1101 lines
136 KiB
XML
1101 lines
136 KiB
XML
<document id="6062A2F6372B5ACB2688F354E7D25951" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6C62C9FFF17FD3E157AFBEA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Diacamma Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="190" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="186" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F09B810E2A94290B6979898AA673CBB8">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="740302C67C0D085B469CB442EC279D01">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FADFDAB2F16744831C37C54F3EDBA8AC">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7DF03869595F8C1341FC31EC2EF8456A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3568CAF12A3DA9FA13CB62503D69CA49">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03775906A6C62C9FFF17FD3E157AFBEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117604" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117604" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6C62C9FFF17FD3E157AFBEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6C62C9FFF17FD3E157AFBEA" lastPageId="189" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C62C9BFF17FD3E110DFD08" box="[151,360,728,754]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF17FD3E110DFD08" blockId="185.[151,360,728,787]" box="[151,360,728,754]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFF17FD3E110DFD08" ID-CoL="43YZ" ID-ENA="96060" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,360,728,754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF17FD3E110DFD08" bold="true" box="[151,360,728,754]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF17FD3E117EFD08" bold="true" box="[151,283,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C62C9BFF17FD1C1083FCE9" box="[151,230,762,787]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF17FD1C1083FCE9" blockId="185.[151,360,728,787]" box="[151,230,762,787]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6C62C9BFF17FD1C1083FCE9" box="[151,230,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="186.[151,250,1866,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-90@186.[151,1436,193,1845]" captionTargetPageId="186" captionText="FIGURE 43. Worker caste of Diacamma australe: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172071, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Diacamma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120909/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C62C9BFF17FCA51407FC1A" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF17FCA51354FC8D" blockId="185.[151,1436,834,887]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6C62C9BFF17FCA51354FC8D" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6C62C9BFF17FCA511D8FCA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6295144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6295144" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:83E3E546-14B9-4F5E-8909-D5DF1663E79A" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,445,834,856]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C4AD4DFFB4ADB70ECA6F17331FBF9" page="713" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" year="1862">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFF17FCA511D8FCA2" ID-CoL="43YZ" authority="Mayr, 1862: 713" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="713" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,445,834,856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF17FCA51163FCA2" box="[151,262,835,856]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFE8EFCA511D8FCA2" author="Mayr, G." box="[270,445,834,856]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862: 713</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 718 (
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD81FCA51215FCA2" ID-CoL="43YZ" box="[513,624,835,856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD81FCA51215FCA2" box="[513,624,835,856]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as genus in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD75FCA4133FFCA2" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[757,858,834,856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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[Poneridae]). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6C62C9BFB03FCA51155FC8D" author="Le Guillou, E. J. F." page="318" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" year="1842">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFB03FCA51155FC8D" authority="Le Guillou, 1842: 318" authorityName="Le Guillou" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFB03FCA51579FCA2" box="[1155,1308,835,856]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Ponera rugosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFAA5FCA51155FC8D" author="Le Guillou, E. J. F." pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="311 - 324" refId="ref150557" refString="Le Guillou, E. J. F. (1842) [1841] Catalogue raisonne des insectes hymenopteres recueillis dans le voyage de circumnavigation des corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelee. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 10, 311 - 324." type="journal article" year="1842">Le Guillou, 1842: 318</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; by subsequent designation of
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6C62C9BFDE7FC871349FC8D" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[615,812,865,887]" page="75" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" year="1903">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFDE7FC871349FC8D" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[615,812,865,887]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903: 75</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF17FC431407FC1A" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFF17FC431177FC46" ID-CoL="43YZ" box="[151,274,933,956]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF17FC431177FC46" box="[151,274,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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is a moderately sized (21 described species) genus which ranges from
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C62C9BFBBEFC42141DFC47" box="[1086,1144,932,957]" name="India" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">India</collectingCountry>
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||
to
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C62C9BFB1FFC42156CFC47" box="[1183,1289,932,957]" name="Australia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Australia</collectingCountry>
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. It is notable for its reproduction by gamergates and control of reproduction by nestmate mutilation.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C62C9BFF47FC0A1403F8BA" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF47FC0A1085FB26" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47FC0A1124FBFF" bold="true" box="[199,321,1004,1029]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFEC9FC0B11A1FBFE" box="[329,452,1005,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFEC9FC0B11A1FBFE" box="[329,452,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
workers are highly distinctive and are easily identified by the presence of deep striate sculpturing, deep pits (”gemmal pits”) on the sides of the mesosoma, and a bispinose petiole. The gemmal pits are autapomorphic, but may be confused with the wing scars of dealate queens in other taxa.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFB09FBD31561FBB6" box="[1161,1284,1077,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFB09FBD31561FBB6" box="[1161,1284,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
workers lack the other characters of winged queens, however, such as ocelli and modified thoracic sclerites. The combination of deep striate sculpturing, prominent arolia, bispinose petiole, and laterally-opening metapleural gland orifice (with a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip) also differentiates
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD5BFB461333FB4D" box="[731,854,1184,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD5BFB461333FB4D" box="[731,854,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the queens and workers of any other ponerine genus.
|
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF47FB0114B7F977" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47FB0111A1FAFA" bold="true" box="[199,452,1255,1280]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFE4CFB011247FAFA" box="[460,546,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium to large (TL
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||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6C62C9BFCA1FB0113EBFAFA" box="[801,910,1255,1280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="8.0">8–16 mm</quantity>
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||
) ants with the standard characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFAB6FB0115FDFAFA" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1255,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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||
. Mandibles triangular and usually without a basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus convexly triangular. Frontal lobes of moderate size. Eyes large and convex, located at or just anterior of the head midline. Mesonotum very short. Large gemmal pits present laterally at the base of the mesonotum. Metanotal groove reduced to a simple suture. Propodeum moderately narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracles slit-shaped. Metapleural gland orifice large, opening laterally, with a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip and at most a shallow lateral depression. Metatibia with a conspicuous, depressed, usually pale glandular area on the posterior surface. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1s) or (1s, 1p). Arolia prominent. Petiole nodiform, usually roughly cuboidal, with a pair of short spines on the posterodorsal margin. Gaster with a moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head and body heavily striate, with scattered short pilosity and usually dense pubescence. Color variable, generally gray or black but often metallic. A study of thoracic structure in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD09F9B71368F992" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[649,781,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD09F9B71368F992" box="[649,781,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">D. australe</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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was given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFC44F9A91480F992" author="Bitsch, J. & Peeters, C." box="[964,1253,1615,1640]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="213 - 221" refId="ref133001" refString="Bitsch, J. & Peeters, C. (1991) Moignons alaires et morphologie thoracique chez l'ouvriere de la fourmi Diacamma australe (Fabricius) (Hym. Formicidae Ponerinae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 96, 213 - 221." type="journal article" year="1991">Bitsch & Peeters (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and a detailed morphological study of workers in another
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFDFCF993132AF977" box="[636,847,1652,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFDFCF9931292F976" box="[636,759,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFC70F99214ABF977" author="Okada, Y. & Tsuji, K. & Miura, T." box="[1008,1230,1652,1677]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="527 - 541" refId="ref157112" refString="Okada, Y., Tsuji, K. & Miura, T. (2006) Morphological differences between sexes in the ponerine ant Diacamma sp. (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 48 (2), 527 - 541." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Okada
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFBC0F993141CF977" box="[1088,1145,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF47F97E1110F94A" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" box="[199,373,1687,1712]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47F97E1172F955" box="[199,279,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF47F95A13EFF92F" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" box="[199,906,1724,1749]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47F95A116DF92F" box="[199,264,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C62C9BFE8EF95A1153F92F" box="[270,310,1724,1749]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFE5EF95A1217F92F" author="Ogata, K." box="[478,626,1724,1749]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFD29F95A13E3F92F" author="Okada, Y. & Tsuji, K. & Miura, T." box="[681,902,1724,1749]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="527 - 541" refId="ref157112" refString="Okada, Y., Tsuji, K. & Miura, T. (2006) Morphological differences between sexes in the ponerine ant Diacamma sp. (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 48 (2), 527 - 541." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Okada
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD79F95B1354F92F" box="[761,817,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF47F9071463F902" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" box="[199,1030,1759,1784]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47F9071174F902" box="[199,273,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFE33F9391283F902" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[435,742,1759,1784]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFC9DF9061464F902" author="Baratte, S. & Cobb, M. & Deutsch, J. & Peeters, C." box="[797,1025,1759,1784]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="25 - 31" refId="ref132051" refString="Baratte, S., Cobb, M., Deutsch, J. & Peeters, C. (2005) Morphological variations in the pre-imaginal development of the ponerine ant Diacamma ceylonense. Acta Zoologica, 86, 25 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0001 - 7272.2005.00181. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Baratte
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFCF4F90713C8F902" box="[884,941,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C9BFF47F8E21403F8BA" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47F8E2118AF8E7" bold="true" box="[199,495,1796,1821]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD0BF8E31363F8E6" box="[651,774,1797,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD0BF8E31363F8E6" box="[651,774,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C62C9BFC27F8E21384F8E7" box="[935,993,1796,1821]" name="India" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
east to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C62C9BFBB7F8E2141FF8E1" box="[1079,1146,1796,1819]" name="Japan" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C62C9BFAD9F8E215F9F8E7" box="[1369,1436,1796,1821]" name="China" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C62C9BFEA1F8C111E2F8BA" box="[289,391,1831,1856]" name="Australia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFE16F8C1124CF8BA" author="Emery, C." box="[406,553,1831,1856]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFDB5F8C11309F8BA" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W." box="[565,876,1831,1856]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="203 - 211" refId="ref168148" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W. (1922) The mating of Diacamma. Psyche (Camb.), 29, 203 - 211." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler & Chapman, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFCF7F8C1143FF8BA" author="Suwabe, M. & Ohnishi, H. & Kikuchi, T. & Tsuji, K." box="[887,1114,1831,1856]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="7 - 10" refId="ref163566" refString="Suwabe, M., Ohnishi, H., Kikuchi, T. & Tsuji, K. (2007) Nestmate discrimination in the queenless ponerine ant Diacamma sp. from Japan. Entomological Science, 10, 7 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1479 - 8298.2006.00193. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Suwabe
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFC57F8CF146AF8BA" box="[983,1039,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C62C9FFF47F8AA157AFBEA" lastPageId="189" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C62C99FF47F8AA1530FEE7" blockId="185.[151,1437,932,2037]" lastBlockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFF47F8AA1183F89F" bold="true" box="[199,486,1868,1893]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
In most respects
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD58F8AB1336F89E" box="[728,851,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD58F8AB1336F89E" box="[728,851,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fairly typical ponerines. The workers are monomorphic, forage individually on the ground and on low vegetation, and show a remarkable degree of directional fidelity when foraging (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFD9DF8721291F857" author="Abe, T. & Uezu, K." box="[541,756,1940,1965]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="142 - 143" refId="ref130455" refString="Abe, T. & Uezu, K. (1977) Biology of Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou) in the Ryukyu Islands with special reference to foraging behaviour. Proceedings of the 8 th Congress of the IUSSI, Wageningen, pp. 142 - 143." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Abe & Uezu, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Karpakakunjarum
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFC4FF8731462F857" box="[975,1031,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFBDBF8721556F857" author="Eguchi, K. & Bui, T. V. & Yamane, S." box="[1115,1331,1940,1965]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref140371" refString="Eguchi, K., Bui, T. V. & Yamane, S. (2004) A preliminary study on foraging distance and nesting sites of ants in indo-Chinese lowland vegetation (Insects, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology, 43 (3), 445 - 457." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Eguchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFB31F873148DF857" box="[1201,1256,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Though the natural food preferences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFD89F85F12E1F82A" box="[521,644,1977,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD89F85F12E1F82A" box="[521,644,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been little studied, they are apparently generalist predators of arthropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFE9DF83A1190F80F" author="Abe, T. & Uezu, K." box="[285,501,2012,2037]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="142 - 143" refId="ref130455" refString="Abe, T. & Uezu, K. (1977) Biology of Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou) in the Ryukyu Islands with special reference to foraging behaviour. Proceedings of the 8 th Congress of the IUSSI, Wageningen, pp. 142 - 143." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Abe & Uezu, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Karpakakunjarum
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFD52F83B136FF80F" box="[722,778,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C62C9BFCE7F83A147DF80F" author="Ke, Y. & Zhuang, T. & Wang, C. & Zhao, S. & Tian, W." box="[871,1048,2012,2037]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="199 - 206" refId="ref148970" refString="Ke, Y., Zhuang, T., Wang, C., Zhao, S. & Tian, W. (2008) Agonistic behavior of six ant species to Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in laboratory assays. Sociobiology, 51 (1), 199 - 206." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Ke
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFC0FF83B13A2F80F" box="[911,967,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C62C9BFA98F83B15F9F80E" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1304,1436,2013,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C62C9BFA98F83B15F9F80E" box="[1304,1436,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">D. rugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are effective predators of termites in artificial arenas, and Karpakakunjarum
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C52C98FB88F8411426F845" box="[1032,1091,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003) observed that termites made up the majority of the diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C52C98FDA0F82D12D8F819" box="[544,701,1994,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C52C98FDA0F82D12D8F819" box="[544,701,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Colonies contain on average a few hundred workers or less (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C52C99FAECF82D1151FF4A" italics="true" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FF17FF7F1151FF4A" box="[151,308,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">D. ceylonense</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: 200–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FEFAFF71126DFF4A" box="[378,520,151,176]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">300 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
; Karpakakunjarum
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD64FF7F137EFF4A" box="[740,795,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FCEFFF7E14E3FF4A" author="Ramaswamy, K. & Peeters, C. & Yuvana, S. P. & Varghese, T. & Pradeep, H. D. & Dietemann, V. & Karpakakunjaram, V. & Cobb, M. & Gadagkar, R." box="[879,1158,151,176]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="410 - 413" refId="ref160659" refString="Ramaswamy, K., Peeters, C., Yuvana, S. P., Varghese, T., Pradeep, H. D., Dietemann, V., Karpakakunjaram, V., Cobb, M. & Gadagkar, R. (2004) Social mutilation in the ponerine ant Diacamma: cues originate in the victims. Insectes Sociaux, 51 (4), 410 - 413. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 004 - 0765 - x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Ramaswamy
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FB86FF7F145BFF4A" box="[1030,1086,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FB11FF7E1513FF4A" author="Baratte, S. & Cobb, M. & Peeters, C." box="[1169,1398,151,176]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="305 - 311" refId="ref132113" refString="Baratte, S., Cobb, M. & Peeters, C. (2006 a) Reproductive conflicts and mutilation in queenless Diacamma ants. Animal Behaviour, 72, 305 - 311. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2005.10.025" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Baratte
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FB69FF7F1545FF4A" box="[1257,1312,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FA01FF7F1140FF2E" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneiventre">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FA01FF7F1140FF2E" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. cyaneiventre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FEB4FF5A11A1FF2F" box="[308,452,188,213]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">214 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE50FF5A12C5FF2F" author="Andre, J. - P. & Peeters, C. & Doums, C." box="[464,672,188,213]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref131425" refString="Andre, J. - P., Peeters, C. & Doums, C. (2001) Serial polygyny and colony genetic structure in the monogynous queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 72 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100330" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
André
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD9DFF5B1233FF2F" box="[541,598,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD2DFF5B134FFF2F" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1920" box="[685,810,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD2DFF5B134FFF2F" box="[685,810,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FCBAFF5A13DEFF2F" box="[826,955,188,213]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">90 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FC47FF5A14C8FF2F" author="Viginier, B. & Peeters, C. & Brazier, L. & Doums, C." box="[967,1197,188,213]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="2095 - 2100" refId="ref165263" refString="Viginier, B., Peeters, C., Brazier, L. & Doums, C. (2004) Very low genetic variability in the Indian queenless ant Diacamma indicum. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2095 - 2100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2004.02201. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Viginier
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBAAFF5B1406FF2F" box="[1066,1123,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FB39FF5B155BFF2E" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1209,1342,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FB39FF5B155BFF2E" box="[1209,1342,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. rugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 40 –
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FA00FF5A1090FF02" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">50 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE83FF391226FF02" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W." box="[259,579,223,248]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="203 - 211" refId="ref168148" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W. (1922) The mating of Diacamma. Psyche (Camb.), 29, 203 - 211." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler & Chapman, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FDD0FF39129FFF02" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[592,762,223,248]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="483 - 510" refId="ref168762" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1959 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia V. The tribe Odontomachini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 120, 483 - 510." type="journal article" year="1959">Wilson, 1959b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FC88FF061468FF02" box="[776,1037,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC88FF0613E6FF0D" box="[776,899,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C42C99FC3EFF391461FF02" box="[958,1028,223,248]" name="Japan" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FB9AFF3914CEFF02" box="[1050,1195,223,248]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">118 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
; Abe & Uzeu, 1977;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FF17FEE31159FEE1" box="[151,316,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FF17FEE31177FEE6" box="[151,274,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FEC7FEE211ADFEE7" box="[327,456,260,285]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">86 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE53FEE212DFFEE7" author="Sommer, K. & Holldobler, B. & Rembold, H." box="[467,698,260,285]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="162 - 170" refId="ref163049" refString="Sommer, K., Holldobler, B. & Rembold, H. (1993) Behavioral and physiological aspects of reproductive control in a Diacamma species from Malaysia (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Ethology, 94, 162 - 170. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1993. tb 00556. x" type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Sommer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FDB9FEE31214FEE7" box="[569,625,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD45FEE3130DFEE1" box="[709,872,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD45FEE31325FEE6" box="[709,832,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘nilgiri’:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6C42C99FC54FEE21406FEE7" box="[980,1123,260,285]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="worker">275 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FBEEFEE2152CFEE7" author="Bocher, A. & Doums, C. & Millot, L. & Tirard, C." box="[1134,1353,260,285]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="123 - 134" refId="ref133117" refString="Bocher, A., Doums, C., Millot, L. & Tirard, C. (2008) Reproductive conflicts affect labor and immune defense in the queenless ant Diacamma sp. " nilgiri ". Evolution, 62 (1), 123 - 134 http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2007.00273. x." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bocher
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FB46FEE3149AFEE7" box="[1222,1279,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6C52C98FF17F8AC144DF885" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120909/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" startId="186.[151,250,1866,1888]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1833]" targetPageId="186">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C52C98FF17F8AC144DF885" blockId="186.[151,1436,1866,1919]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C52C98FF17F8AC114FF8A5" bold="true" box="[151,298,1866,1888]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C52C98FE7FF8AD12B7F89A" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[511,722,1866,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C52C98FE7FF8AD12B7F89A" box="[511,722,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Diacamma australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172071, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C52C98FC33F88C1447F885" box="[947,1058,1898,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C52C98FC33F88C1447F885" box="[947,1058,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C42C99FF47FECE150CFD52" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
Nests are usually constructed in soil (often in the middle of clearings), rotting logs, or even in trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FA9FFEC11135FE9F" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W." pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="203 - 211" refId="ref168148" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W. (1922) The mating of Diacamma. Psyche (Camb.), 29, 203 - 211." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler & Chapman, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FEDFFEAA1226FE9F" author="Abe, T. & Uezu, K." box="[351,579,332,357]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="142 - 143" refId="ref130455" refString="Abe, T. & Uezu, K. (1977) Biology of Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou) in the Ryukyu Islands with special reference to foraging behaviour. Proceedings of the 8 th Congress of the IUSSI, Wageningen, pp. 142 - 143." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Abe & Uezu, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FDD3FEAA130BFE9F" author="Fukumoto, Y. & Abe, T." box="[595,878,332,357]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref143689" refString="Fukumoto, Y. & Abe, T. (1983) Social organization of colony movement in the tropical ponerine ant, Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou). Journal of Ethology, 1, 101 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02347836" type="journal article" year="1983">Fukumoto & Abe, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FCFEFEAA143CFE9F" author="Andre, J. - P. & Peeters, C. & Doums, C." box="[894,1113,332,357]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref131425" refString="Andre, J. - P., Peeters, C. & Doums, C. (2001) Serial polygyny and colony genetic structure in the monogynous queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 72 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100330" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
André
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC4FFEAB1469FE9F" box="[975,1036,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FBE8FEAA14C6FE9F" author="Andre, J. - B. & Peeters, C. & Huet, M. & Doums, C." box="[1128,1187,332,357]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="233 - 240" refId="ref131483" refString="Andre, J. - B., Peeters, C., Huet, M. & Doums, C. (2006) Estimating the rate of gamergate turnover in the queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre using a maximum likelihood model. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 233 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 006 - 0863 - z" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FB33FEAA15F2FE9F" author="Eguchi, K. & Bui, T. V. & Yamane, S." box="[1203,1431,332,357]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref140371" refString="Eguchi, K., Bui, T. V. & Yamane, S. (2004) A preliminary study on foraging distance and nesting sites of ants in indo-Chinese lowland vegetation (Insects, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology, 43 (3), 445 - 457." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Eguchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FA8DFEAB152FFE9F" box="[1293,1354,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FF17FE89111AFE72" author="Viginier, B. & Peeters, C. & Brazier, L. & Doums, C." box="[151,383,367,392]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="2095 - 2100" refId="ref165263" refString="Viginier, B., Peeters, C., Brazier, L. & Doums, C. (2004) Very low genetic variability in the Indian queenless ant Diacamma indicum. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2095 - 2100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2004.02201. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Viginier
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FF7BFE971150FE72" box="[251,309,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE0DFE891206FE72" author="Allard, D. & Gobin, B. & Billen, J." box="[397,611,367,392]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="382 - 387" refId="ref131204" refString="Allard, D., Gobin, B. & Billen, J. (2007) Timing of sperm transfer in Diacamma pallidum. Physiological Entomology, 32, 382 - 387. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.2007.00590. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Allard
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FE5DFE971272FE72" box="[477,535,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The nests of many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FCD3FE96144DFE72" box="[851,1064,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FCD3FE9613ABFE7D" box="[851,974,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are deep and complex, allowing workers to retreat to deeper chambers in response to nest disturbance, though nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FBE6FE731486FE57" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1920" box="[1126,1251,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBE6FE731486FE57" box="[1126,1251,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shallow and colonies emigrate after only minor disturbances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FD3EFE5113C2FE2A" author="Viginier, B. & Peeters, C. & Brazier, L. & Doums, C." box="[702,935,439,464]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="2095 - 2100" refId="ref165263" refString="Viginier, B., Peeters, C., Brazier, L. & Doums, C. (2004) Very low genetic variability in the Indian queenless ant Diacamma indicum. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2095 - 2100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2004.02201. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Viginier
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FCA3FE5F1339FE2A" box="[803,860,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FC39FE5E1439FE35" box="[953,1116,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC39FE5E1451FE35" box="[953,1076,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C42C99FB2AFE511489FE2A" box="[1194,1260,439,464]" name="Japan" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) also emigrates readily in response to disturbances or unfavorable environmental conditions, and utilizes both tandem running and social carrying during emigrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FDB3FE191370FDE2" author="Abe, T. & Uezu, K." box="[563,789,511,536]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="142 - 143" refId="ref130455" refString="Abe, T. & Uezu, K. (1977) Biology of Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou) in the Ryukyu Islands with special reference to foraging behaviour. Proceedings of the 8 th Congress of the IUSSI, Wageningen, pp. 142 - 143." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Abe & Uezu, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FCA4FE191458FDE2" author="Fukumoto, Y. & Abe, T." box="[804,1085,511,536]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref143689" refString="Fukumoto, Y. & Abe, T. (1983) Social organization of colony movement in the tropical ponerine ant, Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou). Journal of Ethology, 1, 101 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02347836" type="journal article" year="1983">Fukumoto & Abe, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nestmate recruitment during emigration also occurs through tandem running in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD53FDC31332FDC6" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[723,855,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD53FDC31332FDC6" box="[723,855,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. rugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the hindgut fluid apparently acting as a longterm trail pheromone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE1CFDA112C8FD9A" author="Maschwitz, U. & Jessen, K. & Knecht, S." box="[412,685,583,608]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="30 - 41" refId="ref153807" refString="Maschwitz, U., Jessen, K. & Knecht, S. (1986) Tandem recruitment and trail laying in the ponerine ant Diacamma rugosum - signal analysis. Ethology, 71 (1), 30 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1986. tb 00567. x" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Maschwitz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FDA4FDAF123AFD9A" box="[548,607,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FD44FDA1130BFD9A" author="Moffett, M. W." box="[708,878,583,608]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref155595" refString="Moffett, M. W. (1986) Evidence of workers serving as queens in the genus Diacamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 93 (1 - 2), 151 - 152. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1986 / 74256" type="journal article" year="1986">Moffett (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FB03FDAF156EFD9A" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1155,1291,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FB03FDAF156EFD9A" box="[1155,1291,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. rugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C42C99FAB5FDA1150AFD9A" box="[1333,1391,583,608]" name="India" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
are polydomous, with multiple shallow nests separated by a meter or more, and also discovered that these ants surround their nest entrances with feathers and ant corpses, apparently in order to collect dew (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FB3BFD691539FD52" author="Moffett, M. W." box="[1211,1372,655,680]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="146 - 149" refId="ref155564" refString="Moffett, M. W. (1985) An Indian ant's novel method for obtaining water. National Geographic Research, 1 (1), 146 - 149." type="journal article" year="1985">Moffett, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C42C99FF47FD521523FBEA" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
The reproductive behaviors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FDB7FD5312D7FD36" box="[567,690,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FDB7FD5312D7FD36" box="[567,690,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are highly unusual and have been heavily studied.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FAA1FD5315F9FD36" box="[1313,1436,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FAA1FD5315F9FD36" box="[1313,1436,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are queenless, with reproduction instead being performed by a single mated gamergate worker (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FABBFD31110FFCEF" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W." pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="203 - 211" refId="ref168148" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Chapman, J. W. (1922) The mating of Diacamma. Psyche (Camb.), 29, 203 - 211." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler & Chapman, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FEF7FD1A12F5FCEF" author="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S." box="[375,656,764,789]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="177 - 180" refId="ref159318" refString="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S. (1989) Reproductive dominance controlled by mutilation in the queenless ant Diacamma australe. Naturwissenschaften, 76, 177 - 180. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00366404" type="journal article" year="1989">Peeters & Higashi, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several other ponerine lineages have similarly lost the queen caste, but the control of reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD9CFCC612F2FCCD" box="[540,663,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD9CFCC612F2FCCD" box="[540,663,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique among ants. All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FC4CFCC61422FCCD" box="[972,1095,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC4CFCC61422FCCD" box="[972,1095,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers eclose with a pair of novel thoracic appendages called gemmae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FD17FCA2135BFCA7" author="Tulloch, G. S." box="[663,830,836,861]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="273 - 277" refId="ref164998" refString="Tulloch, G. S. (1934) Vestigial wings in Diacamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 273 - 277." type="journal article" year="1934">Tulloch, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In virtually every
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FBAEFCA31563FCA7" box="[1070,1286,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBAEFCA314CCFCA6" box="[1070,1193,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied (see below for the one known exception), the presence of intact gemmae causes a worker to become sexually receptive and ultimately a gamergate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE5CFC6A129DFC5F" author="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S." box="[476,760,908,933]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="177 - 180" refId="ref159318" refString="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S. (1989) Reproductive dominance controlled by mutilation in the queenless ant Diacamma australe. Naturwissenschaften, 76, 177 - 180. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00366404" type="journal article" year="1989">Peeters & Higashi, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FC85FC6A144FFC5F" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Gadagkar, R. & Peeters, C. & Cobb, M." box="[773,1066,908,933]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="1295 - 1300" refId="ref136399" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Gadagkar, R., Peeters, C. & Cobb, M. (2002) Regulation of reproduction in a queenless ant: aggression, pheromones and reduction in conflict. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 269, 1295 - 1300. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.1991" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Cuvillier-Hot
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC24FC6B13BBFC5F" box="[932,990,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Loss of the gemmae, however, causes an individual to become a normal worker (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FD4BFC4913C4FC32" author="Allard, D. & Ito, F. & Gobin, B. & Tsuji, K. & Billen, J." box="[715,929,943,968]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="159 - 166" refId="ref131132" refString="Allard, D., Ito, F., Gobin, B., Tsuji, K. & Billen, J. (2005) Differentiation of the reproductive tract between dominant and subordinate workers in the Japanese queenless ant Diacamma sp. Acta Zoologica, 86, 159 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.2005.00197. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Allard
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC9CFC571330FC32" box="[796,853,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The acting gamergate in a colony therefore mutilates the gemmae of newly eclosed workers and thereby maintains its reproductive dominance (Peeters, 1993). The social and reproductive conflicts in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FDDAFC1E12B0FBF5" box="[602,725,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FDDAFC1E12B0FBF5" box="[602,725,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies were reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FB8EFC111524FBEA" author="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W." box="[1038,1345,1015,1040]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="97 - 108" refId="ref156027" refString="Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351" type="journal article" year="2001">Monnin & Ratnieks (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C42C99FF47FBFA13BDFA6C" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
The origin of the gemmae is somewhat controversial. Based on neurological and developmental studies,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FF17FBD9119DFBA2" author="Gronenberg, W. & Peeters, C." box="[151,504,1087,1112]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="401 - 415" refId="ref144857" refString="Gronenberg, W. & Peeters, C. (1993) Central projections of the sensory hairs on the gemma of the ant Diacamma: substrate for behavioural modulation? Cell Tissue Research, 273, 401 - 415. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00333695" type="journal article" year="1993">Gronenberg & Peeters (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Gronenberg (1996), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FCB2FBD91479FBA2" author="Gotoh, A. & Sameshima, S. & Tsuji, K. & Matsumoto, T. & Miura, T." box="[818,1052,1087,1112]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref144427" refString="Gotoh, A., Sameshima, S., Tsuji, K., Matsumoto, T. & Miura, T. (2005) Apoptotic wing degeneration and formation of an altriusm-regulating glandular appendage (gemma) in the ponerine ant Diacamma sp. from Japan (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae). Development Genes and Evolution, 2215, 69 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00427 - 004 - 0456 - 7" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Gotoh
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC06FBA613A0FBA2" box="[902,965,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the gemmae are homologous with the forewings (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FDF2FB851376FB86" author="Tulloch, G. S." box="[626,787,1123,1148]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="273 - 277" refId="ref164998" refString="Tulloch, G. S. (1934) Vestigial wings in Diacamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 273 - 277." type="journal article" year="1934">Tulloch, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FCD4FB85142DFB86" author="Baratte, S. & Peeters, C. & Deutsch, J. S." box="[852,1096,1123,1148]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="433 - 445" refId="ref132165" refString="Baratte, S., Peeters, C. & Deutsch, J. S. (2006 b) Testing homology with morphology, development and gene expression: sexspecific thoracic appendages of the ant Diacamma. Evolution and Development, 8 (5), 433 - 445. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1525 - 142 x. 2006.00117. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Baratte
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC2DFB821382FB86" box="[941,999,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
disagree, instead arguing that the gemmae are novel organs whose development simply co-opted some of the same genes and processes as wings. Whatever their origin, the gemmae are filled with secretory cells which open to the surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FB16FB4F15F2FB38" author="Peeters, C. & Billen, J." box="[1174,1431,1193,1218]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="229 - 231" refId="ref158950" refString="Peeters, C. & Billen, J. (1991) A novel exocrine gland inside the thoracic appendages (' gemmae') of the queenless ant Diacamma australe. Experientia, 47, 229 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01958143" type="journal article" year="1991">Billen & Peeters, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FF17FB2811C5FB1C" author="Peeters, C. & Billen, J." box="[151,416,1229,1254]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="229 - 231" refId="ref158950" refString="Peeters, C. & Billen, J. (1991) A novel exocrine gland inside the thoracic appendages (' gemmae') of the queenless ant Diacamma australe. Experientia, 47, 229 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01958143" type="journal article" year="1991">Peeters & Billen, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and play a definite role in determining the fertility of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FBA8FB2814C6FB1F" box="[1064,1187,1230,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBA8FB2814C6FB1F" box="[1064,1187,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers. Though the exact mechanism of action of the gemmae have not yet been worked out,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FB88FB161488FAF3" author="Allard, D. & Ito, F. & Gobin, B. & Tsuji, K. & Billen, J." box="[1032,1261,1264,1289]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="159 - 166" refId="ref131132" refString="Allard, D., Ito, F., Gobin, B., Tsuji, K. & Billen, J. (2005) Differentiation of the reproductive tract between dominant and subordinate workers in the Japanese queenless ant Diacamma sp. Acta Zoologica, 86, 159 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.2005.00197. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Allard
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBDAFB1714F3FAF3" box="[1114,1174,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the mutilation of gemmae in young workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD48FAF313BCFAD7" box="[712,985,1300,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD48FAF31326FAD6" box="[712,835,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C42C99FC0EFAF213B4FAD7" box="[910,977,1300,1325]" name="Japan" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caused their bursa copulatrices and spermathecae to not develop fully, leaving them incapable of mating.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FC21FAD1140DFAAA" author="Tsuji, K. & Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B." box="[929,1128,1335,1360]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="633 - 643" refId="ref164932" refString="Tsuji, K., Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B. (1998) Experimental investigation of the mechanism of reproductive differentiation in the queenless ant, Diacamma sp., from Japan. Ethology, 104, 633 - 643. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1998. tb 00098. x" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Tsuji
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FC5FFADF1472FAAA" box="[991,1047,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
experimentally determined that the gemmae of gamergates are not directly involved pheromonally in the suppression of worker reproduction.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FF17FA9811C1FA6D" author="Bitsch, J. & Peeters, C." box="[151,420,1406,1431]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="213 - 221" refId="ref133001" refString="Bitsch, J. & Peeters, C. (1991) Moignons alaires et morphologie thoracique chez l'ouvriere de la fourmi Diacamma australe (Fabricius) (Hym. Formicidae Ponerinae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 96, 213 - 221." type="journal article" year="1991">Bitsch & Peeters (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the structure of gemmae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FCD3FA9913B4FA6D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[851,977,1406,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FCD3FA9913B4FA6D" box="[851,977,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C42C99FF47FA441221F949" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
In a classic study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE11FA4412C9FA41" author="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S." box="[401,684,1442,1467]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="177 - 180" refId="ref159318" refString="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S. (1989) Reproductive dominance controlled by mutilation in the queenless ant Diacamma australe. Naturwissenschaften, 76, 177 - 180. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00366404" type="journal article" year="1989">Peeters & Higashi (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
worked out many of the basic details of the reproductive and social behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FEA5FA2011CDFA24" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[293,424,1477,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FEA5FA2011CDFA24" box="[293,424,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They found that colonies of this species contain a single gamergate, which has intact gemmae, active ovaries, and sperm-filled spermathecae, and which dominates the egg-laying in the colony. All other workers lacked gemmae and were unmated, and most of these had completely undeveloped ovaries. Only the gamergate actually mutilated the gemmae of newly eclosed workers, though other workers assisted. In experimentally orphaned colonies, some workers laid haploid eggs, and the oldest unmutilated callow worker (the future gamergate) became aggressive and began mutilating other callow workers with intact gemmae, began laying eggs, and became receptive to mating.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C42C99FF47F95B120BF851" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
Subsequent research has confirmed many of these observations in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FBF1F9591489F92C" box="[1137,1260,1727,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBF1F9591489F92C" box="[1137,1260,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and have filled in many additional details. In a scenario similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FCB7F90413DDF900" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[823,952,1761,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FCB7F90413DDF900" box="[823,952,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first worker to eclose (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FB7BF9041541F903" box="[1275,1316,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||
the oldest unmutilated worker) in an orphaned colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD58F8E31318F8E7" box="[728,893,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD58F8E31318F8E7" box="[728,893,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
immediately becomes aggressive toward her nestmates, and after three weeks begins to lay haploid eggs, ceases her aggression, and becomes receptive to mating (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FF75F8AD127EF89E" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Gadagkar, R. & Peeters, C. & Cobb, M." box="[245,539,1867,1892]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="1295 - 1300" refId="ref136399" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Gadagkar, R., Peeters, C. & Cobb, M. (2002) Regulation of reproduction in a queenless ant: aggression, pheromones and reduction in conflict. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 269, 1295 - 1300. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.1991" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Cuvillier-Hot
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FE15F8AA11AAF89E" box="[405,463,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FD09F8AA1342F89E" box="[649,807,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FD09F8AA1342F89E" box="[649,807,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FCE0F8AA1385F89E" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[864,992,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FCE0F8AA1385F89E" box="[864,992,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, newly eclosed workers are aggressive toward other unmutilated callow workers (potential future gamergates), but do not resist their own mutilation by mature gamergates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FEF9F8741207F851" author="Baratte, S. & Cobb, M. & Peeters, C." box="[377,610,1938,1963]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="305 - 311" refId="ref132113" refString="Baratte, S., Cobb, M. & Peeters, C. (2006 a) Reproductive conflicts and mutilation in queenless Diacamma ants. Animal Behaviour, 72, 305 - 311. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2005.10.025" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Baratte
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FE53F875126EF851" box="[467,523,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C42C9EFF47F8501516FE57" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastBlockId="188.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="188" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
As with other ponerines in which alate queens are absent, colony reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C42C99FBEFF851148FF834" box="[1135,1258,1975,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FBEFF851148FF834" box="[1135,1258,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs through budding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FE82F83C1266F809" author="Fukumoto, Y. & Abe, T. & Taki, A." box="[258,515,2010,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="55 - 61" refId="ref143742" refString="Fukumoto, Y., Abe, T. & Taki, A. (1989) A novel form of colony organization in the " queenless " ant Diacamma rugosum. Physiology and Ecology Japan, 26, 55 - 61." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Fukumoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FEFFF83D11DDF809" box="[383,440,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C42C99FD8FF83C1284F809" author="Andre, J. - B. & Peeters, C. & Huet, M. & Doums, C." box="[527,737,2010,2035]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="233 - 240" refId="ref131483" refString="Andre, J. - B., Peeters, C., Huet, M. & Doums, C. (2006) Estimating the rate of gamergate turnover in the queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre using a maximum likelihood model. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 233 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 006 - 0863 - z" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C42C99FD8FF83C1230F809" box="[527,597,2010,2035]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">André</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C42C99FDDCF83D12F3F809" box="[604,662,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When this occurs, one of the colony fragments is headed by the gamergate of the mother colony and one of them is orphaned. A colony may also be orphaned through the death of the gamergate. Succession in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFE7EFF5B121CFF2E" box="[510,633,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE7EFF5B121CFF2E" box="[510,633,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies is an example of serial polygyny, as two matrilines coexist in a colony for some time after the death of the gamergate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFC85FF3913BDFF02" author="Andre, J. - P. & Peeters, C. & Doums, C." box="[773,984,223,248]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref131425" refString="Andre, J. - P., Peeters, C. & Doums, C. (2001) Serial polygyny and colony genetic structure in the monogynous queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 72 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100330" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C32C9EFC85FF391328FF02" box="[773,845,223,248]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">André</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFCD4FF0713E8FF02" box="[852,909,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFC6CFF3914A1FF02" author="Andre, J. - B. & Peeters, C. & Huet, M. & Doums, C." box="[1004,1220,223,248]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="233 - 240" refId="ref131483" refString="Andre, J. - B., Peeters, C., Huet, M. & Doums, C. (2006) Estimating the rate of gamergate turnover in the queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre using a maximum likelihood model. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 233 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 006 - 0863 - z" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C32C9EFC6CFF391457FF02" box="[1004,1074,223,248]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">André</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFBB9FF071417FF02" box="[1081,1138,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the pattern of worker and gamergate turnover in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFDBCFEE31289FEE6" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1887" box="[572,748,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneiventre">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFDBCFEE31289FEE6" box="[572,748,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. cyaneiventre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and estimated that the average tenure of gamergates is about 200 days. Interestingly, gamergate turnover in this species does not significantly affect the average worker relatedness, which is very close to the expectation for a monandrous and monogynous ant colony (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFA8AFEAA10B6FE72" author="Andre, J. - P. & Peeters, C. & Doums, C." pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref131425" refString="Andre, J. - P., Peeters, C. & Doums, C. (2001) Serial polygyny and colony genetic structure in the monogynous queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 72 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100330" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6C32C9EFA8AFEAA1537FE9F" box="[1290,1362,332,357]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">André</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFADBFEAB15F0FE9F" box="[1371,1429,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As expected from the limited dispersal abilities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFCA4FE9613FAFE7D" box="[804,927,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFCA4FE9613FAFE7D" box="[804,927,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens, populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFB2CFE97153BFE7D" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1887" box="[1196,1374,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneiventre">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB2CFE97153BFE7D" box="[1196,1374,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. cyaneiventre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found to be highly genetically isolated, with most gene flow occurring via male dispersal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFB0AFE721502FE57" author="Doums, C. & Cabrera, H. & Peeters, C." box="[1162,1383,404,429]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="2251 - 2264" refId="ref139852" refString="Doums, C., Cabrera, H. & Peeters, C. (2002) Population genetic structure and male-biased dispersal in the queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Molecular Ecology, 11, 2251 - 2264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2002.01619. x" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Doums
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB64FE731579FE57" box="[1252,1308,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C32C9EFF47FE5E1246FCA7" blockId="188.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
In an undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFE1AFE5E120BFE2A" box="[410,622,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE1AFE5E1270FE35" box="[410,533,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C32C9EFD36FE5E129CFE35" box="[694,761,440,463]" name="Japan" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, workers are apparently inhibited from laying haploid eggs by a non-volatile pheromone produced by the gamergate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFCA0FE3A1386FE0F" author="Tsuji, K. & Egashira, K. & Holldobler, B." box="[800,995,476,501]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="337 - 343" refId="ref164889" refString="Tsuji, K., Egashira, K. & Holldobler, B. (1999) Regulation of worker reproduction by direct physical contact in the ant Diacamma sp. from Japan. Animal Behaviour, 58, 337 - 343." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Tsuji
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFCE0FE3B13FCFE0F" box="[864,921,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both gamergates and non-gamergates also police reproduction by workers through aggression and egg cannibalism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFB8DFE191567FDE2" author="Kikuta, N. & Tsuji, K." box="[1037,1282,511,536]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="180 - 189" refId="ref149493" refString="Kikuta, N. & Tsuji, K. (1999) Queen and worker policing in the monogynous and monandrous ant, Diacamma sp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 180 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650050608" type="journal article" year="1999">Kikuta & Tsuji, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFA8EFE19117FFDC7" author="Kawabata, S. & Tsuji, K." pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="89 - 95" refId="ref148912" refString="Kawabata, S. & Tsuji, K. (2005) The policing behavior ' immobilization' towards ovary-developed workers in the ant, Diacamma sp. from Japan. Insectes Sociaux, 52, 89 - 95. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 004 - 0778 - 5" type="journal article" year="2005">Kawabata & Tsuji, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite these obstacles, non-gamergate workers do succeed in laying a small number of eggs which are added to the colony’s egg piles, especially in larger colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFCEDFDA11407FD9A" author="Nakata, K. & Tsuji, K." box="[877,1122,583,608]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="147 - 156" refId="ref156790" refString="Nakata, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) The effect of colony size on conflict over male-production between gamergate and dominant workers in the ponerine ant Diacamma sp. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 8 (2), 147 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1996.9522925" type="journal article" year="1996">Nakata & Tsuji, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFBEEFDA1153BFD9A" author="Kikuta, N. & Tsuji, K." box="[1134,1374,583,608]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="180 - 189" refId="ref149493" refString="Kikuta, N. & Tsuji, K. (1999) Queen and worker policing in the monogynous and monandrous ant, Diacamma sp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 180 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650050608" type="journal article" year="1999">Kikuta & Tsuji, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a test of the extent to which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFE52FD8B1228FD7E" box="[466,589,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE52FD8B1228FD7E" box="[466,589,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers control reproduction in the colony, Nakata (1998) observed that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFE95FD7611D2FD5D" box="[277,439,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE95FD7611F5FD5D" box="[277,400,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C32C9EFD83FD691221FD52" box="[515,580,655,680]" name="Japan" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) do not differentially rear male or female brood, and therefore do not control the sex ratio of the colony’s sexual brood.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFDFEFD5213E5FD37" author="Peeters, C. & Tsuji, K." box="[638,896,692,717]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="119 - 136" refId="ref159761" refString="Peeters, C. & Tsuji, K. (1993) Reproductive conflict among ant workers in Diacamma sp. from Japan: dominance and oviposition in the absence of the gamergate. Insectes Sociaux, 40, 119 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01240701" type="journal article" year="1993">Peeters & Tsuji (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that orphaned workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFB79FD5315F9FD31" box="[1273,1436,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB79FD531511FD36" box="[1273,1396,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C32C9EFF5DFD31117AFD0A" box="[221,287,727,752]" name="Japan" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) aggressively competed with one another and formed a non-linear dominance hierarchy with a definite alpha and beta; only the alpha reproduced, and she ate the eggs of other workers. In an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFAA1FD1B108DFCC2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFAA1FD1B15F9FCEE" box="[1313,1436,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C32C9EFEB5FCF911FAFCC2" box="[309,415,799,824]" name="Malaysia" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, orphaned workers also compete and form a dominance hierarchy, with only the alpha reproducing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFEADFCA21273FCA7" author="Sommer, K. & Holldobler, B. & Rembold, H." box="[301,534,836,861]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="162 - 170" refId="ref163049" refString="Sommer, K., Holldobler, B. & Rembold, H. (1993) Behavioral and physiological aspects of reproductive control in a Diacamma species from Malaysia (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Ethology, 94, 162 - 170. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1993. tb 00556. x" type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Sommer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE14FCA311A9FCA7" box="[404,460,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C32C9EFF47FC811340FBCF" blockId="188.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
The age and reproductive status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFDCFFC8E12AFFC85" box="[591,714,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFDCFFC8E12AFFC85" box="[591,714,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers is communicated by their cuticular hydrocarbon profile (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFF3FFC6B12F6FC5F" authority=": Cuvillier-Hot et al., 2001" authorityName="Cuvillier-Hot" authorityYear="2001" box="[191,659,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFF3FFC6B113BFC5F" box="[191,350,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFEEEFC6A12F6FC5F" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Cobb, M. & Malosse, C. & Peeters, C." box="[366,659,908,933]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="485 - 493" refId="ref136328" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Cobb, M., Malosse, C. & Peeters, C. (2001) Sex, age and ovarian activity affect cuticular hydrocarbons in Diacamma ceylonense, a queenless ant. Journal of Insect Physiology, 47, 485 - 493. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0022 - 1910 (00) 00137 - 2" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Cuvillier-Hot
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFD8DFC6B122DFC5F" box="[525,584,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Gamergates have a distinct hydrocarbon profile, and this seems to play a role in controlling reproduction by nestmates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFD76FC491478FC32" author="Cuvillier-Hot, V. & Gadagkar, R. & Peeters, C. & Cobb, M." box="[758,1053,943,968]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="1295 - 1300" refId="ref136399" refString="Cuvillier-Hot, V., Gadagkar, R., Peeters, C. & Cobb, M. (2002) Regulation of reproduction in a queenless ant: aggression, pheromones and reduction in conflict. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 269, 1295 - 1300. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.1991" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Cuvillier-Hot
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFC17FC5713B4FC32" box="[919,977,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFBB1FC49157AFC32" author="Suwabe, M. & Ohnishi, H. & Kikuchi, T. & Tsuji, K." box="[1073,1311,943,968]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="7 - 10" refId="ref163566" refString="Suwabe, M., Ohnishi, H., Kikuchi, T. & Tsuji, K. (2007) Nestmate discrimination in the queenless ponerine ant Diacamma sp. from Japan. Entomological Science, 10, 7 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1479 - 8298.2006.00193. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Suwabe
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB12FC5714A9FC32" box="[1170,1228,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that workers of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFEC3FC33118BFC11" box="[323,494,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFEC3FC3311DBFC16" box="[323,446,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can distinguish nestmates from non-nestmates, presumably by their cuticular hydrocarbons, and are hostile toward non-nestmates.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFD69FC111395FBEA" author="Marukawa, K. & Takikawa H. & Mori, K." box="[745,1008,1015,1040]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="305 - 314" refId="ref153451" refString="Marukawa, K., Takikawa H. & Mori, K. (2001) Synthesis of the enantiomers of some methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons of the ant, Diacamma sp. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 65 (2), 305 - 314. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1271 / bbb. 65.305" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Marukawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFCE7FC1F13FAFBEA" box="[871,927,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFBA5FC11154FFBEA" author="Masuda, U. & Mori, K." box="[1061,1322,1015,1040]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="1032 - 1038" refId="ref154456" refString="Masuda, U. & Mori, K. (2002) Synthesis of the four stereoisomers of 3,12 - dimethylheptacosane, (Z) - 9 - pentacosene and (Z) - 9 - heptacosene, the cuticular hydrocarbons of the ant, Diacamma sp. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 6 (5), 1032 - 1038. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1271 / bbb. 66.1032" type="journal article" year="2002">Masuda & Mori (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the biochemistry of cuticular hydrocarbons in this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C32C9EFF47FBD9111DF9F2" blockId="188.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
One
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFF7EFBA611B4FBA2" box="[254,465,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFF7EFBA6111CFBAD" box="[254,377,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known in which the control of reproduction is not mediated through gemmae. In a species closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFE33FB831235FB87" box="[435,592,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE33FB831235FB87" box="[435,592,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFD79FB8313FEFB81" box="[761,923,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFD79FB831311FB86" box="[761,884,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘nilgiri’;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFB86FB821484FB87" author="Baudry, E. & Peeters, C. & Brazier, L. & Veuille, M. & Doums, C." box="[1030,1249,1124,1149]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="390 - 397" refId="ref132480" refString="Baudry, E., Peeters, C., Brazier, L., Veuille, M. & Doums, C. (2003) Shift in the behaviours regulating monogyny is associated with high genetic differentiation in the queenless ant Diacamma ceylonense. Insectes Sociaux, 50, 390 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 003 - 0695 - z" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Baudry
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFBDFFB8314F2FB87" box="[1119,1175,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), reproduction is controlled by aggressive dominance interactions among workers (Peeters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFC53FB6F146EFB5A" box="[979,1035,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFBE0FB61155FFB5A" author="Bocher, A. & Doums, C. & Millot, L. & Tirard, C." box="[1120,1338,1159,1184]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="123 - 134" refId="ref133117" refString="Bocher, A., Doums, C., Millot, L. & Tirard, C. (2008) Reproductive conflicts affect labor and immune defense in the queenless ant Diacamma sp. " nilgiri ". Evolution, 62 (1), 123 - 134 http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2007.00273. x." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bocher
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB38FB6F1494FB5A" box="[1208,1265,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), similar to the situation in other ponerines with gamergates such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFCD7FB4B13BBFB3E" box="[855,990,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFCD7FB4B13BBFB3E" box="[855,990,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In this species, the dominant worker begins laying eggs and eventually will mate and become a fully functional gamergate (Peeters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFA83FB371524FB12" box="[1283,1345,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFF17FB1211AEFAF7" author="Ramaswamy, K. & Peeters, C. & Yuvana, S. P. & Varghese, T. & Pradeep, H. D. & Dietemann, V. & Karpakakunjaram, V. & Cobb, M. & Gadagkar, R." box="[151,459,1268,1293]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="410 - 413" refId="ref160659" refString="Ramaswamy, K., Peeters, C., Yuvana, S. P., Varghese, T., Pradeep, H. D., Dietemann, V., Karpakakunjaram, V., Cobb, M. & Gadagkar, R. (2004) Social mutilation in the ponerine ant Diacamma: cues originate in the victims. Insectes Sociaux, 51 (4), 410 - 413. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 004 - 0765 - x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Ramaswamy
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFEB5FB131111FAF7" box="[309,372,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the cues for mutilation originate in the gemmae of the victim, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFA01FB131177FACA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFA01FB131177FACA" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
callows introduced into
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFDACFAFF122DFACA" box="[556,584,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. ‘nilgiri’ colonies are mutilated, but ‘nilgiri’ callows introduced into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFA01FAFF1177FAAF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFA01FAFF1177FAAF" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are not.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFE5BFADA12AEFAAF" author="Baratte, S. & Cobb, M. & Peeters, C." box="[475,715,1340,1365]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="305 - 311" refId="ref132113" refString="Baratte, S., Cobb, M. & Peeters, C. (2006 a) Reproductive conflicts and mutilation in queenless Diacamma ants. Animal Behaviour, 72, 305 - 311. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2005.10.025" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Baratte
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFDB3FADB1209FAAF" box="[563,620,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hypothesized that the mutilation mechanism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFB69FADB1501FAAE" box="[1257,1380,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB69FADB1501FAAE" box="[1257,1380,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may maximize colony productivity relative to other queenless ponerines in which dominance interactions determine the dominant reproductive individual. In support of this hypothesis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFC1AFA6214EBFA67" author="Bocher, A. & Doums, C. & Millot, L. & Tirard, C." box="[922,1166,1412,1437]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="123 - 134" refId="ref133117" refString="Bocher, A., Doums, C., Millot, L. & Tirard, C. (2008) Reproductive conflicts affect labor and immune defense in the queenless ant Diacamma sp. " nilgiri ". Evolution, 62 (1), 123 - 134 http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2007.00273. x." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bocher
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFC78FA631452FA67" box="[1016,1079,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that dominance interactions in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFEC1FA4F1139FA3A" box="[321,348,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. ‘nilgiri’ lead to reduced colony work efficiency and reduced immunocompetence in colony members. The selective conditions favoring the “dominance interaction” strategy over the “gemmae mutilation” strategy are unclear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C32C9EFF47F9F311A6F8B7" blockId="188.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFF47F9F31127F9D6" box="[199,322,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFF47F9F31127F9D6" box="[199,322,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be monandrous, with single mating reported for several species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB2AF9F315F1F9D6" box="[1194,1428,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFB62F9F315F1F9D6" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1887" box="[1250,1428,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneiventre">D. cyaneiventre</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFF17F9D1110BF9AA" author="Andre, J. - P. & Peeters, C. & Doums, C." box="[151,366,1591,1616]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref131425" refString="Andre, J. - P., Peeters, C. & Doums, C. (2001) Serial polygyny and colony genetic structure in the monogynous queenless ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 72 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100330" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
André
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFF66F9DF1144F9AA" box="[230,289,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In laboratory colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFD2AF9DF134FF9AA" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[682,810,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFD2AF9DF134FF9AA" box="[682,810,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, foreign males encountered by foraging workers were carried into the nest, where mating occurred (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFD1CF9BA13DDF98F" author="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S." box="[668,952,1628,1653]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="177 - 180" refId="ref159318" refString="Peeters, C. & Higashi, S. (1989) Reproductive dominance controlled by mutilation in the queenless ant Diacamma australe. Naturwissenschaften, 76, 177 - 180. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00366404" type="journal article" year="1989">Peeters & Higashi, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). New gamergates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFB31F9BB1531F989" box="[1201,1364,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB31F9BB1549F98E" box="[1201,1324,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C32C9EFF17F99910BCF962" box="[151,217,1663,1688]" name="Japan" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) wait outside the nest entrance and call to males using pheromones derived from the metatibial gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFF1EF94211CCF947" author="Fukumoto, Y. & Abe, T. & Taki, A." box="[158,425,1700,1725]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="55 - 61" refId="ref143742" refString="Fukumoto, Y., Abe, T. & Taki, A. (1989) A novel form of colony organization in the " queenless " ant Diacamma rugosum. Physiology and Ecology Japan, 26, 55 - 61." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Fukumoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFE9EF943113EF947" box="[286,347,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFE38F94212F9F947" author="Nakata, K. & Tsuji, K. & Holldobler, B. & Taki, A." box="[440,668,1700,1725]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="869 - 877" refId="ref156850" refString="Nakata, K., Tsuji, K., Holldobler, B. & Taki, A. (1998) Sexual calling by workers using the metatibial glands in the ant, Diacamma sp., from Japan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 11 (6), 869 - 877." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Nakata
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFD93F943122AF947" box="[531,591,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the metatibial gland was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFBF3F94215F5F947" author="Holldobler, B. & Obermayer, M. & Peeters, C." box="[1139,1424,1700,1725]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="157 - 167" refId="ref146759" refString="Holldobler, B., Obermayer, M. & Peeters, C. (1996 b) Comparative study of the metatibial gland in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoomorphology, 116, 157 - 167. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02527156" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB77F9431556F947" box="[1271,1331,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Peeters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFF71F92F1149F91A" box="[241,300,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1992) also observed calling behavior by new gamergates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFC76F92E14FFF925" box="[1014,1178,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFC76F92E1414F925" box="[1014,1137,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘nilgiri’. Despite very rapid sperm transfer, copulation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFDA3F90B12FBF8FE" box="[547,670,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFDA3F90B12FBF8FE" box="[547,670,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is exceptionally long, with males remaining attached to females for as long as two days; males actually have to be killed and forcibly removed by the gamergate and her nestmates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFF1EF8D2110AF8B7" author="Allard, D. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F. & Tsuji, K. & Billen, J." box="[158,367,1844,1869]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref131256" refString="Allard, D., Gobin, B., Ito, F., Tsuji, K. & Billen, J. (2002) Sperm transfer in the Japanese queenless ant Diacamma sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 52 (1), 77 - 86. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854202760405203" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Allard
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFF6FF8D31142F8B7" box="[239,295,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFEFBF8D211DDF8B7" author="Allard, D. & Gobin, B. & Billen, J." box="[379,440,1844,1869]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="382 - 387" refId="ref131204" refString="Allard, D., Gobin, B. & Billen, J. (2007) Timing of sperm transfer in Diacamma pallidum. Physiological Entomology, 32, 382 - 387. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.2007.00590. x" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C32C9FFF47F8B11159FF2F" blockId="188.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="189.[151,1436,151,1040]" lastPageId="189" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
Relatively little work has been done on the division of labor in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFC22F8BE1478F895" box="[930,1053,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFC22F8BE1478F895" box="[930,1053,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies, other than reproductive division of labor.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFEDFF89A119FF86F" author="Nakata, K." box="[351,506,1916,1941]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="113 - 123" refId="ref156570" refString="Nakata, K. (1995) Age polyethism, idiosyncrasy and behavioural flexibility in the queenless ponerine ant, Diacamma sp. Journal of Ethology, 13, 113 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02352570" type="journal article" year="1995">Nakata (1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFD86F89A1235F86F" author="Nakata, K." box="[518,592,1916,1941]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="119 - 128" refId="ref156676" refString="Nakata, K. (1996 b) The difference in behavioral flexibility among task behaviors in a ponerine ant, Diacamma sp. Sociobiology, 27 (2), 119 - 128." type="journal article" year="1996">1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFD11F89A13F1F86F" author="Dahbi, A. & Jaisson, P." box="[657,916,1916,1941]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="69 - 81" refId="ref136702" refString="Dahbi, A. & Jaisson, P. (1995) An analysis of polyethism in the queenless ant Diacamma sp. (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Sociobiology, 26 (1), 69 - 81." type="journal article" year="1995">Dahbi & Jaisson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C32C9EFB9FF89B14A7F869" box="[1055,1218,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C32C9EFB9FF89B14FFF86E" box="[1055,1178,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C32C9EFA91F89A1537F86F" box="[1297,1362,1916,1941]" name="Japan" pageId="188" pageNumber="189">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) has a typical age-related polyethism, though workers remain behaviorally flexible.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFB9DF84614ACF843" author="Nakata, K." box="[1053,1225,1952,1977]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="557 - 569" refId="ref156616" refString="Nakata, K. (1996 a) Does behavioral flexibility compensate or constrain colony productivity? Relationship among age structure, labor allocation, and production of workers in ant colonies. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9 (4), 557 - 569. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02213880" type="journal article" year="1996">Nakata (1996a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C32C9EFB59F8461576F843" author="Nakata, K." box="[1241,1299,1952,1977]" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="441 - 446" refId="ref156756" refString="Nakata, K. (2000) Stability in worker production and colony size in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 35 (3), 441 - 446." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) found that smaller colonies of this species have lower temporal stability in colony productivity, and that the behavioral flexibility of workers does not fully compensate for drops in colony productivity due to fluctuating colony demographics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C22C9FFF47FF3914D0FD9A" blockId="189.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">
|
||
At least three cases are known of social parasitism or commensalism between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFBE9FF061481FF0D" box="[1129,1252,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFBE9FF061481FF0D" box="[1129,1252,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other ants.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFF17FEE211C3FEE7" author="Maschwitz, U. & Dorow, W. H. O. & Buschinger, A. & Kalytta, G." box="[151,422,260,285]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="27 - 35" refId="ref153575" refString="Maschwitz, U., Dorow, W. H. O., Buschinger, A. & Kalytta, G. (2000) Social parasitism involving ants of different subfamilies: Polyrhachis lama (Formicinae) an obligatory inquiline of Diacamma sp. (Ponerinae) in Java. Insectes Sociaux, 47, 27 - 35. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050005" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Maschwitz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFE9CFEE3113DFEE7" box="[284,344,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFE35FEE2118AFEE7" author="Maschwitz, U. & Go, C. & Kaufmann, E. & Buschinger, A." box="[437,495,260,285]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="40 - 43" refId="ref153649" refString="Maschwitz, U., Go, C., Kaufmann, E. & Buschinger, A. (2004) A unique strategy of host colony exploitation in a parasitic ant: workers of Polyrhachis lama rear their brood in neighbouring host nests. Naturwissenschaften, 91, 40 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 003 - 0487 - 3" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) discovered that an undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFCF0FEE31423FEE7" box="[880,1094,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFCF0FEE3138EFEE6" box="[880,1003,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
acts as host to the formicine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFF17FEC11138FEBA" authorityName="Kohout" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,349,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyrhachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lama">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFF17FEC11138FEBA" box="[151,349,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Polyrhachis lama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, feeding and protecting the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFD19FEC11345FEBA" box="[665,800,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyrhachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFD19FEC11345FEBA" box="[665,800,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Polyrhachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults and brood. A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFB8CFECF1405FEBA" authorityName="Kohout" authorityYear="1994" box="[1036,1120,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyrhachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lama">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFB8CFECF1405FEBA" box="[1036,1120,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">P. lama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony may simultaneously parasitize multiple
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFEF5FEAB1195FE9E" box="[373,496,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFEF5FEAB1195FE9E" box="[373,496,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFDEBFEAA131AFE9F" author="Maschwitz, U. & Go, C. & Kaufmann, E. & Buschinger, A." box="[619,895,332,357]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="40 - 43" refId="ref153649" refString="Maschwitz, U., Go, C., Kaufmann, E. & Buschinger, A. (2004) A unique strategy of host colony exploitation in a parasitic ant: workers of Polyrhachis lama rear their brood in neighbouring host nests. Naturwissenschaften, 91, 40 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 003 - 0487 - 3" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Maschwitz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFD73FEAB1355FE9F" box="[755,816,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This symbiosis may have originated through mimicry of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFEC7FE9611A7FE7D" box="[327,450,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFEC7FE9611A7FE7D" box="[327,450,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
host by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFDCEFE8912B0FE72" box="[590,725,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyrhachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFDCEFE8912B0FE72" box="[590,725,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Polyrhachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasite.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFCC3FE891437FE72" author="Maschwitz, U. & Liefke, C. & Buschinger, A." box="[835,1106,367,392]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref153871" refString="Maschwitz, U., Liefke, C. & Buschinger, A. (2001) How host and parasite communicate: signal analysis of tandem recruitment between ants of two subfamilies, Diacamma sp. (Ponerinae) and its inquiline Polyrhachis lama (Formicinae). Sociobiology, 37 (1), 65 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050005" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Maschwitz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFC46FE97139AFE72" box="[966,1023,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFB47FE961527FE7D" box="[1223,1346,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFB47FE961527FE7D" box="[1223,1346,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leading their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFF53FE72113FFE57" box="[211,346,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyrhachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFF53FE72113FFE57" box="[211,346,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Polyrhachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
guests to new nest sites during emigrations via tandem running.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFBC5FE721537FE57" author="Kaufmann, E. & Malsch, A. K. F. & Erle, M. & Maschwitz, U." box="[1093,1362,404,429]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="88 - 97" refId="ref148834" refString="Kaufmann, E., Malsch, A. K. F., Erle, M. & Maschwitz, U. (2003) Compound nesting of Strumigenys sp. (Myrmicinae) and Diacamma sp. (Ponerinae), and other nesting symbioses of myrmicine and ponerine ants in Southeast Asia. Insectes Sociaux, 50, 88 - 97. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400300014" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Kaufmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFB44FE73149BFE57" box="[1220,1278,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found two instances of compound nesting involving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFD19FE5E1371FE35" box="[665,788,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFD19FE5E1371FE35" box="[665,788,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFC10FE5E147FFE35" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[912,1050,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFC10FE5E147FFE35" box="[912,1050,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Strumigenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFBBEFE5114C7FE2A" box="[1086,1186,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFBBEFE5114C7FE2A" box="[1086,1186,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the latter genera nesting in small chambers adjacent to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFDEAFE3B1280FE0E" box="[618,741,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFDEAFE3B1280FE0E" box="[618,741,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest and feeding on mites and collembolans in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFAA1FE3B15F9FE0E" box="[1313,1436,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFAA1FE3B15F9FE0E" box="[1313,1436,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFF57FDE61104FDED" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[215,353,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFF57FDE61104FDED" box="[215,353,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Strumigenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFE66FDE61204FDED" box="[486,609,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFE66FDE61204FDED" box="[486,609,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refuse piles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFC80FE191301FDE2" box="[768,868,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFC80FE191301FDE2" box="[768,868,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFCFEFE191403FDE2" author="Eguchi, K. & Bui, T. V. & Janssen, R." box="[894,1126,511,536]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="307 - 315" refId="ref140313" refString="Eguchi, K., Bui, T. V. & Janssen, R. (2005) Gastropod guests (Prosobranchia: Pupinidae, and Pulmonata: Subulinidae) associated with the ponerine ant Diacamma sculpturatum complex (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 45 (2), 307 - 315." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Eguchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFC57FDE71477FDE2" box="[983,1042,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discovered myrmecophilic gastropods living with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFE22FDC31222FDC1" box="[418,583,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFE22FDC31278FDC6" box="[418,541,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nr.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFDF9FDC21368FDC7" box="[633,781,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">sculpturatum</emphasis>
|
||
. The gastropods probably feed on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFB52FDC31528FDC6" box="[1234,1357,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFB52FDC31528FDC6" box="[1234,1357,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refuse piles and apparently have adaptations to ensure their spread during fissions of the host colony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C22C9FFF47FD8A1402FD0A" blockId="189.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">
|
||
Biochemical examinations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFDB4FD8B12CAFD7E" box="[564,687,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFDB4FD8B12CAFD7E" box="[564,687,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include studies of cuticular hydrocarbons and the glandular properties of the gemmae (both discussed previously), as well as the contents of the Dufour’s and venom glands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFF1EFD5211EFFD37" author="Morgan, E. D. & Jungnickel, H. & Keegans, S. J. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Billen, J. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F." box="[158,394,692,717]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref156304" refString="Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFE83FD53115AFD37" box="[259,319,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and of the mandibular glands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFC84FD521397FD37" author="Morgan, E. D. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Keegans, S. J. & Billen, J." box="[772,1010,692,717]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="1395 - 1409" refId="ref156388" refString="Morgan, E. D., do Nascimento, R. R., Keegans, S. J. & Billen, J. (1999) Comparative study of mandibular gland secretions of workers of ponerine ants. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25 (6), 1395 - 1409. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1020987028163" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFCE9FD5313C0FD37" box="[873,933,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFB89FD5214CAFD37" author="Doums, C." box="[1033,1199,692,717]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="1957 - 1969" refId="ref139803" refString="Doums, C. (1999) Characterization of microsatellite loci in the queenless ponerine ant Diacamma cyaneiventre. Molecular Ecology, 8, 1957 - 1969. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 1999.00778. x" type="journal article" year="1999">Doums (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFB6DFD521084FD0A" author="Gopinath, A. & Gadagkar, R. & Rao, M. R. S." pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="126 - 127" refId="ref144243" refString="Gopinath, A., Gadagkar, R. & Rao, M. R. S. (2001) Identification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the queenless, ponerine ant Diacamma ceylonense. Molecular Ecology Notes, 1, 126 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 8278.2001.00046. x" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Gopinath
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFAE0FD5315F9FD37" box="[1376,1436,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified microsatellite loci in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFDC8FD3F129DFD15" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1887" box="[584,760,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneiventre">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFDC8FD3F129DFD15" box="[584,760,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">D. cyaneiventre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFCAEFD3F13A9FD0A" box="[814,972,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFCAEFD3F13A9FD0A" box="[814,972,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">D. ceylonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C22C9FFF47FD1A157AFBEA" blockId="189.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFF47FD1A12B4FCEF" bold="true" box="[199,721,764,789]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFD58FD1B1336FCEE" box="[728,851,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFD58FD1B1336FCEE" box="[728,851,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFB86FD1A14F1FCEF" author="Mayr, G." box="[1030,1172,764,789]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to house the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFA01FD1B109CFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFA01FD1B109CFCC2" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">D. rugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFEB0FCC711C4FCC2" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[304,417,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFEB0FCC711C4FCC2" box="[304,417,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">D. vagans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFD54FCC7133DFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[724,856,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFD54FCC7133DFCC2" box="[724,856,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">D. rugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Since its original description
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFB38FCC61556FCCD" box="[1208,1331,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFB38FCC61556FCCD" box="[1208,1331,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been universally recognized as a distinct genus, presumably thanks to its unique morphological and behavioral traits, which suggest a deep split from its nearest relative.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C22C9FFC8BFC8113AAFC7A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[779,975,871,896]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFAACFC8115F9FC7A" box="[1324,1436,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirms that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFEB7FC6B11D7FC5E" box="[311,434,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFEB7FC6B11D7FC5E" box="[311,434,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a deeply distinct lineage and places it with strong support as sister to the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFF17FC57108CFC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,233,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFF17FC57108CFC32" box="[151,233,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group. This phylogenetic placement is unsurprising from a biogeographic standpoint, but from morphological considerations it is unexpected (see previous discussion of relationships within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFB70FC331527FC16" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1264,1346,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFB70FC331527FC16" box="[1264,1346,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). Based on strong molecular and morphological evidence we are retaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C22C9FFC49FC1E1421FBF5" box="[969,1092,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C22C9FFC49FC1E1421FBF5" box="[969,1092,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |