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<mods:title id="8C8A441074685D8C012396192B7DB429">Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): zoogeography, distribution and description of a new species</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01630FFDFB492E16A682ECF1A" ID-CoL="55PJW" authority="(Roger, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[428,887,589,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caldarium">
<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB492E16A6989CF1A" bold="true" box="[428,720,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Tetramorium caldarium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB7DEE16A6836CF1A" author="Roger R" box="[736,879,589,614]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="10 - 20" refId="ref20201" refString="Roger R. 1857. Einiges uber Ameisen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. 1: 10 - 20." type="journal article" year="1857">Roger, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C32E54C81630FFDFB70BE15769B7CFF5" box="[565,750,624,649]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B07431630FFDFB70BE15769B7CFF5" blockId="38.[428,887,555,649]" box="[565,750,624,649]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">
(
<figureCitation id="130F1BC61630FFDFB703E15769F6CFF5" box="[573,687,624,649]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="39.[160,225,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[271,1043,142,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-1@39.[271,1043,142,1678]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Figure 20. Tetramorium caldarium. (a) Body in profile. (b) Head in full-face view, CASENT0264195, AntWeb.org, (Estella Ortega), KSA. (c) Distribution map from Collingwood et al. (2004)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184335/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Figure 20</figureCitation>
(ac))
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32E54C81630FFDFB59EE1826830CFC1" box="[160,873,677,701]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB24206D1630FFDFB59EE1826830CFC1" box="[160,873,677,701]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9521521630FFDFB59EE182696ECFC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6297759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6297759" author="Roger R" box="[160,567,677,701]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F38BC633D406A756B5F0B6D9A3EDE756" page="12" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" year="1857">
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01630FFDFB59EE182696ECFC1" authority="Roger, 1857: 12" authorityName="Roger" authorityPageNumber="12" authorityYear="1857" box="[160,567,677,701]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetrogmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caldarius">
<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB59EE1826A27CFC1" box="[160,382,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Tetrogmus caldarius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB4B8E182696ECFC1" author="Roger R" box="[390,567,677,701]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="10 - 20" refId="ref20201" refString="Roger R. 1857. Einiges uber Ameisen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. 1: 10 - 20." type="journal article" year="1857">Roger, 1857: 12</bibRefCitation>
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(w. q.)
<collectingCountry id="F32347D31630FFDFB7B0E1826987CFC1" box="[654,734,677,701]" name="Poland" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Poland</collectingCountry>
. Palaearctic.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E54C81630FFDFB59EE1CF6933CEAE" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8B07431630FFDFB59EE1CF6A4DCE7E" blockId="38.[160,1156,744,978]" box="[160,276,744,770]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB59EE1CF6A4DCE7E" bold="true" box="[160,276,744,770]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB59EE02A6BB4CE59" box="[160,237,781,805]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Worker</emphasis>
. Anterior clypeal margin entire; frontal carinae well-developed, reaching back to posterior level of eyes and more feeble behind eyes than in front; antennal scrobes less-developed or indistinct; eyes with seven or eight ommatidia in the longest row; propodeal spines small, triangular and acute; cephalic dorsum feebly and finely longitudinally rugulose. Body pilosity short, stout and blunt. Colour yellow or yellowish brown, gaster brown or blackish brown.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB59EE0D96A2EC964" bold="true" box="[160,375,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Geographic range</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32E54C81630FFDFB59EE7056A77C876" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" type="discussion">
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A successful invasive species with an African origin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB633E70568C2C946" author="Bolton B" box="[781,923,1058,1082]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="193 - 384" refId="ref17817" refString="Bolton B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini. The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian Zoogeographical region. Bull Br Museum (Nat Hist) Entomol. 40: 193 - 384." type="journal article" year="1980">
<collectingRegion id="49F0C9A11630FFDFB633E7056801C946" box="[781,856,1058,1082]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Bolton</collectingRegion>
1980
</bibRefCitation>
), widely distributed worldwide by human commerce (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB703E76268EFC921" author="Wetterer JK &amp; Hita Garcia F" box="[573,950,1093,1117]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref21392" refString="Wetterer JK, Hita Garcia F. 2015. Worldwide spread of Tetramorium caldarium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News. 21: 93 - 99." type="journal article" year="2015">Wetterer and Hita Garcia 2015</bibRefCitation>
). In the Arabian Peninsula, this species has more successfully dispersed into undisturbed areas than
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01630FFDFB59EE7AD6AEBC9DE" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[160,434,1162,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simillimum">
<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB59EE7AD6AEBC9DE" box="[160,434,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Tetramorium simillimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is also known to become established in greenhouses.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB59EE78A6952C9B9" author="Wetterer JK &amp; Hita Garcia F" box="[160,523,1197,1221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref21392" refString="Wetterer JK, Hita Garcia F. 2015. Worldwide spread of Tetramorium caldarium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News. 21: 93 - 99." type="journal article" year="2015">Wetterer and Hita Garcia (2015)</bibRefCitation>
have indicated that colonies of
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01630FFDFB641E78A6FDAC9B9" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[895,1155,1197,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caldarium">
<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB641E78A6FDAC9B9" box="[895,1155,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Tetramorium caldarium</emphasis>
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are successful in establishing colonies in greenhouses and heated buildings in temperate regions.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B940DB511630FFDFB59EE611694CC82C" bold="true" box="[160,533,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">Ecological and biological notes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B07431630FFDFB59EE67D6FDAC8C4" blockId="38.[160,1156,1334,1464]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">
In
<collectingCountry id="F32347D31630FFDFB580E67D6BA1C80E" box="[190,248,1370,1394]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="354">India</collectingCountry>
, this species is commonly found in disturbed regions with increased anthropogenic activities (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB462E65A6932C8E9" author="Bharti H &amp; Kumar R" box="[348,619,1405,1429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="11 - 35" refId="ref17690" refString="Bharti H, Kumar R. 2012. Taxonomic studies on genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with report of two new species and three new records including a tramp species from India with a revised key. ZooKeys. 207: 11 - 35." type="journal article" year="2012">Bharti and Kumar 2012</bibRefCitation>
), whereas in tropical and subtropical regions, populations are associated with greenhouses, zoos and heated buildings (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21630FFDFB6D2E6876F2FC8C4" author="Bolton B" box="[1004,1142,1440,1464]" pageId="38" pageNumber="354" pagination="193 - 384" refId="ref17817" refString="Bolton B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini. The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian Zoogeographical region. Bull Br Museum (Nat Hist) Entomol. 40: 193 - 384." type="journal article" year="1980">Bolton 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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