269 lines
30 KiB
XML
269 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="780276FAABD0ACBF6C02084C0B3A6A6B" ID-CLB-Dataset="3251" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5735202" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1d7ccc4-c76c-4ac3-bdd4-c53c2f378b35" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735202" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600872994229" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Miniopterus inflatus Thomas 1903" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="703" masterDocId="1471FF81FFD6D6580A4AFFEC112F3619" masterDocTitle="Miniopteridae" masterLastPageNumber="709" masterPageNumber="674" pageNumber="703" updateTime="1698845897616" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D533907304107F8C3CF4529746533221">Miniopteridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B3ADC2DBC82FE301950DE23B77D170BA">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F34099D58F3FD4511D3E0ECE81C96638">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E0942F40F68F3DF5B9E07453F369CBDD">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735322" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190874045" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735322" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22" lastPageNumber="703" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540A21F8B9118D319E" box="[107,162,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540A21F8B9118D319E" blockId="12.[102,1178,1877,2008]" box="[107,162,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDAD6540A21F8B9118D319E" box="[107,162,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<figureCitation id="F8DA2A6AFFDAD6540A21F8B9118D319E" box="[107,162,1877,1927]" captionStart="Plate 53: Miniopteridae" captionStartId="12.[103,133,3284,3309]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,17,3658]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="18. Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus villiersi), 19. Greater Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus inflatus), 20. Newton's Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus newtoni), 21. Least Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus minor), 22. Sandy Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus arenarius), 23. African Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus africanus), 24. Natal Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus natalensis), 25. Mozambican Long-fingered Bat (Muniopterus mossambicus), 26. Lesser Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus fraterculus), 27. Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus aelleni), 28. Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus griveaudi), 29. Glen’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus gleni), 30. Madagascar Long-fingered Bat (Manaopterus brachytragos), 31. Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat (Minaiopterus ambohitrenss), 32. Major’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus majori), 33. Eger’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus egent), 34. Manavil Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus manai), 35. Sororcula Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus sororculus), 36. Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus petersoni), 37. Mahafaly Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus mahafaliensis), 38. Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus griffiths)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419164/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">19.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540AFEF8B913F0319E" box="[180,735,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540AFEF8B913F0319E" blockId="12.[102,1178,1877,2008]" box="[180,735,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
<heading id="3B168183FFDAD6540AFEF8B913F0319E" box="[180,735,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDAD6540AFEF8B913F0319E" box="[180,735,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Greater Long-fingered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD654096EF8B915B6319E" box="[804,1177,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD654096EF8B915B6319E" blockId="12.[102,1178,1877,2008]" box="[804,1177,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
<heading id="3B168183FFDAD654096EF8B915B6319E" box="[804,1177,1877,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD654096EF8B915B6319E" ID-CoL="43JSB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[804,1177,1877,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD654096EF8B915B6319E" box="[804,1177,1877,1927]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Miniopterus inflatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540A22F875134E31CC" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540A22F87515AD31B7" blockId="12.[102,1178,1877,2008]" box="[104,1154,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
<heading id="3B168183FFDAD6540A22F87515AD31B7" box="[104,1154,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540A22F875119B31B7" bold="true" box="[104,180,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDAD6540AF7F875108F31B7" box="[189,416,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Minioptére a couronne</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540BFFF875132031B7" bold="true" box="[437,527,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDAD6540853F875126431B7" box="[537,843,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">GroéRRere Langflligelfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD654092AF875129431B7" bold="true" box="[864,955,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDAD654098FF875151E31B7" box="[965,1073,1945,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Miniéptero</vernacularName>
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gigante
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540A2DF82C134E31CC" blockId="12.[102,1178,1877,2008]" box="[103,609,1984,2005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDAD6540A2DF82C134E31CC" box="[103,609,1984,2005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540A2DF82C107031CC" bold="true" box="[103,351,1984,2005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDAD6540B22F82C134E31CC" box="[360,609,1984,2005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Greater Bent-winged Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540886F7EF123B3E55" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540886F7EF123B3E55" blockId="12.[715,1308,2051,2479]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540886F7EF124A3E3D" bold="true" box="[716,869,2051,2084]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540934F7EF12203E55" ID-CoL="43JSB" authority="Thomas, 1903" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">Miniopterus inflatus Thomas, 1903</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540955F7C314343E55" box="[799,1307,2095,2124]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540955F7C314343E55" blockId="12.[715,1308,2051,2479]" box="[799,1307,2095,2124]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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<materialsCitation id="D0893CB2FFDAD6540955F7C314343E55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3747914334" box="[799,1307,2095,2124]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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||
“Efulen,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65409DDF7C3151A3E55" box="[919,1077,2095,2124]" name="Cameroon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Cameroons</collectingCountry>
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[=
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540E2CF7C3142C3E55" box="[1126,1283,2095,2124]" name="Cameroon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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].”
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||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540881F7BE13433CDA" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540881F7BE13433CDA" blockId="12.[715,1308,2051,2479]" lastBlockId="12.[102,1308,2486,3189]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
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All large African
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD654099FF7BE155F3E6A" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[981,1136,2130,2163]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
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were traditionally included in
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD65409A1F79615513E82" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[1003,1150,2170,2203]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">M. inflatus</taxonomicName>
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, regardless of their origin. At localities where two species of
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540964F72512E73EF3" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[814,968,2249,2282]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
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of medium to large size could be differentiated and despite overlap usually found in their sizes, the larger was considered
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD65409E3F6D315143F79" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[937,1083,2367,2400]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">M. inflatus</taxonomicName>
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and the smaller
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540887F68315333F91" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[717,1052,2415,2440]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="schreibersii" subSpecies="natalensis">M. schreibersii natalensis</taxonomicName>
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||
. When only one species was found, it was not easy to assign it to one of the two species with certainty. Currently,
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540910F65A12C13FCE" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[858,1006,2486,2519]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">M. inflatus</taxonomicName>
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is considered a paraphyletic species complex that must be studied genetically to resolve taxonomic status of all its components. In this sense, populations in
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540973F5E8129D3C3C" box="[825,946,2564,2597]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD654098EF5E8151A3C3C" box="[964,1077,2564,2597]" name="Somalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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||
, and
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540ECFF5E815F53C3C" box="[1157,1242,2564,2597]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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||
that were considered
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540B10F5C010C13C54" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[346,494,2604,2637]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">M. inflatus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540BB2F5C013403C54" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1936" box="[504,623,2604,2637]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">africanus</taxonomicName>
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||
have recently been elevated to the species rank. Similarly, the population of Upper
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD654082AF5BF13E93C6D" box="[608,710,2643,2676]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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Highlands (
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540936F5BF12CA3C6D" box="[892,997,2643,2676]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65409BDF5BF15723C6D" box="[1015,1117,2643,2676]" name="Liberia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540E25F5BF14223C6D" box="[1135,1293,2643,2676]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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) probably represents a genetically differentiated species still to be described. Polytypic, but taxonomy requires reassessment.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540A2DF52613423D91" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="349E6667FFDAD6540A2DF52613423D91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735258" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5735258/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" targetBox="[100,692,2059,2474]" targetPageId="12">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540A2DF52613423D91" blockId="12.[102,1308,2486,3189]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540A2DF52610393CF2" bold="true" box="[103,278,2762,2795]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
Disjunct distribution on much of sub-Saharan Africa, but predominantly in C Africa (
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540B5FF51510813D0B" box="[277,430,2809,2834]" name="Cameroon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540BF5F515120E3D0B" box="[447,801,2809,2834]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD654097BF515151A3D0B" box="[817,1077,2809,2834]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540E0CF515158A3D0B" box="[1094,1189,2809,2834]" name="Gabon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540EFDF515107D3D23" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540B2CF4CD10D23D23" box="[358,509,2849,2874]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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) and E Africa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65408A9F4CD127B3D23" box="[739,852,2849,2874]" name="Uganda" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540922F4CD12F63D23" box="[872,985,2849,2874]" name="Rwanda" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65409A1F4CD154D3D23" box="[1003,1122,2849,2874]" name="Burundi" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Burundi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540E3FF4CD15E33D23" box="[1141,1228,2849,2874]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540E95F4CD119A3D78" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), also in scattered localities in W Africa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65408B6F4A8124A3D78" box="[764,869,2884,2913]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD654093CF4A812F33D78" box="[886,988,2884,2913]" name="Liberia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65409A4F4A815793D78" box="[1006,1110,2884,2913]" name="Nigeria" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and S Africa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540A39F48311C13D91" box="[115,238,2927,2952]" name="Namibia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540AB5F48310BE3D91" box="[255,401,2927,2952]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540BEBF483134F3D91" box="[417,608,2927,2952]" name="Mozambique" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540A2CF4631B383747" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540A2CF4631B383747" blockId="12.[102,1308,2486,3189]" lastBlockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540A2CF463104E3DA9" bold="true" box="[102,353,2959,2992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body ¢.57-63 mm, tail 48-57 mm, ear 9-13-5 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, forearm 45-4-48-9 mm; weight 9-9-16 g. Pelage of the Greater Long-fingered Bat is dense and silky and varies dorsally from dark blackish brown, through reddish brown to grayish brown, being always paler on venter. Hairs are faintly bicolored and slightly paler at tips. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown to black. Basal one-quarter to one-half of uropatagium is dorsally covered with downy hairs, sometimes extending further posteriorly to tail. Ears are small, and tragus (4-7-5 mm) is relatively long, with parallel margins, rounded tip, and small indication of basal lobe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F2FFE8817AD3468" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F2FFE8817AD3468" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F2FFE8814FB379C" bold="true" box="[1381,1492,356,389]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Variety of habitats including lowland and upland rainforests, apparently also arid open
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540FB2FE7C17DE37B4" box="[1528,1777,400,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia (Fabaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
savannas (mean annual rainfall less than
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDAD6540302FE7C189537B4" box="[2376,2490,400,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65403A1FE7C149537CD" name="Namibia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and different types of intermediate woodlands and savannas. Most frequently associated with montane habitats like rainforests in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD654022DFE3719EB37E5" box="[2151,2244,475,508]" name="Gabon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
at elevations of ¢.500-600 m and on Mount
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540CD0FDED1600343B" box="[1690,1839,513,546]" name="Cameroon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
up to
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDAD6540DC7FDED16DA343B" box="[1933,2037,513,546]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
, Upper Guinean forest at 500-1200 m, Afromontane forests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540CFCFDDD160B3453" box="[1718,1828,561,586]" name="Rwanda" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540D26FDDD16F53453" box="[1900,2010,561,586]" name="Uganda" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
up to
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDAD6540273FDDD198E3453" box="[2105,2209,561,586]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
, and Namibian mountains higher than
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDAD6540C52FDBC17503468" box="[1560,1663,592,625]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F2FFD94198A34D9" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F2FFD94198A34D9" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F2FFD9417473480" bold="true" box="[1381,1640,632,665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F2FFD2B189332F1" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F2FFD2B189332F1" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F2FFD2B14C634F1" bold="true" box="[1381,1513,711,744]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65403A7FD2B14B23516" name="Gabon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, very close to the equator (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="05D55028FFDAD6540D5FFD0216563516" box="[1813,1913,750,783]" degrees="0" direction="north" minutes="4" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" precision="925" value="0.06666667">0° 4’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), and in a high rainforest area with little marked seasons and no variation in photoperiod. Taking into account birth dates,it should be considered to an austral reproductive cycle. Estrus and mating take place in the beginning of July, and by the end of July, the embryo has already implanted (no delayed implantation). In August-September, all females are pregnant, and births take place simultaneously in October. Gestation and lactation together last for ¢.6 months. InJanuary—July, neither pregnant nor lactating females were noted. Births of a single young are synchronized in each colony and with very little variation among colonies. Females meet during pregnancy in a particular cave where the breeding colony is established until young can fly and leave the colony. Males are sexually dormant in October-February. By mid-April, spermatogenesis occurs, but the related glands (epididymides) are not yet developed. By mid-July, spermatogenesis ends, and epididymides are fully developed and functional. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540C2DFB2B179232F1" box="[1639,1725,1223,1256]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, males were sexually dormant in March and early April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F28FB031B263083" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F28FB031B263083" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F28FB0317763309" bold="true" box="[1378,1625,1263,1296]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540D3CFB0316FA3309" box="[1910,2005,1263,1296]" name="Gabon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with constant twelve-hour long day/ night periods, activity starts inside the roost c¢.15 minutes before emergence starts at c.18:00 h. Emergence peaks in total darkness at c¢.18:30 h. The cave remains empty (except during lactation) until 02:30 h when the first individuals start returning; this lasts until ¢.04:00 h. Return begins in smaller colonies earlier, possibly because they do not have to move away as far from the roost. All individuals forage every night. They mostly roost in caves and old mines during the day but also in small holes and crevices in rocks. Roosts have relatively high relative humidity (75-100%), even in arid environments. Based on their wing morphology, these bats fly in open, uncluttered places including clearings, above canopy trees, and over water. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with peak frequency of 44-7 kHz and durations of 2-3 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F29F94918473E55" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F29F94918473E55" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F29F949193430DB" bold="true" box="[1379,2075,1701,1730]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In a colony in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD65403F8F9491B3D30DB" box="[2482,2578,1701,1730]" name="Gabon" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, seasonal population structure was largely similar to that of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD65403CAF9241B3430F0" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[2432,2587,1736,1769]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in temperate and subtropical zones. Each population uses a network of roosts (caves) throughout the year. During pregnancy and lactation, females gather in a specific maternity cave in which the colony’s nursery is formed, which can have up to 40,000 individuals. Outside this period, individuals are found in small, scattered groups that move very often among roosts, demonstrating that all bats know the network of shelters. Outside of this geographical area, Greater Long-fingered Bats form small groups (up to a maximum of 50 individuals in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDAD6540DC6F830192531E4" box="[1932,2058,2012,2045]" name="Namibia" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), which might be because no nursery colonies have been found or because these small groups might be another species with different population strategies than those in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDAD6540259F7C719593E55" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[2067,2166,2091,2124]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">inflatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F29F7BE18513E6A" box="[1379,2430,2130,2163]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F29F7BE18513E6A" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" box="[1379,2430,2130,2163]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F29F7BE17EE3E6A" bold="true" box="[1379,1729,2130,2163]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDAD6540F2EF76819D03F22" pageId="12" pageNumber="703" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDAD6540F2EF76819D03F22" blockId="12.[1378,2588,282,2363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDAD6540F2EF76814D23E84" bold="true" box="[1380,1533,2180,2205]" pageId="12" pageNumber="703">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baeten et al. (1984), Bates et al. (2013), Brosset (1966b, 1969), Brosset & Saint Girons (1980), Churchill et al. (1997), Fahr et al. (2006), Happold, M. (2013bn), Hill (1968a, 1982b), Jones (1971), Kityo & Kerbis Peterhans (1996), Koopman et al. (1995), Kruskop & Lavrenchenko (2008), MillerButterworth et al. (2005), Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Neves et al. (2018), Onyango et al. (1995), Reardon & Schoeman (2017), Rosevear (1965), Thomas (1903d), Wolton et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |