280 lines
37 KiB
XML
280 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="7B59F0C769CC1545E9CF9BAF25908B96" ID-DOI="10.4202/app.00426.2017" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10980857" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1713284079912" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kligman, Ben T., Marsh, Adam D. & Parker, William G." docDate="2018" docId="03FF265F4F49766CB044FB09FE50FA96" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.63.1.117-127.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00426.2017" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E.2:ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Palacrodon browni Broom 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFC65E274F4A7668B026FF8EFF9CFF8B" masterDocTitle="First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1713356381745" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="73BE8118BAC7EB0A7BC8BE929B1C4370">First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2F86EBAB914D795FE488F86347DE1A7D">Kligman, Ben T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="642254732B79202FFE945C36D1D63BFE">Marsh, Adam D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A02BD2A0EFEF4474F586A54D047B519">Parker, William G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7425E730AE14AA27DF88B5C7D8364484">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F654A73A18F7B783DE119886DA27FCC1">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5BBA7385A0E277913ED9C9F19AFD8AB0">2018-02-08</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03FF265F4F49766CB044FB09FE50FA96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF265F4F49766CB044FB09FE50FA96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF265F4F49766CB044FB09FE50FA96" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<subSubSection id="C34CC4C24F49766BB044FB09FD96FB28" box="[98,522,1159,1187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F49766BB044FB09FD96FB28" blockId="3.[98,522,1159,1187]" box="[98,522,1159,1187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<heading id="D0A120254F49766BB044FB09FD96FB28" box="[98,522,1159,1187]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F49766BB044FB09FD96FB28" authority="Broom, 1906" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1906" box="[98,522,1159,1187]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="browni">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F49766BB044FB09FEC5FB28" box="[98,345,1159,1187]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Palacrodon browni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F49766BB147FB09FD96FB28" author="Broom, R." box="[353,522,1159,1187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" pagination="379 - 380" refId="ref7796" refString="Broom, R. 1906. On a new South African Triassic rhynchocephalian. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 16: 379 - 380." type="journal article" year="1906">Broom, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34CC4C24F49766CB044FB3BFE50FA96" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F49766BB044FB3BFF03FB41" blockId="3.[98,159,1205,1226]" box="[98,159,1205,1226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F49766BB044FB3BFF00FB41" box="[98,156,1205,1226]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F49766BB044FB51FD68F9E7" blockId="3.[98,771,1247,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F49766BB044FB51FF7EFB73" box="[98,226,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Material.—</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F49766BB0C2FB51FEBBFB73" box="[228,295,1247,1272]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">PEFO</collectionCode>
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37247, fragment of a right maxilla with two complete teeth and two partial teeth. Obtained from PFV 396, the “coprolite layer” near Billing’s Gap in Petrified Forest National Park,
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<collectingRegion id="499259AB4F49766BB145FACBFE5EFAD5" box="[355,450,1349,1374]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F341D7D94F49766BB1F4FACBFD90FAD5" box="[466,524,1349,1374]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">USA</collectingCountry>
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. A fossiliferous light green matrix-supported siltstone in the upper Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation, between 223.036 ± 0.059 and 220.123 ± 0.068 Ma (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F49766BB158FA24FDF1FA48" author="Ramezani, R. & Hoke, G. D. & Fastovsky, D. E. & Bowring, S. A. & Therrien, F. & Dworkin, S. I. & Atchley, S. C. & Nordt, L. C." box="[382,621,1450,1475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" pagination="2142 - 2159" refId="ref10692" refString="Ramezani, R., Hoke, G. D., Fastovsky, D. E., Bowring, S. A., Therrien, F., Dworkin, S. I., Atchley, S. C., and Nordt, L. C. 2011. High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs. Geological Society of America Bulletin 123: 2142 - 2159" type="journal article" year="2011">Ramezani et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). These dates place the occurrence within the Adamanian Land Vertebrate Estimated Holochron (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F49766BB17AFA60FDC7F98C" author="Martz, J. W. & Parker, W. G." box="[348,603,1518,1543]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" pagination="39 - 113" refId="ref9786" refString="Martz, J. W. and Parker, W. G. 2017. Revised formulation of the Late Triassic land vertebrate " faunochrons " of Western North America: recommendations for codifying nascent systems of vertebrate biochronology. In: K. E. Zeigler and W. G. Parker (eds.), Terrestrial Depositional Systems: Deciphering Complexities through Multiple Stratigraphic Methods, 39 - 113. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam." type="book chapter" year="2017">Martz and Parker 2017</bibRefCitation>
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; previously the Adamanian Land Vertebrate Faunachron of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F49766BB277F99EFF0BF9C0" author="Lucas, S. G. & Hunt, A. P." pageId="3" pageNumber="120" pagination="327 - 329" refId="ref9244" refString="Lucas, S. G. and Hunt, A. P. 1993. Tetrapod biochronology of the Chinle Group. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3: 327 - 329." type="journal article" year="1993">Lucas and Hunt 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). Detailed locality information is on file at Petrified Forest National Park and available to qualified researchers.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F49766BB044F90EFB59FB49" blockId="3.[98,771,1664,1960]" lastBlockId="3.[808,1481,1159,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F49766BB044F90EFF40F912" box="[98,220,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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—Diapsid reptile with bulbous, labio-lingually broadened teeth that are ankylosed directly onto the apex of the jaw with acrodont implantation. Teeth are fused to each other mesiodistally along their entire labiolingual width. The margin of each tooth is flanged on its mesial and distal edges. The teeth have a pyramidal lateral profile with concave mesial and distal crown surfaces. Wear facets are present on the apex of each tooth. Tooth margins form a rectangular profile in occlusal view, and have a trapezoidal profile in anteroposterior view. This combination of characters is unique to
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F49766BB3C5FB27FB22FB49" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1906" box="[995,1214,1193,1218]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="browni">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F49766BB3C5FB27FB22FB49" box="[995,1214,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Palacrodon browni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F49766BB30EFB5AFC74F9F6" blockId="3.[808,1481,1236,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F49766BB30EFB5AFC2AFB66" box="[808,950,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Description.</emphasis>
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—
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F49766BB3F4FB5AFB8AFB66" box="[978,1046,1236,1261]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">PEFO</collectionCode>
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37247 is a partial right maxilla with four preserved teeth, two of which are complete, and two are largely fragmented.
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F49766BB41EFA99FBE7FABB" box="[1080,1147,1303,1328]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">PEFO</collectionCode>
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37247 has an anteroposterior length of
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F49766BB3B0FAB6FC72FADA" box="[918,1006,1336,1361]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
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, a greatest dorsoventral depth of
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F49766BB54DFAB6FA58FADA" box="[1387,1476,1336,1361]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
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, and a mediolateral width of
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F49766BB44FFAD7FB5DFAF9" box="[1129,1217,1369,1394]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
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. The maxilla is incomplete along its dorsal margin and both anteroposterior ends because of damage during processing. Two nutrient foramina with a width of
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F49766BB42EFA33FBC2FA5D" box="[1032,1118,1469,1494]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
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are located on the labial side of the maxilla and open into a vacuity in the interior of the element (
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<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F49766BB3A8F98EFC43F992" box="[910,991,1536,1561]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F49766BB3C6F985FC75F997" box="[992,1001,1547,1564]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1631,1651]" captionTargetBox="[244,450,1034,1592]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980859/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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<subScript id="17D2950C4F49766BB3C6F985FC75F997" attach="right" box="[992,1001,1547,1564]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">1</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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); these foramina are similar to those found on
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F49766BB36BF9AFFCF3F9B1" box="[845,879,1569,1594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">BP</collectionCode>
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/1/5296. A slot opens posteromedially at the posterodorsal end of the bone, likely where the jugal articulated onto the maxilla.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F49766CB368F90BFE46FB1B" blockId="3.[808,1481,1236,1960]" lastBlockId="4.[151,824,619,1168]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
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Four teeth are present, with the two middle ones being complete. One of the two complete teeth is larger than the other (
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<tableCitation id="C6D4A2F24F49766BB356F949FC5FF96B" box="[880,963,1735,1760]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[151,204,160,181]" captionTargetId="graphics-788@4.[151,1534,235,577]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Comparisons of tooth measurements and quotients from Palacrodon specimens.Abbreviations: ant., anterior teeth; post., posterior teeth; NA, not available." pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). This size difference indicates that the larger tooth was further back in the jaw than the smaller one (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F49766BB5B4F967FCFEF8A8" author="Gow, C. E." pageId="3" pageNumber="120" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref8369" refString="Gow, C. E. 1992. An enigmatic new reptile from the Lower Triassic Fremouw Formation of Antarctica. Palaeontologia Africana 29: 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1992">Gow 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F49766BB34AF884FC3AF8A8" author="Gow, C. E." box="[876,934,1802,1827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref8398" refString="Gow, C. E. 1999. The Triassic reptile Palacrodon browni Broom, synonymy and a new specimen. Palaeontologia Africana 35: 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The teeth are ankylosed directly onto the apical surface of the dentary in an acrodont fashion. There is a row of small pits each with a diameter of
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F49766BB4EAF8C2FAB2F8EE" box="[1228,1326,1868,1893]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
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where the labial and lingual margins of the base of each tooth meets the maxillary bone (
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<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F49766BB3C5F801FBA6F823" box="[995,1082,1935,1960]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
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). The tooth bases bulge out
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F49766BB555F801FA55F823" box="[1395,1481,1935,1960]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
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from the labial and lingual margins of the maxilla, making the teeth wider labiolingually than the maxilla itself.
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB2D3FD05FCA4FD2F" box="[757,824,651,676]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">PEFO</collectionCode>
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37247 is identical to
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB1B0FD22FD9BFD4E" box="[406,519,684,709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">SAM-PK-</collectionCode>
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<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4E766CB220FD22FDC2FD4E" box="[518,606,684,709]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.57861" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" unit="in" value="6215.0">6215 in</quantity>
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||
that the teeth are pyramidal in lateral view and each complete tooth has a flat lemniscate wear facet on its apical surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB2B5FD60FD77FC8C" box="[659,747,750,775]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB2CDFD77FD68FC81" box="[747,756,761,778]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1631,1651]" captionTargetBox="[244,450,1034,1592]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980859/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4E766CB2CDFD77FD68FC81" attach="left" box="[747,756,761,778]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), cutting through the thin layer of enamel that covers the tooth surface and exposing the dentine center of the tooth. The wear facets on
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB162FCDEFE1BFCE2" box="[324,391,848,873]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">PEFO</collectionCode>
|
||
37247 are nearly identical in shape to those found in the partial dentary of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB275FCFFFDE9FC01" box="[595,629,881,906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">BP</collectionCode>
|
||
/1/5672. Concave shelves are present on the mesial and distal sides of the wear facet on each tooth, extending two-thirds of the way down the tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB12DFC5DFEF4FC64" box="[267,360,979,1007]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Fig. 2B
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4E766CB179FC50FEF4FC64" attach="left" box="[351,360,990,1007]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A flange extends below the mesial and distal shelves on each tooth to meet the flange of the adjacent tooth. The teeth contact each other mesiodistally and the respective flanges are firmly fused together along this line of contact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB160FBD8FE39FBF9" box="[326,421,1110,1138]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Fig. 2A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4E766CB1BAFBEFFE39FBF9" attach="left" box="[412,421,1121,1138]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); three such tooth-to-tooth contacts are present in this specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF29C7C14F4E766CB0B1FF2EFED4FF59" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" startId="4.[151,204,160,181]" targetBox="[159,1529,244,575]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FF2EFED4FF59" blockId="4.[151,1535,160,210]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Table 1. Comparisons of tooth measurements and quotients from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB322FF2EFCE8FF3E" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1906" box="[772,884,160,181]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB322FF2EFCE8FF3E" box="[772,884,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Palacrodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. Abbreviations: ant., anterior teeth; post., posterior teeth; NA, not available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB139FEAFFA40FDB4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<table id="F95665E94F4E8997B0B9FF7AFA65FDB4" box="[159,1529,244,575]" gridcols="10" gridrows="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FF7AFA65FECF" box="[159,1529,244,324]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FF7AFD87FECF" box="[159,539,244,324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Measurement</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FF7AFD37FECF" box="[558,683,244,324]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">PEFO 37247</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFF7AFCBCFECF" box="[697,800,244,324]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Maxilla BP/1/5672</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FF7AFC07FECF" box="[814,923,244,324]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">BP/1/5296</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FF7AFB8FFECF" box="[934,1043,244,324]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">BP/1/5296</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FF7AFB0CFECF" box="[1060,1168,244,324]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Dentary BP/1/5672</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFF7AFAB1FECF" box="[1179,1325,244,324]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">SAM-PK-6215</th>
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFF7AFA65FECF" box="[1337,1529,244,324]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Unknown (maxilla or dentary) MNA V3684</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FEC1FA65FEEF" box="[159,1529,335,356]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FEC1FDF9FEEF" box="[558,613,335,356]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFEC1FD37FEEF" box="[636,683,335,356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">ant.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFEC1FCBCFEEF" box="[697,800,335,356]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FEC1FC07FEEF" box="[814,923,335,356]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FEC1FB8FFEEF" box="[934,1043,335,356]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FEC1FB0CFEEF" box="[1060,1168,335,356]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFEC1FAB1FEEF" box="[1179,1325,335,356]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFEC1FAE6FEEF" box="[1337,1402,335,356]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">post.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FEC1FA65FEEF" box="[1458,1529,335,356]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">ant.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FEE1FA65FE0F" box="[159,1529,367,388]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FEE1FD87FE0F" box="[159,539,367,388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Maximal labial apicobasal height (mm)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FEE1FDF9FE0F" box="[558,613,367,388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFEE1FD37FE0F" box="[636,683,367,388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFEE1FCBCFE0F" box="[697,800,367,388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FEE1FC07FE0F" box="[814,923,367,388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FEE1FB8FFE0F" box="[934,1043,367,388]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FEE1FB0CFE0F" box="[1060,1168,367,388]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">4.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFEE1FAB1FE0F" box="[1179,1325,367,388]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFEE1FAE6FE0F" box="[1337,1402,367,388]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FEE1FA65FE0F" box="[1458,1529,367,388]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FE01FA65FE4B" box="[159,1529,399,448]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FE01FD87FE4B" box="[159,539,399,448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Maximal transverse width (mm)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FE01FDF9FE4B" box="[558,613,399,448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFE01FD37FE4B" box="[636,683,399,448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFE01FCBCFE4B" box="[697,800,399,448]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">4.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FE01FC07FE4B" box="[814,923,399,448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">not measurable</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FE01FB8FFE4B" box="[934,1043,399,448]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">not measurable</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FE01FB0CFE4B" box="[1060,1168,399,448]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">7.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFE01FAB1FE4B" box="[1179,1325,399,448]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFE01FAE6FE4B" box="[1337,1402,399,448]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">3.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FE01FA65FE4B" box="[1458,1529,399,448]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">3.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FE44FA65FE54" box="[159,1529,458,479]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FE44FD87FE54" box="[159,539,458,479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Maximal mesiodistal length (mm)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FE44FDF9FE54" box="[558,613,458,479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFE44FD37FE54" box="[636,683,458,479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFE44FCBCFE54" box="[697,800,458,479]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FE44FC07FE54" box="[814,923,458,479]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">3.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FE44FB8FFE54" box="[934,1043,458,479]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">3.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FE44FB0CFE54" box="[1060,1168,458,479]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFE44FAB1FE54" box="[1179,1325,458,479]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">2.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFE44FAE6FE54" box="[1337,1402,458,479]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FE44FA65FE54" box="[1458,1529,458,479]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">3.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FE64FA65FE74" box="[159,1529,490,511]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FE64FD87FE74" box="[159,539,490,511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Apicobasal height to transverse width</th>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FE64FDF9FE74" box="[558,613,490,511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFE64FD37FE74" box="[636,683,490,511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.65</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFE64FCBCFE74" box="[697,800,490,511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.36</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FE64FC07FE74" box="[814,923,490,511]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FE64FB8FFE74" box="[934,1043,490,511]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FE64FB0CFE74" box="[1060,1168,490,511]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.52</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFE64FAB1FE74" box="[1179,1325,490,511]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.79</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFE64FAE6FE74" box="[1337,1402,490,511]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FE64FA65FE74" box="[1458,1529,490,511]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.69</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FD84FA65FD94" box="[159,1529,522,543]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FD84FD87FD94" box="[159,539,522,543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Mesiodistal length to transverse width</th>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FD84FDF9FD94" box="[558,613,522,543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.96</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFD84FD37FD94" box="[636,683,522,543]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.05</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFD84FCBCFD94" box="[697,800,522,543]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.46</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FD84FC07FD94" box="[814,923,522,543]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FD84FB8FFD94" box="[934,1043,522,543]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FD84FB0CFD94" box="[1060,1168,522,543]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.71</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFD84FAB1FD94" box="[1179,1325,522,543]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFD84FAE6FD94" box="[1337,1402,522,543]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.86</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FD84FA65FD94" box="[1458,1529,522,543]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.89</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3566950B4F4E8997B0B9FDA4FA65FDB4" box="[159,1529,554,575]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<th id="76B7FC774F4E8997B0B9FDA4FD87FDB4" box="[159,539,554,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Apicobasal height to mesiodistal length</th>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B208FDA4FDF9FDB4" box="[558,613,554,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.71</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B25AFDA4FD37FDB4" box="[636,683,554,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.61</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B29FFDA4FCBCFDB4" box="[697,800,554,575]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.78</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B308FDA4FC07FDB4" box="[814,923,554,575]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.63</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B380FDA4FB8FFDB4" box="[934,1043,554,575]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.61</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B402FDA4FB0CFDB4" box="[1060,1168,554,575]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.73</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B4BDFDA4FAB1FDB4" box="[1179,1325,554,575]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.79</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B51FFDA4FAE6FDB4" box="[1337,1402,554,575]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.78</td>
|
||
<td id="76B7FC774F4E8997B594FDA4FA65FDB4" box="[1458,1529,554,575]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">0.77</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FB2CFE50FA96" blockId="4.[151,824,1186,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB0B1FB2CFDCCFB30" box="[151,592,1186,1211]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Stratigraphic and geographic range.</emphasis>
|
||
—Currently known from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB0F1FB4DFDA3FB57" authority="Assemblage Zone" authorityName="Assemblage Zone" box="[215,575,1219,1244]" family="Cynognathidae" genus="Cynognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB0F1FB4DFEF1FB57" box="[215,365,1219,1244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Cynognathus</emphasis>
|
||
Assemblage Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rocks (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F341D7D94F4E766CB2B3FB4DFCB7FB57" box="[661,811,1219,1244]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the lower Fremouw Formation (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F341D7D94F4E766CB224FB6AFDE0FB76" box="[514,636,1252,1277]" name="Antarctica" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and the Chinle Formation (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499259AB4F4E766CB13DFA8AFEE7FA96" box="[283,379,1284,1309]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F341D7D94F4E766CB1A0FA8AFE5CFA96" box="[390,448,1284,1309]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |