343 lines
36 KiB
XML
343 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.2.2522" ID-GBIF-Dataset="915fd11f-00db-4343-8182-fb7a2a3bab34" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152023285" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-2-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1314-4049-2-1" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys 2" ModsDocTitle="A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary norstictic or protocetraric acids" checkinTime="1451253027693" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benatti, Michel N." docDate="2012" docId="94D2E870F65418DEB8E65F5479F7219C" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 2: 1-28" docOrigin="MycoKeys 2" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.2.2522" docTitle="Bulbothrix ventricosa Hale. Phytologia 28 (5): 481. 1974" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="AB004475FFC0FFEFFFD5FFBAF60AFFB7" masterDocTitle="A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary norstictic or protocetraric acids" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1643546518216" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary norstictic or protocetraric acids</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benatti, Michel N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>28</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.2.2522</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.2.2522</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-2-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152023285" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:94D2E870F65418DEB8E65F5479F7219C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/94D2E870F65418DEB8E65F5479F7219C" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName LSID="Mycobank: MB 341620" authority="(Hale & Kurokawa) Hale. Phytologia 28 (5): 481. 1974." class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa (Hale & Kurokawa) Hale. Phytologia 28(5): 481. 1974.</taxonomicName>
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Figures 14-15
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="basionym">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Basionym.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Parmelia isidiza</taxonomicName>
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var. domingensis Vainio. Annales Academiae Scientarum Fennicae 6A(7): 17. 1915.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="synonym">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Synonym.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Parmelia ventricosa</taxonomicName>
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Hale & Kurokawa. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 140. 1964. [nom. nov. for
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Parmelia isidiza</taxonomicName>
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var. domingensis Vainio]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="lectotype">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lectotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, La Cumbra, ad corticem arboris, leg. C. Raunkiaer 492, 09-IV-1906 (TUR-V!, duplicate C).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Thallus sublinearly to subirregularly laciniate to sublaciniate, tuning dusky green in the herbarium, up to 8.7 cm diam., subcoriaceous to submembranaceous, corticicolous or ramulicolous; upper cortex 12.5−15.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, algal layer 20.0−32.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, medulla 52.5−67.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, lower cortex 15.0−22.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick. Laciniae anisotomically dichotomously branched to irregularly ramified, (0.7-) 1.5-4.5 mm wide, contiguous to occasionally slightly imbricate in the center, weakly adnate and loosely adpressed, with flat to slightly involute, subtruncate to subrounded apices, the margins flat to slightly involute, crenate to subirregular, entire to slightly incised, rarely sublacinulate, axils oval, upper cortex usually continuous to irregularly fissured on older parts, smooth to subrugose, laminal ciliary bulbs common, scarce to abundant, usually frequent, rarely absent, mainly on young distal or less isidiate parts. Adventitious marginal lacinulae scarce on older parts, short, 0.2-0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.1-0.2 (-0.3) mm, plane, simple or irregularly branched, apices truncate, lower side concolorous with the lower marginal zone. Maculae weak to distinct, punctiform to effigurate, laminal or in the amphithecia of the apothecia. Cilia black to occasionally whitish, with simple, frequently downward-bent, sometimes missing apices, 0.05-0.35
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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ca. 0.03 mm, with emerse bulbate bases 0.05−0.15 (-0.35) mm wide, frequent along the margins in the crenulations and axils of the laciniae, spaced 0.05−0.10 mm from each other, som
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">etimes</pageBreakToken>
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becoming contiguous, solitary or in small groups, becoming absent or scarce at the apices of the laciniae and some parts of the margins. Soredia and pustulae absent. Isidia frequent to abundant, laminal, granular to short smooth cylindrical, straight, 0.05-0.15 (-0.25)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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ca. 0.05 mm, simple to partially slightly ramified, erect, firm to slightly caducous, concolorous but partially with pale e brown apices, eciliate. Medulla white. Lower surface black with small dark brown spots, black mixed with brown in variable intermediary levels to entirely brown, shiny, smooth to rugose, partially venate, moderately rhizinate except by the margins. Marginal zone pale brown to brown or black, attenuate or indistinct from the center, shiny, 0.5-4.0 mm wide, smooth to subrugose, naked becoming rhizinate or papillate towards the center. Rhizinae black to brown, sometimes with whitish apices, simple, partially with bulbate bases, 0.05-0.30 (-0.40)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.03-0.05 mm, frequent, evenly distributed. Apothecia subplane to concave, adnate, 0.3-4.2 mm diam., laminal, margins crenate, coronate (bulbs appearing in the crenulations), amphithecium smooth without ornamentations. Disc brown, epruinose, imperforate, epithecium 7.5-10.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high, hymenium 65.0−75.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high, subhymenium 25.0−37.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high. Ascospores ellipsoid to oval, 11.0−20.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7.0−10.0 (−11.5)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, epispore 1.0−1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Pycnidia (not found on type) laminal, immerse, with brown to black ostioles; conidia bacilliform to weakly bifusiform 5.0−7.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="spot tests">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Spot tests.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">upper cortex K+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow→orange or light red, C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="tlc/hplc">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">TLC/HPLC.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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cortical atranorin and chloroatranorin, medullary norstictic and connorstictic acids (examined by Jack A. Elix; see also
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa 1964</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Asia: Thailand (
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<bibRefCitation author="Papong, K" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="47 - 56" title="New species and new records of foliicolous lichens from Thailand." url="10.1017/S0024282906006104" volume="39" year="2007">Papong et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Africa: South Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa 1964</bibRefCitation>
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), Kenya (Swinscow and Krog 1988). North America: Mexico (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa 1964</bibRefCitation>
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). Central America and Caribbean: Costa Rica, Panama (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
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), Dominican Republic (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vainio 1915</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa 1964</bibRefCitation>
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). South America: Venezuela (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="López-Figueiras">Lopez-Figueiras</normalizedToken>
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1986
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Marcano, V" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Bryology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="193 - 235" title="A first checklist of the lichen-forming fungi of the Venezuelan Andes." volume="12" year="1996">Marcano et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
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) and Brazil: Minas Gerais (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ribeiro 1998</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ribeiro 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Jungbluth 2006</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Brako, L" journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica, suplement" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="123 - 135" title="Preliminary Notes on the macrolichens of Serra do Cachimbo, Northcentral Brazil." volume="15" year="1985">Brako et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eliasaro 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Eliasaro, S" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="49 - 55" title="Two new species and new reports in the Parmeliaceae sensu stricto (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Brazil." volume="63" year="1997">Eliasaro and Adler 1997</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="additional specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Mexico, open pasture, scattered cactus and Acacia, elev. 1240 m, 9 km E of Jalapa, along highway 140, on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Opuntia" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Opuntia</taxonomicName>
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sp., leg. M.E.Hale & T.R.Soderstrom 19389, 13-III-1960 (DUKE). Dominican Republic, La Vega, 4.7 km S of Constanza, then 8 km toward Pinar Parejo, moist broadleaf forest along road, 6150 ft., leg. R. C. Harris 14784E, 27-IV-1982 (NY). Venezuela,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Táchira">Tachira</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Vía">Via</normalizedToken>
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Rubio,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bramón">Bramon</normalizedToken>
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, 800-1100 m, leg. M. E. Hale & M.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="López-Figueiras">Lopez-Figueiras</normalizedToken>
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45727a, 24-III-1975 (US). Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Florida, Santa Rosa de Lima, Quebrada Del
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Crestón">Creston</normalizedToken>
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, 5 km E of Santa Rosa,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.866667">17°52'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-64.25">64°15'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 1470m, leg. M. Salidas et al. 4370b, 3-VII-1996 (NY). Uruguay, Rocha, La Esmeralda (route 9, 280.5 km), on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
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sp.,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-34.2">34°12'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-53.866665">53°52'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 800−1100 m, leg. A. Mones s.n., 25-V-1986 (US). Brazil,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
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State, Serra do Cachimbo, 842 km N of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuiabá">Cuiaba</normalizedToken>
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on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuiabá-Santarém">Cuiaba-Santarem</normalizedToken>
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highway (BR-163), ca.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-8.75">8°45'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-54.95">54°57'W</geoCoordinate>
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, ca. 350-500 m, mature Forest along stream on sandy soil with deep humus and roadbank vegetation, 5-V-1983, leg. L. Brako & M.J. Dibben 6711 (NY). Idem, Bahia State, Serra de Rega, on bark of small vochyosiaceous tree in
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<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">cerrado</pageBreakToken>
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, cerrado with occasional tree islands, ca. 23 km N of Seabra, road to Agua de Rega, elev. ca. 1000 m, leg. H.S. Irwin, R.M. Harley & G.L. Smith s.n., 24-II-1971 (NY 30946J). Idem, Minas Gerais State, Catas Altas Municipality, Parque Natural do
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Caraça">Caraca</normalizedToken>
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, track to the Cascatinha, first 200 m, on small tree thin twig in mesophyllous wood, leg. M.P. Marcelli & A.E. Luchi 29789, 12-XI-1995 (SP). Idem,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo State,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ibiúna">Ibiuna</normalizedToken>
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Municipality, Morro Grande Neighborhood, SKY site, on small tree thin twig (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Citrus" order="Sapindales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Citrus</taxonomicName>
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sp.) in orchard, leg. M.P. Marcelli & O. Yano 14618, 12-X-1992 (SP). Idem, Serra Negra Municipality, Alto da Serra, near the television tower, on isolate coconut tree stem in the hotel, leg. M.P. Marcelli, O. Yano & A.B. Carvalho 22480, 04-IV-1993 (SP). Idem,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo Municipality, Parque Estadual da Cantareira,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Núcleo">Nucleo</normalizedToken>
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da Pedra Grande, on tree trunk in illuminated woods, leg. M.P. Marcelli, A. Rezende & O. Yano 13607, 18-V-1992 (SP). Idem, Santa Catarina State, Serra Geral, Serra Rio do Rastro, ca. 12 km W of Bom Jardim da Serra on road to Lauro Muller, at rim of summit plateau, 1470 m ca.
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.366667">28°22'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-49.533333">49°32'W</geoCoordinate>
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, humid hardwoods, 27-IX-1984, leg. D.M.Vital & W.R.Buck 12370 p.p. (NY). Idem, Rio Grande do Sul State, Vacaria Municipality, Fazenda da Estrela,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.063">28°03'46.8"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-50.959362">50°57'33.7"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 876 m alt., on branch of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Podocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podocarpus lambertii" order="Pinales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lambertii">Podocarpus lambertii</taxonomicName>
|
||
in edge of riparian wood, leg. L.S.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Canêz">Canez</normalizedToken>
|
||
& A.A. Spielmann 1282, 10-I-2004 (SP).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Comments:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The holotype (Fig. 14) consists of a small thallus in good condition, growing on a sliver of bark, indicating that the lower surface has never been examined yet. The lower cortex is difficult to see without removing the thallus from the substrate, but it is apparently black at the margins and dark brown otherwise. The type has only one mature apothecium with crenate margins containing ciliary bulbs. This kind of ciliary bulbs occurs also on other thallus parts. The amphithecium is maculate and has no isidia. The isotype in C mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was not found by the curator of that herbarium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">One of the most distinguishing characteristics of this species are the laminal ciliary bulbs, present in variable amounts (found in almost all thalli examined). These bulbs may appear all over the lamina, most often on young parts or those devoid of isidia, being bright and having an identical size and anatomy compared to those of the marginal cilia. Except in rare cases, they usually do not show formation of apices, much like those in the margins of the amphithecia. They are more massive and opaque than the pycnidia, which tend to have opaque brown or black ostioles, and are immersed in the thallus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
All bulbs have the same oily substance and idioblasts cells (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 32" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Relicina (Parmeliaceae)." url="10.5479/si.0081024X.26" volume="26" year="1975">Hale 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Feuerer, T" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fuer Allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="101 - 107" title="Anatomy of pseudocyphellae and bulbate cilia in Parmeliaceae." volume="27" year="1997">Feuerer and Marth 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benatti, MN" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Philolichenum" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="21 - 25" title="A simple clearing technique to aid in the recognition of cilia and rhizinae struture in the Parmeliaceae." volume="9" year="2011">Benati 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whether they are marginal, laminal or those that form the coronation of apothecia. No true pycnidia were found in the holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In contrast to earlier publications (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the color of the lower surface was found to be not constantly black, but variable among specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It ranges from almost completely black to entirely brown, or to variable in color: (a) a brown to pale brown center with brown to dark brown margins, (b) a brown to dark brown center with dark brown margins, (c) a brown to black center with dark brown margins, (d) a brown to black center with pale brown margins, (e) a black to dark brown center with pale brown margins and (f) a black center with pale brown margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">Small</pageBreakToken>
|
||
specimens apparently tend to have an almost black lower surface, with dark brown margins and occasional few parts in the center, with a tendency to lighten as the thallus expands and develops. The margins of the lower cortex are initially distinct and lighter than the center until the brown color predominates on the lower surface, which usually occurs in some of the larger and older thalli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Even with this tendency for variation apparently linked to thallus development, some developed thalli were found with a predominantly black to dark brown lower cortex, as well as some small thalli with a predominantly brown to pale brown lower cortex.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Apparently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eliasaro (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the only author to perceive the occurrence of different colors in the lower cortex, citing specimens with a variation from dark brown to black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The discovery of the laminal bulbs and the constant citation of a black lower surface in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976">Hale 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) originally led to the hypothesis that there was a new undescribed species close to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the laminal bulbs and the variable colour of the lower cortex appeared to be characteristic for the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix tabacina" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tabacina">Bulbothrix tabacina</taxonomicName>
|
||
when the lower cortex is black or as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Bulbothrix isidiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
when it is more brownish. The three species are morphologically close and have similar spot test reactions (see differences below). Also
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Relicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Relicina abstrusa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="abstrusa">Relicina abstrusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Vainio) Hale has been confused with these, probably by the presence of a black lower surface, isidia, and medullary norstictic acid.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Relicina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Relicina abstrusa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="abstrusa">Relicina abstrusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
has, however, a yellowish upper cortex due to the presence of usnic acid, while the cilia have smaller bulbs in comparison to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are more evenly spaced and distributed along the margins. The ascospores are also smaller and rounded, 5.0-6.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.0-5.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vainio (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in describing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Parmelia isidiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
var. domingensis, believed it to be a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Parmelia isidiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nylander [
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Bulbothrix isidiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nylander) Hale], which curiously has a brown lower surface, and whose medulla (which contains salazinic acid instead of norstictic) reacts similarly to the K test. He noted the apothecia "without pycnidia adorning its margins" (absence of the bulbs that form the corona), and the laminal ciliary bulbs, but understood them as pycnidia, stating that he did not find conidia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Because the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia domingensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="domingensis">Parmelia domingensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
was already used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acharius (1814)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Physciaceae" genus="Anaptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Anaptychia" order="Caliciales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Anaptychia</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Physciaceae" genus="Heterodermia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Heterodermia domingensis" order="Caliciales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="domingensis">Heterodermia domingensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Acharius) Trevisan],
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States national Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 191" title="Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia." volume="36" year="1964">Hale and Kurokawa (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed a new name and a new status for the taxon. The authors mentioned that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Parmelia ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be a Caribbean species with a disjoint locality in southern Africa, while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Parmelia isidiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be a typically African species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix tabacina" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tabacina">Bulbothrix tabacina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Montagne & Bosch) Hale differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the constantly black and shiny coloration of the lower cortex, the ecoronate apothecia and by the medullary chemistry due the presence of salazinic acid.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix isidiza" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="isidiza">Bulbothrix isidiza</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix tabacina" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tabacina">Bulbothrix tabacina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but has a overall brown lower cortex. Thalli of these species do not form laminal ciliary bulbs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix cassa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cassa">Bulbothrix cassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix is morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix ventricosa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ventricosa">Bulbothrix ventricosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but does not form laminal ciliary bulbs and its isidia are frequently ornamented
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
|
||
pycnidia.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix cassa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cassa">Bulbothrix cassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a uniformly black lower cortex from the center to the margins, and by not forming any medullary substances (all spot tests negative).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |