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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FEE8FCD669454F80" author="Gray, J. E." box="[373,524,870,896]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="492 - 558" refId="ref22597" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 a) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867a</bibRefCitation>
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(
<tableCitation id="C6D70300644CC357FF3CFC3B6BB74FA5" box="[161,254,907,933]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="5.[150,238,469,495]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,239,151,175]" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Checklist of sponges (Porifera) from Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Species in the present study and previous intertidal records (in bold), consulted in: 1Hajdu et al. (2011), 2Cavalcante et al. (2014) and 3Oliveira et al. (2015). Some species are kept together in the collection MNRJ and have the same code." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Local distribution of intertidal sponge species collected on reefs of Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil) in the present study. AA, Arraial D’Ajuda; CVM, Coroa Vermelha/Mutá; RF, Parque Nacional Marinho—P.M.M. Recife de Fora; CA, P.M.M. Coroa Alta." pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Tab.1–2</tableCitation>
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<tableCitation id="C6D70300644CC357FE94FC3B6A6E4FA5" box="[265,295,907,933]" captionStart="TABLE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,239,836,860]" captionText="TABLE 11. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a: comparative data on spicules and known distribution of records from West Atlantic. Spicule measurements in micrometers (µm) are presented as minimum–average–maximum (or minimum– maximum; or only maximum) of length x thickness; or longer length or diameter. Only length is presented for sigmaspires; and data not reported are represented as n.r." pageId="32" pageNumber="475">11</tableCitation>
; 
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<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF0AFC626A2D4FEC" bold="true" box="[151,356,978,1004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Studied material.</emphasis>
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<collectorName id="26A0536D644CC357FBB7FC636E774FED" box="[1066,1342,979,1005]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA</collectorName>
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), intertidal, coll. 
<collectorName id="26A0536D644CC357FEDFFC476AE44811" box="[322,429,1015,1041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Hajdu, E.</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26A0536D644CC357FE52FC47691B4811" box="[463,594,1015,1041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Avelino, D.</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFEB107B644CC357FDC3FC4768474811" box="[606,782,1014,1041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" value="2019-04-22">
<collectingDate id="EFAFE993644CC357FDC3FC4768474811" box="[606,782,1014,1041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" value="2019-04-22">
22 
<superScript id="7C209BF3644CC357FDE7FC4669C34804" attach="left" box="[634,650,1014,1028]" fontSize="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">nd</superScript>
April 2019
</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6530644CC357FF5AFBAA698D4979" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC357FF5AFBAA6A284859" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF5AFBAA6A104834" bold="true" box="[199,345,1050,1076]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Description.</emphasis>
Endolithic. Surface, consistency and color (
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FCDCFBAB68C24834" box="[833,907,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">in vivo</emphasis>
) not recorded; yellowish-beige in fixative (
<tableCitation id="C6D70300644CC357FAF1FBAB6BFC4859" captionStart="TABLE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,239,836,860]" captionText="TABLE 11. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a: comparative data on spicules and known distribution of records from West Atlantic. Spicule measurements in micrometers (µm) are presented as minimum–average–maximum (or minimum– maximum; or only maximum) of length x thickness; or longer length or diameter. Only length is presented for sigmaspires; and data not reported are represented as n.r." pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Tab. 11</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136E2A3E644CC357FF5CFB8F6A1C4859" box="[193,341,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1890,1914]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-44@34.[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 14. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a, MNRJ 22223: A–B, substrate where the specimen was found; B, gallery where arrow is pointing in A. Skeleton and spicules: C, transverse sections showing amphitriaenes beneath the surface and scattered throughout the choanosomal region; D, smaller amphitriaenes—arrows pointing to them; E, channels in the choanosome as well as bordering it and F, sigmaspires bordering a channel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10268750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10268750/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Figs. 14A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC357FF5AFBD26E2848C5" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF5AFBD26A7C487C" bold="true" box="[199,309,1122,1148]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Ectosome not distinct from the choanosome. Choanosome with scattered megascleres and relatively abundant microscleres. Compact appearance, with a few rounded channels (up to 170 µm in diameter) and points of attachment to the substrate. Presence of several large flattened spaces adjacent to the substrate (
<figureCitation id="136E2A3E644CC357FB59FB1B6E1D48C5" box="[1220,1364,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1890,1914]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-44@34.[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 14. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a, MNRJ 22223: A–B, substrate where the specimen was found; B, gallery where arrow is pointing in A. Skeleton and spicules: C, transverse sections showing amphitriaenes beneath the surface and scattered throughout the choanosomal region; D, smaller amphitriaenes—arrows pointing to them; E, channels in the choanosome as well as bordering it and F, sigmaspires bordering a channel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10268750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10268750/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Figs. 14C–F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC357FF5AFB7E698D4979" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF5AFB7E6A7948E8" bold="true" box="[199,304,1230,1256]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Spicules.</emphasis>
Megascleres (
<tableCitation id="C6D70300644CC357FE48FB7F696548E9" box="[469,556,1231,1257]" captionStart="TABLE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,239,836,860]" captionText="TABLE 11. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a: comparative data on spicules and known distribution of records from West Atlantic. Spicule measurements in micrometers (µm) are presented as minimum–average–maximum (or minimum– maximum; or only maximum) of length x thickness; or longer length or diameter. Only length is presented for sigmaspires; and data not reported are represented as n.r." pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Tab. 11</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136E2A3E644CC357FDA4FB7F698248E9" box="[569,715,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1890,1914]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-44@34.[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 14. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a, MNRJ 22223: A–B, substrate where the specimen was found; B, gallery where arrow is pointing in A. Skeleton and spicules: C, transverse sections showing amphitriaenes beneath the surface and scattered throughout the choanosomal region; D, smaller amphitriaenes—arrows pointing to them; E, channels in the choanosome as well as bordering it and F, sigmaspires bordering a channel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10268750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10268750/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Figs. 14C–E</figureCitation>
): smooth short-shafted amphitriaenes in the shape of amphiproor amphiplagiotriaenes and symmetrical amphitrichotriaenes, with dichotomous or trichotomous cladi, but both arrangements can be present in a same spicule; total length, 40–81.3–120 µm (n=8), rhabdome, 10–20.9–23 x 2.5–8.2–18 µm (n=8), protocladi, 5–14.5–38 µm (n=10), and deuterocladi, 20–24.3–30 µm (n= 9). Microscleres (
<tableCitation id="C6D70300644CC357FF3CFAEF6BBF4979" box="[161,246,1375,1401]" captionStart="TABLE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,239,836,860]" captionText="TABLE 11. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a: comparative data on spicules and known distribution of records from West Atlantic. Spicule measurements in micrometers (µm) are presented as minimum–average–maximum (or minimum– maximum; or only maximum) of length x thickness; or longer length or diameter. Only length is presented for sigmaspires; and data not reported are represented as n.r." pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Tab. 11</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136E2A3E644CC357FE9FFAEF6A2C4979" box="[258,357,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1890,1914]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-44@34.[234,1353,181,1866]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 14. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a, MNRJ 22223: A–B, substrate where the specimen was found; B, gallery where arrow is pointing in A. Skeleton and spicules: C, transverse sections showing amphitriaenes beneath the surface and scattered throughout the choanosomal region; D, smaller amphitriaenes—arrows pointing to them; E, channels in the choanosome as well as bordering it and F, sigmaspires bordering a channel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10268750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10268750/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
): sigmaspires, 10–10.8–13 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6530644CC357FF5AFA326A514A2D" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC357FF5AFA326A514A2D" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF5AFA326A28499C" bold="true" box="[199,353,1410,1436]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Distribution.</emphasis>
Previously 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FE79FA336902499D" box="[484,587,1411,1437]" name="Bermuda" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FDC4FA336870499D" author="de Laubenfels, M. W." box="[601,825,1410,1437]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 154" refId="ref21401" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transaction of the zoological society of London, 27 (1), p. 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1950. tb 00227. x" type="journal article" year="1950">de Laubenfels 1950</bibRefCitation>
), the Greater Caribbean [Florida (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FB32FA336EC6499D" author="de Laubenfels, M. W." box="[1199,1423,1411,1437]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21321" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936">de Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
); Western Carib. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FED4FA17697349C1" author="Macintyre, F. &amp; Rtzler, K &amp; Norris, J. &amp; Fauchald, K." box="[329,570,1447,1473]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="127 - 141" refId="ref24169" refString="Macintyre, F., Rtzler, K; Norris, J. &amp; Fauchald, K. (1982) A submarine cave near Columbus Cay, Belize: a bizarre cryptic habitat. In: Rutzler, K. &amp; Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrier Bow Cay, Belize, I, structure and communities. Smithsonian Press, Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, Washington, D. C., pp. 127 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.12.127" type="book chapter" year="1982">
Macintyre 
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FE59FA176AB349C1" box="[452,506,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">et al.</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FDD9FA18685D49C1" author="Rtzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C." box="[580,788,1447,1475]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref26685" refString="Rtzler, K., Piantoni, C., van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Ŗtzler 
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FD01FA17699B49C1" box="[668,722,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
); Southwestern Carib. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FB88FA176EDE49C1" author="Wintermann-Kilian, G. &amp; Kilian, E. F." box="[1045,1431,1447,1473]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref29276" refString="Wintermann-Kilian, G. &amp; Kilian, E. F. (1984) Marine Sponges of the Region of Santa Marta (Colombia). Part II. Homosclerophorida, Choristida, Spirophorida, Hadromerida, Axinellida, Halichondrida, Poecilosclerida. Studies on neotropical fauna and environment, 19, 121 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528409360650" type="journal article" year="1984">Wintermann-Kilian &amp; Kilian 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FF0AFA7B6A1849E5" author="Lukowiak, M." box="[151,337,1483,1509]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref24119" refString="Lukowiak, M. (2016) Spicular analysis of surficial sediments as a supplementary tool for studies of modern sponge communities. Helgoland Marine Research, 70: 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 10152 - 016 - 0459 - 6" type="journal article" year="2016">Łukowiak 2016</bibRefCitation>
)], Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FE52FA7B696949E5" box="[463,544,1483,1509]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FDAFFA7B69E449E5" author="Levi, C." box="[562,685,1482,1509]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="115 - 141" refId="ref23957" refString="Levi, C. (1959) Campagne de la ' Calypso': Golfe de Guinee. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 37, 115 - 141." type="journal article" year="1959">Lévi 1959</bibRefCitation>
), Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FCE4FA7B6F5B49E5" author="Vacelet, J. &amp; Vasseur, P. &amp; Levi, C." box="[889,1042,1483,1509]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref28358" refString="Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. &amp; Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires Du Museum National D'histoire Naturalle, 49, 1 - 116. [Ser. A, Zoologie]" type="journal article" year="1976">Vacelet 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FBBFFA7B6E4149E5" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[1058,1288,1483,1509]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref26121" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FA8AFA7B6B9A4A09" author="Voultsiadou, E." pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="237 - 251" refId="ref29078" refString="Voultsiadou, E. (2005) Demosponge distribution in the eastern Mediterranean: a NW-SE gradient. Helgoland Marine Research, 59, 237 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 005 - 0224 - 8" type="journal article" year="2005">Voultsiadou 2005</bibRefCitation>
), Southwestern Atlantic [off 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FDBEFA5F69C14A09" box="[547,648,1519,1545]" name="El Salvador" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Salvador</collectingCountry>
, BA, 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FD53FA5F685B4A09" box="[718,786,1519,1545]" name="Brazil" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FCB8FA5F68F34A09" author="Sollas, W. J." box="[805,954,1519,1545]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 458" refId="ref27547" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (Part 63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)]. New record—Costa do Descobrimento, BA, 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FF51F9A36A5D4A2D" box="[204,276,1555,1581]" name="Brazil" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6530644CC357FF5AF9876F4C4A51" box="[199,1029,1591,1617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC357FF5AF9876F4C4A51" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" box="[199,1029,1591,1617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF5AF9876A654A51" bold="true" box="[199,300,1591,1617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Ecology.</emphasis>
The specimen was growing in calcareous substrate (coral piece).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6530644CC356FF5AF9EB687C4F15" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC357FF5AF9EB6AEE4B29" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FF5AF9EB6A724A75" bold="true" box="[199,315,1627,1653]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Remarks.</emphasis>
The species was found unexpectedly while sectioning a piece of coral. Despite the sponge seemingly inhabiting a canal leading to the outer medium, it could not be spotted after careful examination of the whole substrate with light-microscopy (stereoscope). Light-microscopy did not allow the verification of whether sigmaspires of the examined material carry a lot of or a few spines. However, the spiculation observed fits well in 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D38644CC357FA90F9776EDB4AE0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1293,1426,1735,1761]" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anonymu">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FA90F9776EDB4AE0" box="[1293,1426,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">S. anonymu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s (see revision in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FEC9F95B69C34B05" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[340,650,1771,1797]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1886" refId="ref28807" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Samidae Sollas, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum, New York, pp. 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2002">van Soest &amp; Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
), despite the smaller dimensions of the cladi and rhabdomes of the amphitriaenes (
<tableCitation id="C6D70300644CC357FED8F8BF6AD04B29" box="[325,409,1807,1833]" captionStart="TABLE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,239,836,860]" captionText="TABLE 11. Samus anonymus Gray, 1867a: comparative data on spicules and known distribution of records from West Atlantic. Spicule measurements in micrometers (µm) are presented as minimum–average–maximum (or minimum– maximum; or only maximum) of length x thickness; or longer length or diameter. Only length is presented for sigmaspires; and data not reported are represented as n.r." pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Tab. 11</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644CC356FF5AF883695C4D89" blockId="32.[151,1437,978,2013]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">
The various records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D38644CC357FE79F88369314B4C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[484,632,1843,1869]" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FE79F88369314B4C" box="[484,632,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">S. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all over the world (the Indo-Pacific—Siri Lanka, 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FA83F8836ED04B4D" box="[1310,1433,1843,1869]" name="Seychelles" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FF0AF8E76A404B71" box="[151,265,1879,1905]" name="Singapore" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Singapore</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FEDBF8E76ACD4B71" box="[326,388,1879,1905]" name="Palau" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Palau</collectingCountry>
Islands; Atlantic—Florida, 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FD55F8E768704B71" box="[712,825,1879,1905]" name="Colombia" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F342762B644CC357FCD5F8E768EC4B71" box="[840,933,1879,1905]" name="Curaçao" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
and West Africa; and the Mediterranean— several localities) describe similar spicule sizes and forms, but such records are suspect from a genetic point of view, since populations are widely separated (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FD3CF82F68864BB9" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[673,975,1951,1977]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" pagination="1886" refId="ref28807" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Samidae Sollas, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum, New York, pp. 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2002">van Soest &amp; Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Currently, the World Porifera Database (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644CC357FF02F8736AC44BDD" author="de Voogd, N. J. &amp; Alvarez, B. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Carballo, J. L. &amp; Cardenas, P. &amp; Diaz, M. - C. &amp; Dohrmann, M. &amp; Downey, R. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Kelly, M. &amp; Klautau, M. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Morrow, C. C. &amp; Pisera, A. B. &amp; Rios, P. &amp; Rtzler, K. &amp; Vacelet, J. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M." box="[159,397,1987,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="475" refId="ref21163" refString="de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Boury-Esnault, N., Carballo, J. L., Cardenas, P., Diaz, M. - C., Dohrmann, M., Downey, R., Hajdu, E., Hooper, J. N. A., Kelly, M., Klautau, M., Manconi, R., Morrow, C. C., Pisera, A. B., Rios, P., Rtzler, K., Sch ˆ nberg, C., Vacelet, J. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (2022) World Porifera Database. Available from: https: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2 August 2022) https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359" type="url" year="2022">
de Voogd 
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644CC357FE8EF8736A054BDD" box="[275,332,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="475">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
) only accepts as likely conspecific Atlanto-Mediterranean records of this species, but in our opinion this Amphi-Atlantic distribution already demands corroboration from additional data sources. The species was originally based on a record from Bahia illustrated by Bowerbank (1864), subsequently used by Gray (1867) to erect the taxon.As already pointed out in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644DC356FDC2FF6F68DB4CF9" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[607,914,223,249]" pageId="33" pageNumber="476" pagination="1886" refId="ref28807" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Samidae Sollas, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum, New York, pp. 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2002">van Soest &amp; Hooper (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, several subsequent records of the species from widely separated areas in every Tropical Ocean need genetic corroboration of their alleged conspecificity. Given the species’ cryptic habit (
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644DC356FE0EFE976AFC4D40" box="[403,437,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">i.e.</emphasis>
, endolithic / excavating— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644DC356FD43FE976F4A4D41" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[734,1027,295,321]" pageId="33" pageNumber="476" pagination="1886" refId="ref28807" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Samidae Sollas, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum, New York, pp. 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2002">van Soest &amp; Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
), this will demand a concerted effort to gather a minimum number of samples of reasonable dimensions. Ours, a topotypical specimen, unfortunately, is too small to kickstart this process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36BB644DC356FF5AFE23687C4F15" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">
This ocean basin classification of identification likelihood has been a guiding principle in the World Porifera Database, but care should be exercised not to mask invasive/cryptogenic species, as well as potential conservative taxonomy. The latter fails to recognize species complexes where the character sets available for study do not receive all the attention needed to properly distinguish these species, or alternative sources of data such as DNA are disregarded due to an incorrect judgment of their need, to technical or resource limitations. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644DC356FB26FD946ED54E3D" author="Rtzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C." box="[1211,1436,547,575]" pageId="33" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref26685" refString="Rtzler, K., Piantoni, C., van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Ŗtzler 
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644DC356FA8EFD936E024E3D" box="[1299,1355,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
have reported microspined amphitriaenes in Belizean materials identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D38644DC356FB81FDF76FE74E60" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[1052,1198,583,609]" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="476" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644DC356FB81FDF76FE74E60" box="[1052,1198,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">S. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, besides the normal smooth ones. The latter authors argued that the microspined forms are possibly developmental stages of the mature forms, despite recognizing that these spined forms had not been mentioned in the previous taxonomic literature on the species, which included the 
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644DC356FE66FD0369F44ECD" box="[507,701,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">Systema Porifera</emphasis>
review of its 
<typeStatus id="54EE8819644DC356FCCAFD0368CE4ECD" box="[855,903,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">type</typeStatus>
material by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B4A644DC356FB89FD036E044ECD" author="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[1044,1357,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="476" pagination="1886" refId="ref28807" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Samidae Sollas, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum, New York, pp. 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2002">van Soest &amp; Hooper (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Might Ŗtzler 
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644DC356FF6CFD676A604EF1" box="[241,297,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">et al.</emphasis>
’s (2014) material belong to an unknown species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C554D38644DC356FCF3FD6768FE4EF1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[878,951,727,753]" class="Demospongiae" family="Samidae" genus="Samus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="476" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAA9644DC356FCF3FD6768FE4EF1" box="[878,951,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="476">Samus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? These suspicions further support the need for an integrative review of the species as argued for above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>