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<mods:title id="A967CB2513C0E90D53791C1BB40C073D">Revision of the taxonomic status of Amathuxidia morishitai from Hainan, China (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0048C86411A5235F138735031221897A">Li, Hua-Zhao</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="09035CB280238D46C8743574CCC9119E">The People’s Government of Dusong Township, Jinchuan County, Aba, Sichuan 624199, P. R. China; e-mail: lhz _ euphony @ foxmail. com; &amp; Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE422FFA5D219F9D5FA1FD14B" authority="Chou &amp; Gu, 1994" authorityName="Chou &amp; Gu" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[836,1423,1548,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="amythaon" status="stat. nov." subSpecies="morishitai">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D219F9D5FB2FD14B" bold="true" box="[836,1215,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai</emphasis>
Chou &amp; Gu, 1994
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<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D564F9F4FB0FD12B" bold="true" box="[1081,1183,1581,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">stat. nov.</emphasis>
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(Chinese name:
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D505F99EFA93D133" bold="true" box="[1112,1283,1607,1628]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">ŽḆỊạģƫfiḁ</emphasis>
)
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(
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE422FFA5D51BF9BFFB02D116" box="[1094,1170,1638,1657]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="1.[150,181,2030,2049]" captionStartId-1="3.[150,181,568,587]" captionStartId-2="3.[150,181,1089,1108]" captionStartId-3="4.[151,182,749,768]" captionStartId-4="4.[151,182,1717,1736]" captionStartId-5="5.[151,182,832,851]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1432,721,2009]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,191,552]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,624,1070]" captionTargetBox-3="[155,1423,206,709]" captionTargetBox-4="[206,1383,847,1695]" captionTargetBox-5="[152,1436,206,792]" captionTargetId-0="figure-249@1.[150,1435,711,2012]" captionTargetId-1="figure-16@3.[151,1436,191,553]" captionTargetId-2="figure-45@3.[151,1436,623,1070]" captionTargetId-3="figure-148@4.[151,1436,206,709]" captionTargetId-4="figure-185@4.[205,1383,847,1701]" captionTargetId-5="figure-587@5.[152,1436,201,804]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="4" captionTargetPageId-4="4" captionTargetPageId-5="5" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Habitus of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) subspecies. TLM-01 and TLM-02 – individuals from contact zones with intermediate phenotypes." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Hindwing of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday,1847) subspecies.A – the sex brands.B – the white band along the outer edge of the postdiscal line." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Photos of Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai Chou &amp; Gu, 1994, stat. nov., in nature." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Genitalia of Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai Chou &amp; Gu, 1994, stat. nov.Abbreviations: ds – dorsal view, le – lateral left view, lr – lateral right view, po – posterior view, vs – ventral view." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Distribution map of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) subspecies. Type localities are represented by the letter T (type locality of A. a. annamensis Talbot, 1932 was not given specifically). The localities of the specimens sequenced are marked on the map. Source from DOUBLEDAY (1847), HONRATH (1884), FRUHsTORFER (1911), EVANs (1932), TALBOT (1932), INAYOsHI (2023) and KUNTE et al. (2023)." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Phylogenetic tree of the tribe Amathusiini inferred from ML analysis of COI with bootstrap support values (SH-aLRT /ultrafast bootstrap)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449642" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449644" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449648" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449650" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449652" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449654" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11449642/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11449644/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11449648/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/11449650/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/11449652/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/11449654/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D261F951FB96D1F4" box="[828,1030,1672,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Amathuxidia morishitai</emphasis>
Chou &amp; Gu,
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in
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, fig. for ♁ HT + 755, fig. 15 for ♁ genitalia).
<typeStatus id="B476A1FCE422FFA5D5CAF97AFB51D1D9" box="[1175,1217,1699,1718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE422FFA5D44FF97AFAC2D1D9" box="[1298,1362,1699,1718]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Hainan</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D261F964FB99D1BF" box="[828,1033,1725,1744]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Amathuxidia morishitai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="EA6C394FE422FFA5D54AF964FB39D1BF" author="CHOU I." box="[1047,1193,1725,1744]" page="56" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE422FFA5D54AF964FB39D1BF" author="CHOU I." box="[1047,1193,1725,1744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" refId="ref4471" refString="CHOU I. 1998: Classification and identification of Chinese butterflies. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 349 pp + 90 pls (in Chinese, English abstract)." type="book" year="1998">CHOU (1998: 56</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 5–8) (inaccurate wing venation, see in remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="EA6C394FE422FFA5D517F901FB71D184" author="LANG S. Y." box="[1098,1249,1752,1771]" page="65" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE422FFA5D517F901FB51D184" author="LANG S. Y." box="[1098,1217,1752,1771]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" refId="ref5152" refString="LANG S. Y. 2012: The Nymphalidae of China (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Part I. Libytheinae, Danainae, Calinaginae, Morphinae, Heliconiinae, Nymphalinae, Charaxinae, Apaturinae, Cyrestinae, Biblidinae, Limenitinae. Tshikolovets Publications, Pardubice, 454 pp." type="book" year="2012">LANG (2012)</bibRefCitation>
: 65
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(notes);
<treatmentCitation id="EA6C394FE422FFA5D469F901FCECD069" author="WU Z. J." page="696" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE422FFA5D469F901FA09D184" author="WU Z. J." box="[1332,1433,1752,1771]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" refId="ref5714" refString="WU Z. J. 2017: Genus Amathuxidia. Pp. 695 - 696. In: WU C. S. &amp; HSU Y. F. (eds): Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp (in Chinese)." type="book" year="2017">WU (2017)</bibRefCitation>
: 696
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, fig. 01 (♁ with notes);
<treatmentCitation id="EA6C394FE422FFA5D515F92AFA9CD069" author="WANG M. &amp; LIU J. &amp; FU C. R." box="[1096,1292,1779,1798]" page="89" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE422FFA5D515F92AFB7FD069" author="WANG M. &amp; LIU J. &amp; FU C. R." box="[1096,1263,1779,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" refId="ref5674" refString="WANG M., LIU J. &amp; FU C. R. 2020: A photographic guide to the butterflies of Yinggeling, Hainan. Nan Hai Publishing Company, Haikou, 369 pp (in Chinese)." type="book" year="2020">WANG et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
: 89
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(
<specimenCount id="7DCBD4D7E422FFA5D444F92AFAB9D069" box="[1305,1321,1779,1798]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
);
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<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE422FFA5D461F92AFC06D04F" author="ZHOU Z. &amp; GU M. B. &amp; CHEN D. X." pageId="2" pageNumber="11" refId="ref5765" refString="ZHOU Z., GU M. B. &amp; CHEN D. X. 2022: Butterflies of Jianfengling Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Guangdong Science &amp; Technology Press, Guangzhou, 183 pp (in Chinese)." type="book" year="2022">ZHOU et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
: 37
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(
<specimenCount id="7DCBD4D7E422FFA5D29DF8D4FC40D04F" box="[960,976,1805,1824]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
).
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<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE422FFA5D261F8F1FB92D054" ID-CoL="CJB4" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[828,1026,1832,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amythaon">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D261F8F1FB92D054" box="[828,1026,1832,1851]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Amathuxidia amythaon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.:
<treatmentCitation id="EA6C394FE422FFA5D56BF8F1FB70D054" author="KOIWAYA S." box="[1078,1248,1832,1851]" page="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE422FFA5D56BF8F1FB54D054" author="KOIWAYA S." box="[1078,1220,1832,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" pagination="106 - 130" refId="ref5082" refString="KOIWAYA S. 1995: [Now, let's go find errors!]. TSU - I - SO 804 / 805: 106 - 130 (in Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1995">KOIWAYA (1995)</bibRefCitation>
: 12
</treatmentCitation>
(status discussion).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23D74CD5E422FFA5D261F88BFB44DF4F" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE422FFA5D261F88BFB44DF4F" blockId="2.[826,1437,1607,2080]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D261F88BFC7BD00A" bold="true" box="[828,1003,1874,1893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Material examined.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE422FFA5D2B2F888FAC9D00A" authority="Chou &amp; Gu, 1994" authorityName="Chou &amp; Gu" authorityYear="1994" box="[1007,1369,1873,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morishitai">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D2B2F888FB2FD00B" bold="true" box="[1007,1215,1873,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Amathuxidia morishitai</emphasis>
Chou &amp; Gu, 1994
</taxonomicName>
. 4JJ
<specimenCount id="7DCBD4D7E422FFA5D4CFF88BFCC9D010" count="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE422FFA5D238F8B4FB94D0EF" bold="true" box="[869,1028,1901,1920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
<collectingCountry id="13DA5FCEE422FFA5D238F8B4FC3FD0EF" box="[869,943,1901,1920]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CHINA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE422FFA5D2E5F8B4FC6ED0EF" box="[952,1022,1901,1920]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">HAINAN</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
Mt. Wuzhi, Wuzhishan,
<date id="1F73399EE422FFA5D58AF8B4FAA6D0EF" box="[1239,1334,1901,1920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" value="2020-03-31">31.iii.2020</date>
, 1 J, Z. Liu leg. (Collection of Wu Zhishan Division of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park Bureau,
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D2A6F87BFBAAD0DA" box="[1019,1082,1954,1973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CWZS</collectionCode>
); ditto,
<date id="1F73399EE422FFA5D52AF87BFB53D0DA" box="[1143,1219,1954,1973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" value="2019-10-06">6.x.2019</date>
, 1J, Z. Liu leg. (
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D40EF87BFA03D0DA" box="[1363,1427,1954,1973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CWZS</collectionCode>
); ditto,
<date id="1F73399EE422FFA5D230F864FC59D0BF" box="[877,969,1981,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" value="2019-11-18">18.xi.2019</date>
, 1 J, Z. Liu leg. (
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D501F864FB0CD0BF" box="[1116,1180,1981,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CWZS</collectionCode>
); ditto,
<date id="1F73399EE422FFA5D586F864FAA8D0BF" box="[1243,1336,1981,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" value="2022-06-22">22.vi.2022</date>
, 1J, Z. Liu leg.(
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D239F80EFC32D085" box="[868,930,2007,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CWZS</collectionCode>
; voucher HNM-01; access number OQ324882); Jianfengling,
<date id="1F73399EE422FFA5D261F82BFC09DF6A" box="[828,921,2034,2053]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" value="2022-06-20">20.vi.2022</date>
,
<specimenCount id="7DCBD4D7E422FFA5D2FFF82BFC51DF6B" box="[930,961,2027,2053]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Z. Liu leg. (
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D56CF82BFBE0DF6A" box="[1073,1136,2034,2053]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CWZS</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D525F82BFB3DDF6A" box="[1144,1197,2034,2053]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">HNF-</collectionCode>
01; OQ324883); Mt. Wuzhi,
<date id="1F73399EE422FFA5D261F7D4FC0FDF4F" box="[828,927,2061,2080]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" value="2023-07-18">18.vii.2023</date>
,
<specimenCount id="7DCBD4D7E422FFA5D2F5F7D4FC58DF70" box="[936,968,2054,2080]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Z. Liu leg. (
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D56AF7D4FBE6DF4F" box="[1079,1142,2061,2080]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">CWZS</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="0DDC879BE422FFA5D522F7D4FB24DF4F" box="[1151,1204,2061,2080]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">HNF-</collectionCode>
02).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="3FB24FD6E423FFA4D1CBFDE1FA0ED524" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11449644" box="[150,1438,568,587]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" startId="3.[150,181,568,587]" targetBox="[151,1436,191,552]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1CBFDE1FA0ED524" blockId="3.[150,1438,568,587]" box="[150,1438,568,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
Fig. 2. Hindwing of
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE423FFA4D060FDE1FD30D524" authority="(Doubleday, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[317,672,568,587]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amythaon">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D060FDE1FE6FD524" box="[317,511,568,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Amathuxidia amythaon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D354FDE1FD09D524" author="DOUBLEDAY E." box="[521,665,568,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" pagination="385 - 389" refId="ref4606" refString="DOUBLEDAY E. 1847: Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Lepidopterous Insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 19: 173 - 176, 385 - 389." type="journal article" year="1847">Doubleday,1847</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
subspecies.A – the sex brands.B – the white band along the outer edge of the postdiscal line.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3FB24FD6E423FFA4D1CBFB98FC0ED33B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449648" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11449648" box="[150,926,1089,1108]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449648/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" startId="3.[150,181,1089,1108]" targetBox="[151,1436,624,1070]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1CBFB98FC0ED33B" blockId="3.[150,926,1089,1108]" box="[150,926,1089,1108]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
Fig. 3. Photos of
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE423FFA4D074FB98FD7DD33B" authority="Chou &amp; Gu, 1994" authorityName="Chou &amp; Gu" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[297,749,1089,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="amythaon" status="stat. nov." subSpecies="morishitai">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D074FB98FDDDD33B" box="[297,589,1089,1108]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai</emphasis>
Chou &amp; Gu, 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="428A7E37E423FFA4D3A8FB98FCD5D33B" box="[757,837,1089,1108]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in nature.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="23D74CD5E423FFA4D1CBFB7AFD4DD155" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1CBFB7AFD4DD155" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D1CBFB7AFDEFD3D5" bold="true" box="[150,639,1186,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
Description of female.
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D0C1FB7BFDEFD3D5" bold="true" box="[412,639,1186,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">External characters.</emphasis>
</emphasis>
Sexual dimorphism: Larger than male. Rows of spines on tibia in foreleg absent. Wing upperside ground color brown and duller. Forewing upperside with oblique yellow band from centre of costa to tornus and small ochre patch close to inner edge of yellow band in space 2. Hindwing upperside with marginal yellow patch reducing from apex to vein 2. Patterns of wing underside similar to those of males but tinged with deep brown (
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE423FFA4D0C3FA7AFE4CD2D5" box="[414,476,1443,1466]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[150,181,2030,2049]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,721,2009]" captionTargetId="figure-249@1.[150,1435,711,2012]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Habitus of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) subspecies. TLM-01 and TLM-02 – individuals from contact zones with intermediate phenotypes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449642/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D0AFFA7BFDCFD2D5" bold="true" box="[498,607,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Genitalia.</emphasis>
Anterior edge of sterigma irregular with antrum sclerotized. Sterigma elongated posteriorly forming bifurcate projection. Projection excavated but less than half length of projection. Corpus bursa elliptical with two slender signa (
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE423FFA4D3D3F9FAFD40D155" box="[654,720,1571,1594]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,182,749,768]" captionTargetBox="[155,1423,206,709]" captionTargetId="figure-148@4.[151,1436,206,709]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Genitalia of Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai Chou &amp; Gu, 1994, stat. nov.Abbreviations: ds – dorsal view, le – lateral left view, lr – lateral right view, po – posterior view, vs – ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449650/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23D74CD5E423FFA4D1CBF99AFC47D2B4" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1CBF99AFE3CD1F5" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D1CBF99AFE9BD135" bold="true" box="[150,267,1603,1626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This insular subspecies can be separated from
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D1CBF9BAFEC5D115" box="[150,341,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">A. a. annamensis</emphasis>
by the combination of the following characteristics (
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE423FFA4D060F95AFE0FD1F5" box="[317,415,1667,1690]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="1.[150,181,2030,2049]" captionStartId-1="3.[150,181,568,587]" captionStartId-2="3.[150,181,1089,1108]" captionStartId-3="4.[151,182,749,768]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1432,721,2009]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,191,552]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,624,1070]" captionTargetBox-3="[155,1423,206,709]" captionTargetId-0="figure-249@1.[150,1435,711,2012]" captionTargetId-1="figure-16@3.[151,1436,191,553]" captionTargetId-2="figure-45@3.[151,1436,623,1070]" captionTargetId-3="figure-148@4.[151,1436,206,709]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="4" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Habitus of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) subspecies. TLM-01 and TLM-02 – individuals from contact zones with intermediate phenotypes." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Hindwing of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday,1847) subspecies.A – the sex brands.B – the white band along the outer edge of the postdiscal line." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Photos of Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai Chou &amp; Gu, 1994, stat. nov., in nature." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Genitalia of Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai Chou &amp; Gu, 1994, stat. nov.Abbreviations: ds – dorsal view, le – lateral left view, lr – lateral right view, po – posterior view, vs – ventral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449642" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449644" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449648" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449650" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11449642/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11449644/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11449648/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/11449650/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1E8F97AFDCFD1B5" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">i) Oblique band on the forewing upperside is more tapering in males and narrower in females.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1E8F93AFD85D075" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">ii) Apical yellow patch on the hindwing upperside is slightly more developed in females.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1E8F8FAFD60D035" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">iii) White band along the outer edge of the postdiscal line on the hindwing underside is often more prominent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1E8F8BAFD68D015" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" box="[181,760,1891,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">iv) Excavation on the projection of sterigma is less deep.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1E8F85AFD44D0F5" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" box="[181,724,1923,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">v) Absence of perfumed scent from the sex brands.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D1CBF87AFC47D2B4" blockId="3.[150,760,1186,2074]" lastBlockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D1CBF87AFF7DD0D5" bold="true" box="[150,237,1955,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Stigma.</emphasis>
Sex brands on the hindwing upperside are recognized as two kinds of specialized scales. One is a broad velvety patch covering the cell, base of spaces 1b and 2. As
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D1E7F7DAFE09DF75" author="FRUHSTORFER H." box="[186,409,2051,2074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" refId="ref4676" refString="FRUHSTORFER H. 1911: Genus: Amathuxidia. Stgr. Pp. 431 - 433. In: SEITZ A. (ed.): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 9 (English Edition). Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 766 pp." type="book" year="1911">FRUHsTORFER (1911)</bibRefCitation>
noted, a pleasant scent emanates from this patch leaving
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE423FFA4D512FB7DFB4DD3D4" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1103,1245,1188,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amythaon">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D512FB7DFB4DD3D4" box="[1103,1245,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">A. amythaon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among the most perfumed butterflies. Such fragrance can also be detected in
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D204FB3DFB82D394" box="[857,1042,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">A. a. annamensis</emphasis>
, but this synapomorphy is absent in
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261FADDFC76D274" box="[828,998,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
A.
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE423FFA4D206FADDFC76D274" authorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[859,998,1284,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morishitai" status="stat. nov.">a. morishitai</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="428A7E37E423FFA4D2B3FADDFBC2D274" box="[1006,1106,1284,1307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, a particular alteration in odor characteristics that has never been reported (
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE423FFA4D441FAFDFACFD254" box="[1308,1375,1316,1339]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[150,181,568,587]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,552]" captionTargetId="figure-16@3.[151,1436,191,553]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Hindwing of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday,1847) subspecies.A – the sex brands.B – the white band along the outer edge of the postdiscal line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The second
<typeStatus id="B476A1FCE423FFA4D2D0FA9DFC2BD234" box="[909,955,1348,1371]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
of scales are hair tufts laying along vein 1b, which is black and inconspicuous in the
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D44FFABDFA0DD214" box="[1298,1437,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">annamensis-</emphasis>
-group, whilst brown and notable in the
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE423FFA4D5B1FA5DFAC5D2F4" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1260,1365,1412,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amythaon">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D5B1FA5DFAC5D2F4" box="[1260,1365,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">amythaon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D21EFA7DFC64D2D4" author="D'ABRERA B." box="[835,1012,1444,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" refId="ref4578" refString="D'ABRERA B. 1985: Butterflies of the Oriental Region. Part II, Nymphalidae, Satyridae, Amathusidae. Hill House, Melbourne, 287 pp." type="book" year="1985">D’ABRERA 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D2A3FA7DFCE3D2B4" author="VAN DER POORTEN G. M. &amp; VAN DER POORTEN N. E." pageId="3" pageNumber="12" refId="ref5618" refString="VAN DER POORTEN G. M. &amp; VAN DER POORTEN N. E. 2020: Corbet A. S. &amp; Pendlebury H. M.: The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula (5 th Edition). Southdene Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, 492 pp + 138 pls." type="book" year="2020">VAN DER POORTEN &amp; VAN DER POORTEN 2020</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE423FFA4D2D4FA1DFC5AD2B4" box="[905,970,1476,1499]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[150,181,568,587]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,552]" captionTargetId="figure-16@3.[151,1436,191,553]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Hindwing of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday,1847) subspecies.A – the sex brands.B – the white band along the outer edge of the postdiscal line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23D74CD5E423FFA4D261FA3DFBAFD0D4" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D261FA3DFBFAD114" blockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261FA3DFC07D294" bold="true" box="[828,919,1508,1531]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Biology.</emphasis>
This insular subspecies can be encountered in dense forests mixed with bamboo at low to moderate elevations (alt.
<quantity id="AC35B2BBE423FFA4D2BDF9FDFBCDD154" box="[992,1117,1572,1595]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="450.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="200.0">200–700 m</quantity>
). Its time of activity is approximately from 9:00 a.m. to 14:00 p.m. and it likes to rest on foliage or trunks (
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE423FFA4D541F9BDFBCDD114" box="[1052,1117,1636,1659]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[150,181,1089,1108]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,624,1070]" captionTargetId="figure-45@3.[151,1436,623,1070]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Photos of Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai Chou &amp; Gu, 1994, stat. nov., in nature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449648/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D261F95DFBA6D194" blockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261F95DFC28D1F4" bold="true" box="[828,952,1668,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Phenology.</emphasis>
Multivoltine. Unexpectedly, this scarce subspecies has a wide flight period and can be found all year round (
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D2D5F91DFC62D1B4" author="WU Z. J." box="[904,1010,1732,1755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" refId="ref5714" refString="WU Z. J. 2017: Genus Amathuxidia. Pp. 695 - 696. In: WU C. S. &amp; HSU Y. F. (eds): Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp (in Chinese)." type="book" year="2017">WU 2017</bibRefCitation>
; J. S. Lu &amp; J. H. Lu, pers. comm. 2022; Lo, pers. comm. 2023).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D261F8DDFBBFD054" blockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261F8DDFC28D074" bold="true" box="[828,952,1796,1819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Variations.</emphasis>
The dorsum of the forewing in males is occasionally not protruded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D261F89DFBAFD0D4" blockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261F89DFC7FD034" bold="true" box="[828,1007,1860,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Larva and host.</emphasis>
Both immature stages and host plants of the genus
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE423FFA4D2F7F8BDFBA2D014" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1887" box="[938,1074,1892,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D2F7F8BDFBA2D014" box="[938,1074,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Amathuxidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently unknown, probably Palmae species serve as foodplants (
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D598F85DFAF1D0F4" author="CANTLIE K." box="[1221,1377,1924,1947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" pagination="42 - 60" refId="ref4442" refString="CANTLIE K. 1952: More butterflies of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills, Assam. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51: 42 - 60." type="journal article" year="1952">CANTLIE 1952</bibRefCitation>
, IGA- RAsHI &amp; FUKUDA 1997).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23D74CD5E423FFA4D261F81DFAB2D0B4" box="[828,1314,1988,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA4D261F81DFAB2D0B4" blockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" box="[828,1314,1988,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261F81DFC5ED0B4" bold="true" box="[828,974,1988,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Endemic to
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE423FFA4D508F81DFB32D0B4" box="[1109,1186,1988,2011]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Hainan</collectingRegion>
Is. (
<collectingCountry id="13DA5FCEE423FFA4D58CF81DFA87D0B4" box="[1233,1303,1988,2011]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">China</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23D74CD5E423FFA2D261F83DFDCED33D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE423FFA3D261F83DFB0DD01B" blockId="3.[828,1437,1188,2075]" lastBlockId="4.[828,1437,1853,2068]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE423FFA4D261F83DFC3AD094" bold="true" box="[828,938,2020,2043]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
The characters originally given and the illustration of wing venation provided by
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE423FFA4D5E8F7DDFAD3DF74" author="CHOU I." box="[1205,1347,2052,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" refId="ref4471" refString="CHOU I. 1998: Classification and identification of Chinese butterflies. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 349 pp + 90 pls (in Chinese, English abstract)." type="book" year="1998">CHOU (1998)</bibRefCitation>
showed that hindwing tornus in
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D0C3F8E4FDD9D03B" box="[414,585,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
A.
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE424FFA3D0E3F8E4FDD9D03B" authorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[446,585,1853,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morishitai" status="stat. nov.">a. morishitai</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="428A7E37E424FFA3D30CF8E4FD23D03B" box="[593,691,1853,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is not extended, which is regarded by Chou &amp; Gu (
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D32EF884FD60D01B" author="CHOU I." box="[627,752,1885,1908]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref4505" refString="CHOU I. (ed.) 1994: Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1, 2. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 854 pp (in Chinese, English abstract)." type="book" year="1994">CHOU 1994</bibRefCitation>
) as a major feature. However, examined materials from
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE424FFA3D1CAF844FF74D0DB" box="[151,228,1949,1972]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Hainan</collectingRegion>
and other previous literature all pointed out that this insular population bears a tail on each hindwing that is not different from other sister taxa. Consequently, the
<typeStatus id="B476A1FCE424FFA3D1CAF824FF65DF7B" box="[151,245,2045,2068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D07DF824FE5EDF7B" box="[288,462,2045,2068]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
A.
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE424FFA3D01CF824FE5EDF7B" authorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[321,462,2045,2068]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morishitai" status="stat. nov.">a. morishitai</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="428A7E37E424FFA3D085F824FDACDF7B" box="[472,572,2045,2068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is deemed to be a worn individual whose tornus is lost, which probably misled Chou and Gu’s judgment.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3FB24FD6E424FFA3D1CAFD34FD80D474" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449650" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11449650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449650/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" startId="4.[151,182,749,768]" targetBox="[155,1423,206,709]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE424FFA3D1CAFD34FD80D474" blockId="4.[151,1437,749,795]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 4. Genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE424FFA3D061FD34FD6CD46F" authority="Chou &amp; Gu, 1994" authorityName="Chou &amp; Gu" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Liu &amp; Hou &amp; Li &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[316,764,749,768]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="amythaon" status="stat. nov." subSpecies="morishitai">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D061FD34FDCED46F" box="[316,606,749,768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Amathuxidia amythaon morishitai</emphasis>
Chou &amp; Gu, 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="428A7E37E424FFA3D259FD34FCC1D46F" box="[772,849,749,768]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Abbreviations: ds – dorsal view, le – lateral left view, lr – lateral right view, po – posterior view, vs – ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3FB24FD6E424FFA3D1CAF96CFBCAD192" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449652" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11449652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" startId="4.[151,182,1717,1736]" targetBox="[206,1383,847,1695]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE424FFA3D1CAF96CFBCAD192" blockId="4.[151,1437,1717,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 5. Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE424FFA3D0DEF96CFD60D1A7" authority="(Doubleday, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[387,752,1717,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amythaon">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D0DEF96CFDDAD1A7" box="[387,586,1717,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Amathuxidia amythaon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D30BF96CFD7AD1A7" author="DOUBLEDAY E." box="[598,746,1717,1736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="385 - 389" refId="ref4606" refString="DOUBLEDAY E. 1847: Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Lepidopterous Insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 19: 173 - 176, 385 - 389." type="journal article" year="1847">Doubleday, 1847</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
subspecies. Type localities are represented by the letter T (type locality of
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D429F96CFA07D1A7" box="[1396,1431,1717,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">A. a</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D1CAF916FF6CD18D" box="[151,252,1743,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">annamensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D05DF916FEFBD18D" author="TALBOT G." box="[256,363,1743,1762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="155 - 169" refId="ref5511" refString="TALBOT G. 1932: New forms of Lepidoptera from the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 4: 155 - 169." type="journal article" year="1932">Talbot, 1932</bibRefCitation>
was not given specifically). The localities of the specimens sequenced are marked on the map. Source from
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D5A9F916FA08D18D" author="DOUBLEDAY E." box="[1268,1432,1743,1762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="385 - 389" refId="ref4606" refString="DOUBLEDAY E. 1847: Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Lepidopterous Insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 19: 173 - 176, 385 - 389." type="journal article" year="1847">DOUBLEDAY (1847)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D1CAF933FEB9D192" author="HONRATH E. G." box="[151,297,1770,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="203 - 212" refId="ref4872" refString="HONRATH E. G. 1884: Neue Rhoplaocera. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 28: 203 - 212." type="journal article" year="1884">HONRATH (1884)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D06FF933FE76D192" author="FRUHSTORFER H." box="[306,486,1770,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref4676" refString="FRUHSTORFER H. 1911: Genus: Amathuxidia. Stgr. Pp. 431 - 433. In: SEITZ A. (ed.): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 9 (English Edition). Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 766 pp." type="book" year="1911">FRUHsTORFER (1911)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D0ADF933FDF4D192" author="EVANS W. H." box="[496,612,1770,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref4644" refString="EVANS W. H. 1932: The identification of Indian Butterflies (2 nd Edition). The Bombay Natural History Society, Madras, 454 pp + 32 pls." type="book" year="1932">EVANs (1932)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D331F933FD7DD192" author="TALBOT G." box="[620,749,1770,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="155 - 169" refId="ref5511" refString="TALBOT G. 1932: New forms of Lepidoptera from the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 4: 155 - 169." type="journal article" year="1932">TALBOT (1932)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D3ABF933FC12D192" author="INAYOSHI Y." box="[758,898,1770,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref4920" refString="INAYOSHI Y. 2023: A check list of butterflies in Indo-China, chiefly from Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Available from: http: // yutaka. it-n. jp (accessed 1 October 2023)." type="url" year="2023">INAYOsHI (2023)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D2F6F933FBC6D192" author="KUNTE K. &amp; SONDHI S. &amp; ROY P." box="[939,1110,1770,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref5114" refString="KUNTE K., SONDHI S. &amp; ROY P. (eds) 2023: Butterflies of India. Available from: https: // www. ifoundbutterflies. org (accessed 1 October 2023)." type="url" year="2023">KUNTE et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6B721F5EE424FFA2D207F8A4FDCED33D" blockId="4.[828,1437,1853,2068]" lastBlockId="5.[151,760,955,1106]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
In addition to the
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE424FFA3D57EF8A4FBE0D0FB" box="[1059,1136,1917,1940]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Hainan</collectingRegion>
subspecies, two other subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="ACCD64DDE424FFA3D2F1F844FBA3D0DB" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[940,1075,1949,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amathuxidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amythaon">
<emphasis id="59B9C34CE424FFA3D2F1F844FBA3D0DB" box="[940,1075,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">A. amythaon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also be occasionally found in the frontiers of
<collectingCountry id="13DA5FCEE424FFA3D282F864FBB3D0BB" box="[991,1059,1981,2004]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
: the nominotypical subspecies in S. Shannan,
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE424FFA3D2FCF804FC7FD09B" box="[929,1007,2013,2036]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Xizang</collectingRegion>
, photographed in
<bibRefCitation id="0F5C62AFE424FFA3D5FEF804FAFED09B" author="KUNTE K. &amp; SONDHI S. &amp; ROY P." box="[1187,1390,2013,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref5114" refString="KUNTE K., SONDHI S. &amp; ROY P. (eds) 2023: Butterflies of India. Available from: https: // www. ifoundbutterflies. org (accessed 1 October 2023)." type="url" year="2023">KUNTE et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
, and the Vietnamese subspecies offered for sale by some local dealers who claim that it was collected from Xishuangbanna, S.
<collectingRegion id="A909D1BCE425FFA2D05AFC02FEC9D49D" box="[263,345,987,1010]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE425FFA2D036FC02FE22D49D" box="[363,434,987,1010]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[150,181,2030,2049]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,721,2009]" captionTargetId="figure-249@1.[150,1435,711,2012]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Habitus of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) subspecies. TLM-01 and TLM-02 – individuals from contact zones with intermediate phenotypes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449642/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Figs 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F3F603DBE425FFA2D09EFC02FE42D49D" box="[451,466,987,1010]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,182,1717,1736]" captionTargetBox="[206,1383,847,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-185@4.[205,1383,847,1701]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 5. Distribution map of Amathuxidia amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) subspecies. Type localities are represented by the letter T (type locality of A. a. annamensis Talbot, 1932 was not given specifically). The localities of the specimens sequenced are marked on the map. Source from DOUBLEDAY (1847), HONRATH (1884), FRUHsTORFER (1911), EVANs (1932), TALBOT (1932), INAYOsHI (2023) and KUNTE et al. (2023)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11449652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11449652/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">5</figureCitation>
). However, records of the two subspecies have not been formally documented, and further investigations in these areas are needed to enhance our understanding of Chinese biodiversity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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