60666DDC9DE1BD1ADA2C37" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus ambulans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambulans">Zelus ambulans</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="99444BB138EB70194986917D36EBB767" lsidName="Z. exsanguis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="exsanguis">Z. exsanguis</taxonomicName>
|
|
have the humeral angle elevated to about same level of and nearly continuous with the disc of the posterior pronotal lobe, a condition rarely seen in the genus. The coloration is quite homogenous among members of this genus, most of which have a uniform greenish (in live specimens) or dull brownish (in preserved specimens) habitus, with only
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A29FCD3779EF55A86E762F79806AF7B" lsidName="Z. ambulans" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="ambulans">Z. ambulans</taxonomicName>
|
|
showing variable patterns or banding on the pronotum or legs. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 3.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3D9ED2E39F9DE1693DF872CCA825609E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
3.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="82A691A62323D47586D3D67B44AB9F23" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus mimus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimus">Zelus mimus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4A2FC9C952FC6B13910CA8EFAFAE9C7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="35B6C5C3C05C36B88B4506F971A1C9AB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus inconstans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inconstans">Zelus inconstans</taxonomicName>
|
|
Champion, 1898 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9CD45D537F07418FF87DD701488A132F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus mimus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimus">Zelus mimus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="C232C719774C92678B7AFDE592700F1D" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
1862.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6A4EFD7398A8ABC0BD7F123314575BD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Members of this group, consisting of only two species, exhibit a highly unique paramere and a medial process of the pygophore. The paramere is slender and apically curved dorsad at an angle of nearly ninety degrees. The medial process, as is especially evident in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F736464E715E9946FB7D1BD5D3D3D0A1" lsidName="Z. inconstans" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="inconstans">Z. inconstans</taxonomicName>
|
|
, possesses a simple posterior liplike fold at the apex; its lateral margins are subparallel and not broadened significantly at the base. Both have a semi-cylindrical dorsal phallothecal sclerite which is modified by a fold running obliquely toward the base from the middle of the lateral margins. Both species, being quite small, exhibit the usual reduction of setal tracts common to nearly all small species. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 4.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="716049B3592B2F4D2FBC0B0357F6FED4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
4.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="31B7CC04B8ABD98F5DE0C0E190184A4D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">Zelus nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8C5F14D65C3A0C14F5B0B3E0B4C513BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B6B2D17813E53DF1C35AAF81309EE885" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus grassans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grassans">Zelus grassans</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="FF47F6EDE8531BE15F7D142CF7ADF6CB" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AC8433DE92883B0FFE9B5F81B1528F91" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus illotus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illotus">Zelus illotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Berg, 1879,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2FC20BD3CDCF7006F6C87BA81A9983AD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus impar" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impar">Zelus impar</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kuhlgatz, 1902,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D013374BC92379EBB44091E6D43FE819" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">Zelus nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E82AAA73D1F30144D2239C9FF5065441" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5DEF4B1879D3FEFEDD34EE6AB362E90" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus pedestris" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pedestris">Zelus pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius, 1803.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0A6BF3B806471C2BD0A0DFC0496FF1E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
This is a group of smallish species with quite variable distributional ranges. The defining characters include a slender, laterally compressed medial process that is curved or recurved, and an acute apex of the dorsal phallothecal sclerite (except in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED83D1AB24072766940F06D6A94D2EC7" lsidName="Z. grassans" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="grassans">Z. grassans</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DD4CED902921580355F8ADD4E72D5B09" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">Zelus nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
has one of the widest distribution ranges in this genus, ranging from much of Mexico to northern South America.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ADB899B2A4DFBD251111ABEBC2F201C1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus grassans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grassans">Zelus grassans</taxonomicName>
|
|
is found primarily in Central America and the remaining two species mainly in northern South America. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 5.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="651BC356A6BE436E87CE4ED692E229E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
5.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1E1CE14824B1799C8D38A87889261D98" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus puertoricensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puertoricensis">Zelus puertoricensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CE0AEB23069F7B46A08450411105D45D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="679834194D2047AC31F6BF93C2763621" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus bruneri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">Zelus bruneri</taxonomicName>
|
|
De Zayas, 1960,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C3679EC889C1AB6591B63F620D019B0B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus puertoricensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puertoricensis">Zelus puertoricensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Hart, 1987,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A705449FCFAF2B87BE4DC62A4CB1718C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus subimpressus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subimpressus">Zelus subimpressus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="889472914FDABC4F5CE757CFD9191DF2" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1872 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8891F60864F5E5CC1FEE4887E3295674" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus zayasi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zayasi">Zelus zayasi</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bruner and Barber, 1937.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8F91363ED3BB649893D1D9F41C43962D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Members of this group are restricted to the Caribbean. They can be easily recognized by the rather slender body form. The posteriorly directed, robust medial process with a somewhat blunt apical protrusion is also distinctive of this group. The basal plate arms are widely separate and diverging and these features are rare in other species in the genus. They show resemblance to species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9558888288C2F59786AD505585728107" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus renardii" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renardii">Zelus renardii</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group, especially to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8FA3E952C3240F8109C3FED24A215E52" lsidName="Z. cervicalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="cervicalis">Z. cervicalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9492A5C185A242EBBE00D7FAC85FAA93" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus bruneri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">Zelus bruneri</taxonomicName>
|
|
was not physically examined, but the rather slender body form as seen in the original illustration places it within this group. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 6.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EEE06BE8BA4E2EB2ADDC8E95CFD563EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
6.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E86A1B8B224E4FA87AD9D609662875E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus renardii" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renardii">Zelus renardii</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4DF46321703A3CF8D7570950E64A01AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A8C9E8ADB9598136C1B49E2B599B7BDA" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus cervicalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervicalis">Zelus cervicalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="558440F543E90A24ED69725EEC67B9F8" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1872 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="01A9591F90D2B45E2F12DE6BD8F347C2" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus renardii" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renardii">Zelus renardii</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kolenati, 1856.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9D4C69D3ED98AA81028D96E6349FDB57" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
The two members of this group are very likely sister species since they share a number of unique characters: the apex of the medial process is greatly bent ventrad and hooklike, the lateral margin of the dorsal phallothecal sclerite is recurved dorsad and the basal part of the strut is absent. Both species are mainly distributed in North and Central America, but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0DEEF699F9E1BD6010D63F750068B5EB" lsidName="Z. cervicalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="cervicalis">Z. cervicalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
extends to northern South America. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 7.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="59DDBF75A7A4A3470C8AAE21644D49B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
7.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="77EAA143DCC149E7CF8B072075371C07" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus armillatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armillatus">Zelus armillatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F46F1AC2383EABEA3683D4C1A2ACD1BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4140090B2D98368DD87CAE7F2722A34D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus amblycephalus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblycephalus">Zelus amblycephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C95EC489F727935BA92D901840A91A45" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus annulosus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulosus">Zelus annulosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken id="BB8BC5B90A7CBFB80281576E970F7AF4" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1866),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B97FE4273E1B8FCAC1F4CC7DC90FB25E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus armillatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armillatus">Zelus armillatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Lepeletier & Serville, 1825),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BC2212628B215DA58B99F8736254A294" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus conjungens" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conjungens">Zelus conjungens</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken id="19EEB7F614CEC4667CA9589C9B0C559E" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1860),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="50FF7E27C7AF55B2659D03BA8D879A88" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus janus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janus">Zelus janus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="079AAE4D166327C59EC1705CB01A6412" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="91FA637D232B365D26F02EAA897E8F03" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus leucogrammus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucogrammus">Zelus leucogrammus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Perty, 1833),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E0D70E1237FB257E69DB6027FC131802" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus lewisi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lewisi">Zelus lewisi</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FC946C85DF8DFC2B0226D2E1B4C0C75A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus litigiosus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litigiosus">Zelus litigiosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="FEEE6C68B29287A1FC19A3D20E200BCA" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3D868B9E6458A3A53C6250F017C11EF1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus ruficeps" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">Zelus ruficeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="CD56CA66D7213B3950E0C921B337DB51" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F71D904400C78A52C57974C2009C0D8C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus sulcicollis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcicollis">Zelus sulcicollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Champion, 1899,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3E650753DA2277D45963A6592B2B1929" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus umbraculoides" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbraculoides">Zelus umbraculoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9433A241E663472B981ACBE1720A9DF9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus umbraculus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbraculus">Zelus umbraculus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3211B79F6C044DF19FBCE49C718AC8E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
This is one of the two largest groups in the genus (the other being the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CF13C4A60AD1E7B3593B87505FA7CDE1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus panamensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">Zelus panamensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group). Species in this group are generally robust and large-sized (15-25 mm), and some are among the largest in the genus. The most distinctive character is that of the medial process, which has the apex slightly projected into two minute small lateral prongs or processes. This condition is different from that in several species groups listed below, where the apex of the medial process is hook-like and more strongly projected. The lateral spine of the humeral angle tends to be pronounced and somewhat broadened into a dentate effect. The pygophore is large, rounded, and somewhat shortened relative to the total length of the individual. The dorsal phallothecal sclerite having dorsolateral expansions or projections close to the basal arm is also unique to some species of this group. This condition, however, is not seen in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="427B1B8C1CE96D02A979E3866AE492FC" lsidName="Z. amblycephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="amblycephalus">Z. amblycephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59DEDBDD8FE70AEDF31D654140C5F221" lsidName="Z. umbraculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="umbraculus">Z. umbraculus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6A5B1962B1BC4EEF1EFAE445878929B5" lsidName="Z. umbraculoides" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="umbraculoides">Z. umbraculoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which appear to be divergent from the remainders of the group, but the features of the medial process unambiguously place them in this species group. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Figs 8, 9.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EF18D186A216CA38DEC2372539E31443" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
8.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0D6CD258C6165C25D4E4C57193BC3911" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus longipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">Zelus longipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5CF30E982E6EF2B8583E2B84A127D14B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="46303CC657E372E83B69E277EA07833F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus bahiaensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahiaensis">Zelus bahiaensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DA8D1F999E7EE076A9404190AE2D6B7F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus errans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="errans">Zelus errans</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius, 1803,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2BBB3965A8A096C1EB93EA0A8DB19F93" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus longipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">Zelus longipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Linnaeus, 1767), 1803 and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="64D674C3637676D9F37E18E997123C27" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vespiformis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespiformis">Zelus vespiformis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Hart, 1987.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="434CFCBD4214D7FAF7CF8D68309388BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
This and the next species group (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8E30B9F10ED75261C1D6790CE0543734" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group) possess dense, spine-like setae on the head and pronotum, and a rounded, unarmed humeral angle, both characters rather unique in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="86BC27F03EA6DFB7BABEEA6A49456CCF" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and probably synapomorphies uniting the two groups. The former character is possibly homoplastic as it is also seen in two species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0C274C3F862A289A4ECDECC7E7BFC50B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus armillatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armillatus">Zelus armillatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group. The medial process is slender and cylindrical and this condition is among the most extreme in the genus. It is semi-erect and posteriorly directed. The paramere exceeds the apex of the medial process. The dorsal phallothecal sclerite has subparallel margins and lacks obvious modifications or ornamentations (except for small lateral folds in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0B3E977C79A46F8204EF7E8C3329A5D0" lsidName="Z. longipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="longipes">Z. longipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Some individuals of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="97DC3B15A53E11D2FB276C6884457262" lsidName="Z. errans" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="errans">Z. errans</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="03988AACAAE460675266A60E4EC06F50" lsidName="Z. vespiformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="vespiformis">Z. vespiformis</taxonomicName>
|
|
appear to be wasp mimics. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 10.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="66B0DF4A136ADCF9DF98AF7124415104" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
9.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="994DEF59756063F85C30468D70C82DEC" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6532078F98C88D8CB63146F26778D9F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6F27BAF31259A6108B21FE56D32BE850" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus aithaleos" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aithaleos">Zelus aithaleos</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE444E4783DAAFEF4C9B4D04DAB124F7" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus championi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="championi">Zelus championi</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1CBCDD2D27929C1F7BE1639BB0C1055C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus fuliginatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginatus">Zelus fuliginatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CECDFB751B0F6EF66D1FB0C2E6962834" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus gracilipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Zelus gracilipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5622FDFD0D2926B2434D5F2B307238D6" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius, 1803.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="38AE4EA3D6C1BD264240C1E54F7A6234" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="068DD4B25F1D8A15B03EE15ED65C6C4A" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
group share two characters also present in the preceding group (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6573A513E55A78A552957AB3E9166D5B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus longipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">Zelus longipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group): spinelike setae and rounded humeral angle. However, they differ in the structure of the male genitalia in significant ways. The medial process shapes like a somewhat laterally flattened cone. It is relatively broad at base, narrowing toward the apex, and is laterally compressed. The medial process is posteriorly directly, nearly horizontal. The paramere is removed from or barely reaching apex of the medial process. Furthermore, the phallus is elongated and slightly constricted toward the apex (not conspicuous in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ECB04805574223E61BD4F2CE24DC5FC3" lsidName="Z. gracilipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Z. gracilipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="16D21EE30909EA64FEBC263756D2DE78" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EB0FEE1C8637C1E896B8AB1FE9C9A408" lsidName="Z. gracilipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Z. gracilipes</taxonomicName>
|
|
also resemble wasps to some extent, but both not as perfectly as seen in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FFE4C2E0722E26E47DB047804FE4E350" lsidName="Z. errans" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="errans">Z. errans</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8355379F958F03EF2A0D4C83C39F06C8" lsidName="Z. vespiformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="vespiformis">Z. vespiformis</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Comparative views of male genitalia are shown in Fig. 11.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="87EFEE5D47A6D85773F98E496F52FD61" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
10.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED58BB4DB422983BD831D73A03F683F5" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus panamensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">Zelus panamensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="56B227328EBE1F61768B1FA69D56E429" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9694184D6FA6B997ED56847C2E5285AD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus banksi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">Zelus banksi</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5FB7A0DD31C3D024BE899231931FB129" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus cordazulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordazulus">Zelus cordazulus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EC5EC659D967ED3EBF399D9FDFECAB10" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus filicauda" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filicauda">Zelus filicauda</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bergroth, 1893,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1DA6C46F332072CC608A43E770DABA84" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus gilboventris" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilboventris">Zelus gilboventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BCC8E81795D44704ADFAD3E9C93CB772" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus korystos" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="korystos">Zelus korystos</taxonomicName>
|
|
Hart, 1986,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="86BE200E45CE4430B748F2383ACC96A5" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nigromaculatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Zelus nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Champion, 1899,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1FA99E3206CC7280A496145B26516E69" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus panamensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">Zelus panamensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ACE6E0AE8BFBD2F713BD0A6D64B99AC1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus truxali" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truxali">Zelus truxali</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="14D5B9F5B4E7C2649DD20E02A7A7E838" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus varius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varius">Zelus varius</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1853) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="235C2E95C65C3B7CA3E40D6BE074EC39" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus xouthos" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xouthos">Zelus xouthos</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="12113FE40E447EF9C1E72A4EFCABF20C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
This is another large group with ten species. Interestingly, most (seven) are new species. It is characterized by having an acute apical modification usually in the shape of a hook on the medial process and the conspicuous medial carination of the apical part of the dorsal phallothecal sclerite. The condition of the apical modification of the medial process differs from that in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="38897066B5175E5524EF7654051CCA88" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus armillatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armillatus">Zelus armillatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group in that it is much more prominent, usually acute and sometimes extending further ventrally. Rugulosity of the posterior pronotal lobe is highly pronounced relative to the other groups. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced in some species in this group (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="17B12FFF6CC8DE63CB396D6C050CB94A" lsidName="Z. gilboventris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="gilboventris">Z. gilboventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E385F54D70CA60836A030BC1E3A59081" lsidName="Z. truxali" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="truxali">Z. truxali</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Most species in this group are concentrated in southern Central America and northern South America. Comparative views of male genitalia and habitus images are in Figs 12, 13.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B37C11ECE783684CB5A09F44CE864866" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
11.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26E33AD15888CB1E93D85765037228B9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus erythrocephalus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalus">Zelus erythrocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0E9B4AB9B87BE7D1F00A02846D3B0694" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05387A9E0199F0DF4BDFA51CBCBD35B3" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus auralanus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auralanus">Zelus auralanus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D4FFF84310973F9469E055C4644FE4D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus casii" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casii">Zelus casii</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B44616768879BA3A8DA9715E49083EC4" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus chamaeleon" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaeleon">Zelus chamaeleon</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="63BD9B4530EDF8A681DCB723723E74A0" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1872,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AA6CFC1E17CB94C1C47E7ACF90DAED2" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus erythrocephalus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalus">Zelus erythrocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius, 1803,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3A0D8C94F9424ABB65310621D711519D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus kartabenoides" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kartabenoides">Zelus kartabenoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B69FAF61AF5D1E3AC929AC9BC8E517B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus kartabensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kartabensis">Zelus kartabensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Haviland, 1931,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65E27B857A1194EE9D2C8511222D5D3C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus laticornis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticornis">Zelus laticornis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1853),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="657D080EABAA4FEF77BDDE4AEFA6EE0E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus mattogrossensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mattogrossensis">Zelus mattogrossensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Wygodzinsky, 1947,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E872F1F7EDA9C9087B8EA08464241CF9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus paracephalus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paracephalus">Zelus paracephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D2350F802AFC6CAB673F42BCE60AEEE9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus russulumus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="russulumus">Zelus russulumus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83332ED5EBBC38E930BC0159C93D3E4D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus versicolor" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">Zelus versicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1444E5F4A0437ED95374CA065AD6A949" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Two diagnostic characters identify members of this group. The medial process possesses a broad ridge-like projection or carina that initiates from the apex and extends ventrally or is removed from apex. The second feature is the apically oriented lateral sharp processes or projections on the dorsal phallothecal sclerite. These are not to be confused with the lateral expansion seen in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="02D4CC687FC0C8A9F5F950C1CB00B986" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus armillatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armillatus">Zelus armillatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group, where the direction of the expansion is laterad. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4B1CE3A512852798114EE55EF6902F23" lsidName="Z. auralanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="auralanus">Z. auralanus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF13A890BBA70AB979FC4B740FB87E9C" lsidName="Z. versicolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="versicolor">Z. versicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
, this process is short and somewhat dorsally directed, rather than apically directed. Three species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BD1276E263BD20905DB18EAAB9A90DE0" lsidName="Z. kartabenoides" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="kartabenoides">Z. kartabenoides</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BAE9A185F5DB37DB6E8342FB66FF0491" lsidName="Z. kartabensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="kartabensis">Z. kartabensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FD11443AE2615EB124E9EA48D5379000" lsidName="Z. chamaeleon" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="chamaeleon">Z. chamaeleon</taxonomicName>
|
|
lack this structure. Their placement in this group is primarily based on the configuration of the medial process and the absence of characters of other groups. Also, the longitudinal ridge-like elevation or hook on the medial process is similar to the condition in another species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D08E9917FBCA6EBD86D70440AC9FA2B4" lsidName="Z. laticornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="laticornis">Z. laticornis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, although the latter has a short modification. In this species group the parameres are usually somewhat bulbous and curved medially with moderate to long erect setae on the apical 1/2. The medial process is broadened at base, and usually anteroposteriorly compressed. Furthermore, the basal plate of the phallus is strongly curved in some members of this species group. Pronounced sexual dimorphism is seen in some species of this group. Notably, three species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E68D68D09C700D9053183FA013AA1682" lsidName="Z. erythrocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="erythrocephalus">Z. erythrocephalus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="30AE6CE0443D67FEAFDA83C044CF5841" lsidName="Z. paracephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="paracephalus">Z. paracephalus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="DD06BA7C1D532F99BB6EC97D75C4040A" lsidName="Z. russulumus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="russulumus">Z. russulumus</taxonomicName>
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|
have purple, blue or greenish iridescence on the membrane of the hemelytron. Species of this group show a predominant southern South American distribution, with a few found only from the Amazons. Comparative views of male genitalia and habitus images are in Figs 14, 15.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="30D68D6016A9A1349E38FA6C9F411916" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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Because of the heavy emphasis on male genitalic characters for grouping species, four species described only from females are not placed in any of the species groups defined in the above. These are:
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<taxonomicName id="44C3508E20D46348D98F5A4450452EAD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus fasciatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">Zelus fasciatus</taxonomicName>
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|
Champion, 1899,
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<taxonomicName id="85241EBB7C3EE69507ABC50F44D97E5B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus plagiatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatus">Zelus plagiatus</taxonomicName>
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|
(Signoret, 1852),
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|
<taxonomicName id="023F94784DAF0B682A46C3C95201A64E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus sphegeus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphegeus">Zelus sphegeus</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1803 and
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|
<taxonomicName id="347BFA03BBADF5827D9B5BDF650C8B57" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus means" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="means">Zelus means</taxonomicName>
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|
Fabricius, 1803.
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<taxonomicName id="89F14F59870544B8F9E69BE96B3BEE7D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus fasciatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">Zelus fasciatus</taxonomicName>
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|
is similar to the females of some of the species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0CE328C2ED258937E915049D193C069D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus panamensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">Zelus panamensis</taxonomicName>
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|
species group and also occurs in an overlapping geographical region (southern Central America).
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|
<taxonomicName id="37E552315F7097E42CB03F1FB216688D" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus plagiatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatus">Zelus plagiatus</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName id="36B810763E7E05CE52F4D79EDC8B64E3" lsidName="Z. sphegeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="sphegeus">Z. sphegeus</taxonomicName>
|
|
show resemblance to the females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12DF1745085B51B6DA24F351D5F14244" lsidName="Z. versicolor" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="versicolor">Z. versicolor</taxonomicName>
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|
, which is in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8AE18B12A8AA82A4410838B5917CFB4F" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus erythrocephalus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalus">Zelus erythrocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group.
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|
<taxonomicName id="9348A5BED9CF429AC3AB613492FA6718" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus means" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="means">Zelus means</taxonomicName>
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|
, by possessing a rounded humeral angle and spinelike setae, aligns most closely with the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C045D51CC5FCBC51E3412B109408F337" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus vagans" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">Zelus vagans</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="171B6A455740C3141849A2AA42B7566E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus longipes" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">Zelus longipes</taxonomicName>
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|
species group. A future cladistic analysis, including morphological and molecular data, is needed to test the monophyly of these species groups and may also have the potential to place these female-based species.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="063030C7E57E0BA64DE1FA1AA8A9E2DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="species removed from zelus">
|
|
<paragraph id="CF401CF39B11743C34D345DE48F4B689" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Species removed from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FD4645DDA8599717664DFB2096805ADB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C80DC4FE7EB68CD98785923A54858A76" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Five species are removed from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="924E483CB5F5CB6B6D75DF4C66D6FEFE" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zelus</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07DE989188C59564156C69B0D8E58838" lsidName="Z. araneiformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="araneiformis">Z. araneiformis</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE8520DA24666D9B5DA33032CFE5FE78" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus gradarius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gradarius">Zelus gradarius</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bergroth, 1905, Z. modestus (
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E4D2373967B1E97A407723A4170B1942" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1862), Zelus subfasciatus
|
|
<normalizedToken id="0E208EF90DD763921025B5032D28AD14" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1860 and Zelus vittaticeps
|
|
<normalizedToken id="58FBED017168BB1BAA160C53362444CF" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1866. These species represent an undescribed genus "Hartzelus" and will be treated in a separate study. They will be listed as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B820A851BEA837250C6E5171BE7A13FE" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="tribe" tribe="Harpactorini">Harpactorini</taxonomicName>
|
|
incertae sedis until their generic placement is formally clarified.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
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</document> |