144 lines
17 KiB
XML
144 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="A234E16FEE60FA69BE26B717B3E403D7" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-ZooBank="F6F763DD-F76D-4F01-8D27-70399F923B96" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629820533319" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Yunakov, Nikolai" docDate="2012" docId="03B33214FFEDFFD0FF42AF21FD334CB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03535p104.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3535" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cadoderus Faust" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF8A4A6CFFE9FFD5FFD5AA7EFFAC4F5E" masterDocTitle="3535" masterLastPageNumber="104" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1699116460634" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="85CEC9B0D735CA22458CA310DBE2EEA2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="EFCD3C90EB09428941078487C9C4CE48">
|
||
<mods:title id="705FE6B01976EE4271F2FD12AB4DA45F">3535</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="14C3110E429A8A1B76373C73FFCBDBFD" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D6BC0FF7410336647A4510CACAE9E022">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="0AA9F106D5530200BD1B9003497E4755">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="0E06E7365379FB1A3AE487B1EBD56B4F">Yunakov, Nikolai</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="2769123C5296D98035C7A2B68E256FF9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="E042E4BDE9E806F9DFDAFE4E85383125" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="1FEB9B0E365842311C5DBA6E1A754ABB">
|
||
<mods:title id="F6C5EA98FD87590029A5EB8E7FD27341">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="5781500744667F27086C364C1954ACFE">
|
||
<mods:date id="F3CF28DD98CA96CEA0634779372D6621">2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="10FE131D9E7D5860F53A4D8300AA7C9D" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="7061E41629BFA78B3A7E92525D5C3EB4">2012-11-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="567CE58DD2378B7D380457041F53ED59" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="5340EECF72C830A93BC21D1B8E4CF9E6">3535</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="ACE65D5E7BCC12B6C9399B12B91734CC" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="3632E74D56A5ED5451F2B4719FAF6738">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="E825BF845AA85B1B859CEFB85DBC5DDD">104</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="CE6A8A66FCD219BA33C90EDEFA763F53">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B50A2FB0F4D0C3124C67A125682D24BC" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8D2BAC7B0B3C6B07476F9F838AE24FA7" type="ZooBank">F6F763DD-F76D-4F01-8D27-70399F923B96</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03B33214FFEDFFD0FF42AF21FD334CB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5257986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5257986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B33214FFEDFFD0FF42AF21FD334CB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B33214FFEDFFD0FF42AF21FD334CB2" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C300D089FFEDFFD1FF42AF21FDDC4A27" box="[151,624,1375,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA58302FFEDFFD1FF42AF21FDDC4A27" blockId="4.[151,624,1375,1401]" box="[151,624,1375,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading id="D0ED346EFFEDFFD1FF42AF21FDDC4A27" bold="true" box="[151,624,1375,1401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FF42AF21FDDC4A27" bold="true" box="[151,624,1375,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFEDFFD1FF1AAF21FE334A27" ID-CoL="8HFBM" authority="Faust" authorityName="Faust" box="[207,415,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cadoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FF1AAF21FEFD4A27" bold="true" box="[207,337,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cadoderus</emphasis>
|
||
Faust
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generic complex
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C300D089FFEDFFD1FF42AFD8FB7E4884" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA58302FFEDFFD1FF42AFD8FB7E4884" blockId="4.[151,1436,1446,2010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FF42AFD8FE9C4AE1" bold="true" box="[151,304,1446,1471]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Weevils of this generic complex occur in East Africa. They are represented in young mountains such as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DE4DE0FFEDFFD1FF6CAFB4FEEF4ABC" box="[185,323,1482,1506]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Aberdare, and the comparatively old massifs of Chyulu Hills and Eastern Arc Mountains. The latter compound massif is significantly highlighted by maximal species richness and may be considered as a hot spot of biodiversity of this group. The ranges of most known species are rather restricted, and species appear to be strictly endemic to isolated mountain ranges or their portions, but it can not be excluded that such small ranges result from the small amount of material available. Nevertheless, material examined shows that a number of species almost never extend beyond the limits of one or two neighboring mountain ranges. This is most apparent in North and South Pare Mountains and Nguru Mountains where 2–3 sympatric species occur on each ridge. Other isolated mountains also have endemic species. The Usambara Mountains consist of western and eastern massifs separated from the Pare Mountains by the narrow valley of the Mkomazi River. Each massif contains endemic species including the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FE04AD70FDCA4878" box="[465,614,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFEDFFD1FE04AD70FDE54878" box="[465,585,1806,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oncophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oncophyes</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
endemic to Usambara. The range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFEDFFD1FC2BAD70FBD54878" box="[1022,1145,1806,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cadoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FC2BAD70FBD54878" box="[1022,1145,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cadoderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much broader than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFEDFFD1FF6EAD4DFE9B4815" box="[187,311,1843,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Oncophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FF6EAD4DFE9B4815" box="[187,311,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oncophyes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and limited by the Usambara and Nguru Mountains (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30DC392FFEDFFD1FC11AD4CFB804814" box="[964,1068,1842,1866]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and Ruvube River (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30DC392FFEDFFD1FAFAAD4CFA3D4814" box="[1327,1425,1842,1866]" name="Burundi" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Burundi</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFEDFFD1FF42AD28FE9E4830" box="[151,306,1878,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphrigodellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FF42AD28FE9E4830" box="[151,306,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphrigodellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the maximal range. Its occurrence is limited to the north by the Aberdare mountain range, to the south by the Udzungwa Mountains, and to the east by the Indian Ocean. The western limit of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFEDFFD1FF42ADE0FE9E48E8" box="[151,306,1950,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphrigodellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFEDFFD1FF42ADE0FE9E48E8" box="[151,306,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphrigodellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unclear due to the lack of material from the Rift Valley. Only one species is known so far from Mt. Kilimanjaro. Species inhabit xerothermic and wet forests, from sea level up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE22EE7FFEDFFD1FBDCADBCFBF24884" box="[1033,1118,1986,2010]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="2800.0">2800 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C300D089FFECFFD0FF12AAE9FD334CB2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA58302FFECFFD0FF12AAE9FBF34D92" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FF12AAE9FE8A4FEE" bold="true" box="[199,294,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
The biology of these species is still poorly studied; the beetles apparently inhabit the canopy level of big trees and middle size shrubs. Interaction with host plants is also not very clear; adults have been recorded on plant species from several families:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FDE4AA9EFD4E4FA9" box="[561,738,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FDE4AA9EFD064FA6" box="[561,682,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Psychotria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FD25AA9EFB4C4FA6" box="[752,1248,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FD25AA9EFBBC4FA6" box="[752,1040,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Mystroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicum">Mystroxylon aethiopicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FBC9AA9EFB4C4FA6" box="[1052,1248,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">Myrsine africana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
etc. Oviposition has not been studied but, considering that the ovipositor is heavily sclerotized and the spiculum ventrale possesses a narrow knife-shaped lamella, it may be presumed eggs are deposited in narrow gaps in "suspended litter", i.e. aggregations of lichens/moss/small orchids, dead leaves between tree branches. Descent of beetles to the ground occurs only as an emergency. As it was observed by the author, the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FBD4AB0EFBD04ED6" box="[1025,1148,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cadoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FBD4AB0EFBD04ED6" box="[1025,1148,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cadoderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other forest dwelling groups of Embrithini do not possess an advanced armor, common in Cryptorhynchinae, that could protect the weevils from ants, particularly dorylines. It is likely, that for this reason in the middle montane forest belt, where ants are abundant, the diversity of forest floor leaf litter Entiminae is low. The subfamily is represented mostly by miniaturized unarmored
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FE63A87EFD524D49" authority="Aurivilius, 1910" authorityName="Aurivilius" authorityYear="1910" box="[438,766,511,535]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hypsomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FE63A87EFD9E4D49" box="[438,562,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hypsomias</emphasis>
|
||
Aurivilius, 1910
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FCDAA87EFB2A4D49" authority="Hartmann, 1904" authorityName="Hartmann" authorityYear="1904" box="[783,1158,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tapinomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FCDAA87EFC124D46" box="[783,958,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tapinomorphus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BFEF3FFECFFD0FC1EA87EFB2A4D49" author="Hartmann, F." box="[971,1158,511,535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="369 - 419" refId="ref52511" refString="Hartmann, F. (1904) Neue Russelkafer aus Ostafrika. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1904 (2), 369 - 419." type="journal article" year="1904">Hartmann, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and endogean blind or microphthalmic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FE04A85BFCB04D62" authority="Marshall, 1933" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1933" box="[465,796,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dysommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FE04A85BFDCE4D62" box="[465,610,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dysommatus</emphasis>
|
||
Marshall, 1933
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. By contrast, the diversity and abundance of leaf litter dwelling species among armored Molytinae and Cryptorhynchinae are higher than in Entiminae. At higher elevation, where the (doryline) ants are less abundant, i.e. in the three vegetation belts dominated by
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FB22A813FED64DF6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FB22A813FA344DDA" box="[1271,1432,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Erica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">Erica arborea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FF42A8EEFED64DF6" box="[151,378,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hagenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssinica">Hagenia abyssinica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and Afroalpine belts (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE22EE7FFECFFD0FD58A8F1FC9C4DF9" box="[653,816,655,679]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="3650.0" valueMax="4600.0" valueMin="2700.0">2700–4600 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) the diversity and abundance of soil dwelling Entiminae is higher compared to poorly represented Molytinae and Cryptorhynchinae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA58302FFECFFD0FF12A8A9FD334CB2" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FF12A8A9FEE34DAE" bold="true" box="[199,335,727,752]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">Coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
These weevils exhibit a cryptic color pattern formed by a combination of differently coloured scales. The well-defined green and brown stripes and spots have the effect of obscuring the outline of the beetle so that it blends in with the natural environment (small spots of lichens, moss and algae on leaves and branches). Unidentified species of Conoderinae (figs 41, 42), collected in the same biotope, exhibit the same general color pattern as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FECCA916FE184CDE" box="[281,436,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphrigodellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FECCA916FE184CDE" box="[281,436,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sphrigodellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1AF881FFECFFD0FE2EA916FDDA4CDE" box="[507,630,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cadoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96E5F10FFECFFD0FE2EA916FDDA4CDE" box="[507,630,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cadoderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the number and arrangement of the stripes is different. This convergent crypsis contrasts with another phenomenon described for species of Baridinae, where beetles have a remarkable, extravagant appearance that also seems to result in a noticeable loss in the ability of natural enemies to discriminate less striking details (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BFEF3FFECFFD0FDD8A9AAFD3F4CB2" author="Prena, J." box="[525,659,980,1004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref52993" refString="Prena, J. (2010) The Middle American species of Peridinetus Schonherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae). Zootaxa, 2507, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="2010">Prena 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |