307 lines
51 KiB
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307 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3792240" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6bed073a-175c-42e6-bb99-645c99d55b4f" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163971373" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3792240" ID-ZooBank="C631A347-306E-4773-84A4-E4712329186B" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5DA3B80-A85A-46A3-8091-1BDB156EF6B8" checkinTime="1587984202003" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Miller, Jeremy, Griswold, Charles & Yin, Chang" docDate="2009" docId="03ACB915FFAF7426FF4E40E0FBC8F93F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_1993.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 11 (11)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@52c7884c" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Anapidae Simon 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FF95C16DFF9F7414FFC2455DFFF1FFB8" masterDocTitle="The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers" masterLastPageNumber="195" masterPageNumber="9" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1635491590422" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Miller, Jeremy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Griswold, Charles</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>California Academy of Sciences ,, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yin, Chang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University ,, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-05-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>11</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>9</mods:start>
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<mods:end>195</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.11.160</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6bed073a-175c-42e6-bb99-645c99d55b4f</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576459</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C631A347-306E-4773-84A4-E4712329186B</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3792240" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163971373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3792240" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5DA3B80-A85A-46A3-8091-1BDB156EF6B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACB915FFAF7426FF4E40E0FBC8F93F" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="48" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection box="[140,502,1468,1495]" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[140,502,1468,1495]" box="[140,502,1468,1495]" pageId="48" pageNumber="57">
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<heading box="[140,502,1468,1495]" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,502,1468,1495]" pageId="48" pageNumber="57">
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Family
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<taxonomicName authority="Simon, 1895" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[229,502,1468,1495]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae Simon, 1895</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[140,1108,1540,1672]" lastBlockId="49.[140,1108,167,1671]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="48" pageNumber="57">
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The terminology used for the labrum is confused and confusing. In particular the terms “labral sclerite” and labral spur” have been used in synonymous and differing ways. An anteriorly projecting spur in the mouth region was recognized as early as
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<bibRefCitation author="Wunderlich J" box="[140,355,1645,1671]" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="113 - 124" refId="ref47287" refString="Wunderlich J (1976) Spinnen aus Australien. 1. Uloboridae, Theridiosomatidae und Symphytognathidae (Arachnida: Araneida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57: 113 - 124." type="journal article" year="1976">Wunderlich (1976</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 37, 38, “Sporn des Labium”), who erroneously referred to a spur on the labium (rather than the labrum).
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<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N & Shadab MU" box="[661,992,167,193]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref46791" refString="Platnick N, Shadab MU (1978 a) A review of the spider genus Anapis (Araneae, Anapidae), with a dual cladistic analysis. American Museum Novitates 2663: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick and Shadab (1978a)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that an “anterior labral spur” was a synapomorphy for a redefined
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[875,985,202,228]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
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, illustrated in their figure 1 of
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<taxonomicName authority="Gertsch, 1941" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1941" box="[355,719,237,264]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="keyserlingi">
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<emphasis box="[355,547,237,264]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Anapis keyserlingi</emphasis>
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Gertsch, 1941
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</taxonomicName>
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. This labral spur was also depicted for
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<taxonomicName authority="(Simon, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[180,574,272,299]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamigera">
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<emphasis box="[180,400,272,299]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Anapisona hamigera</emphasis>
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(Simon, 1897)
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N & Shadab MU" box="[616,927,272,299]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 59" refId="ref46859" refString="Platnick N, Shadab MU (1979) A review of the spider genera Anapisona and Pseudanapis (Araneae, Anapidae). American Museum Novitates 2672: 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1979">Platnick and Shadab (1979</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 10).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="49.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">
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Subsequently arguments about the monophyly of, and placement in,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[1001,1107,308,334]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
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have hinged on the labral spur. We contend that this has never been precisely defined, and that this lack of a precise definition has fueled confusion. We suggest that there are at least three separate structures of the labrum that have been referred to as a spur. One of these is clearly the spur of Platnick and Shadab, but this is restricted to a mere handful of genera and does not characterize the majority of species currently placed in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[183,293,519,545]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="49.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">
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<bibRefCitation author="Snodgrass RE" box="[185,376,554,581]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" refId="ref47156" refString="Snodgrass RE (1952) A textbook of arthropod anatomy. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 464 pp." type="book" year="1952">Snodgrass (1952</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 31A, B) depicts in detail the pharynx, epistome, and labrum of a theraphosid spider. In these illustrations one can see structures that are widespread in
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<taxonomicName box="[173,267,625,651]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
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, including the symphytognathoids. The labrum is a region of sclerotized cuticle just anterior to the epistome, the latter being the point of attachment for a pair of median dilator muscles of the pharynx. The morphology of the labrum was clearly described in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kropf C" box="[398,556,730,756]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="185 - 203" refId="ref46087" refString="Kropf C (1990) Comaroma is an anapid spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Anapidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 31 / 32: 185 - 203 (due to a printer's error, this paper has been incorrectly cited as published in Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg)." type="journal article" year="1990">Kropf (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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. The labrum connects the palpal coxae in front of the mouth opening and bears a sclerite on its anterior wall, which
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<bibRefCitation author="Kropf C" box="[953,1107,765,791]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="185 - 203" refId="ref46087" refString="Kropf C (1990) Comaroma is an anapid spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Anapidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 31 / 32: 185 - 203 (due to a printer's error, this paper has been incorrectly cited as published in Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg)." type="journal article" year="1990">Kropf (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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calls the “labral sclerite” (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kropf C" box="[430,570,800,827]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="185 - 203" refId="ref46087" refString="Kropf C (1990) Comaroma is an anapid spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Anapidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 31 / 32: 185 - 203 (due to a printer's error, this paper has been incorrectly cited as published in Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg)." type="journal article" year="1990">Kropf 1990</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 1, 6). There is a flattened, anteriad pointing labral tongue (“labral flap” of
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<bibRefCitation author="Lopardo L & Hormiga G" box="[535,864,836,862]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref46301" refString="Lopardo L, Hormiga G (2008) Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea. Cladistics 24: 1 - 33. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2007.00173. x." type="journal article" year="2008">Lopardo and Hormiga 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) that arises from the anterior face of the labrum with the apex projecting obliquely downward and towards the chelicerae. The apex is free and may be truncate, rounded, or deeply cleft. Beneath and beyond the apex there are short, smooth setae, which contrast to the plumose setae elsewhere on the labrum.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kropf C" box="[427,578,976,1003]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="185 - 203" refId="ref46087" refString="Kropf C (1990) Comaroma is an anapid spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Anapidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 31 / 32: 185 - 203 (due to a printer's error, this paper has been incorrectly cited as published in Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg)." type="journal article" year="1990">Kropf (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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refers to these as “minute, cuticular, bristle-like pins” arising from a cavity covered by the sclerite. These features occur widely in Araneomorphae (
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<figureCitation box="[296,375,1047,1073]" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="164.[140,212,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@164.[140,1109,164,1091]" captionTargetPageId="164" captionText="Figure 93. Labra of araneomorph spiders. A, Dysderidae: Harpactea holmbergi (Scopoli, 1763); B, Archaeidae: Austrarchaea sp.; C, Synotaxidae: Pahoroides sp.; D, Phyxelididae: Ambohima sp.; E, Amphinectidae: Neolana sp.; F, Ctenidae: Anahita sp. Arrows indicate labral tongue; asterisk in B indicates one of pair of lateral protuberances." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768918/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
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A-F). Posteriad of the base of the labral tongue the cuticle may be smooth and convex, or weakly to profoundly divided by a transverse groove. We think that these features are homologous across Araneomorphae (at least), and that they provide landmarks that enable precise definition of labral homologies.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="49.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">
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Both
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<taxonomicName authority="Simon, 1895" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[247,470,1187,1214]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[247,320,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Anapis</emphasis>
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Simon, 1895
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[484,618,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Fig. 58C, D</figureCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName authority="Gertsch, 1941" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1941" box="[681,957,1188,1214]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[681,793,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Anapisona</emphasis>
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Gertsch, 1941
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[971,1100,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Fig. 58A, B</figureCitation>
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) have a large, anterodorsad pointing swelling at the base of the tongue. This is clearly the “spur” of
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<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N & Shadab MU" box="[247,565,1258,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref46791" refString="Platnick N, Shadab MU (1978 a) A review of the spider genus Anapis (Araneae, Anapidae), with a dual cladistic analysis. American Museum Novitates 2663: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick and Shadab (1978a</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 1, 1979: fig. 10). But this feature is peculiar to only a few spiders, particularly
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[509,582,1294,1320]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[509,582,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Anapis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis box="[635,755,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1941" box="[635,751,1294,1320]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anapisona</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Most taxa assigned to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[1002,1107,1293,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
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have no such structure, though the region at the base of the tongue may be more or less swollen (
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<figureCitation box="[238,366,1363,1390]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Figs 58E, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[377,466,1363,1390]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="134.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1185]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[140,1109,164,1185]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768866/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">62C, D</figureCitation>
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). Some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[556,629,1364,1390]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[556,629,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">Anapis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species have an additional swelling, arising far posteriad of the base of the labral tongue. This was illustrated in
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<bibRefCitation author="Griswold CE & Coddington JA & Hormiga G & Scharff N" box="[882,1107,1399,1425]" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref45802" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington JA, Hormiga G, Scharff N (1998) Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">Griswold et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
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(fig. 20A, C) and mistakenly taken to typify the character labral spur.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="49.[140,1108,167,1671]" lastBlockId="50.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="49" pageNumber="58">
|
||
To our knowledge all taxa currently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[735,841,1469,1495]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and to other symphytognathoid families as well) have the labral tongue (Figs 41E, F, 62C, D, 70E, F), whereas the majority of taxa assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[597,703,1540,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the true labral spur sensu Platnick and Shadab. Confusion of the labral tongue with the labral spur has led to pointless arguments about the scope and monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[746,856,1610,1636]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schutt K" pageId="49" pageNumber="58" pagination="135 - 153" refId="ref47080" refString="Schutt K (2000) The limits of the Araneoidea (Arachnida: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology 48: 135 - 153." type="journal article" year="2000">Schütt (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discusses the mouthpart of anapids and micropholcommatids, illustrates the labra of the members of the former (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schutt K" box="[561,715,167,193]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="135 - 153" refId="ref47080" refString="Schutt K (2000) The limits of the Araneoidea (Arachnida: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology 48: 135 - 153." type="journal article" year="2000">Schütt, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5A–C) and the latter families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schutt K" box="[148,299,202,228]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="135 - 153" refId="ref47080" refString="Schutt K (2000) The limits of the Araneoidea (Arachnida: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology 48: 135 - 153." type="journal article" year="2000">Schütt, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5E, F), notes close resemblance, and concludes that all have a labral spur. Whereas all have a labral tongue, none have the projecting spur from the base of the tongue that typifies the labral spur sensu Platnick and Shadab. Likewise,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopardo L & Hormiga G" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref46301" refString="Lopardo L, Hormiga G (2008) Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea. Cladistics 24: 1 - 33. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2007.00173. x." type="journal article" year="2008">Lopardo and Hormiga (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in their discussion of the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[839,939,308,334]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Acrobleps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,939,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Acrobleps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, note that this is unusual among the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[394,500,343,369]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the absence of a labral spur. In fact, most anapids lack the spur. Most anapids, including the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Njiller, Griswold & Yin" authorityYear="2009" box="[771,874,378,404]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Gaiziapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[771,874,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Gaiziapis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[892,1046,378,405]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="134.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1185]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[140,1109,164,1185]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768866/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 62 C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Platnick & Forster, 1990" authorityName="Platnick & Forster" authorityYear="1990" box="[140,575,413,440]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Gertschanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,290,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Gertschanapis</emphasis>
|
||
Platnick & Forster, 1990
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[589,666,413,440]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
|
||
E-F, coded as present for the labral spur in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Griswold CE & Coddington JA & Hormiga G & Scharff N" box="[170,406,448,475]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref45802" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington JA, Hormiga G, Scharff N (1998) Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">Griswold et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), micropholcommatids, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[734,834,448,474]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Acrobleps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,834,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Acrobleps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopardo L & Hormiga G" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref46301" refString="Lopardo L, Hormiga G (2008) Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea. Cladistics 24: 1 - 33. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2007.00173. x." type="journal article" year="2008">Lopardo and Hormiga 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 12C-F), have the base of the tongue slightly swollen and raised higher than the level of the tongue apex. This subtle morphology may represent a synapomorphy at some level in the symphytognathoids, but deserves further survey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="50.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Labral morphology may provide some corroboration for the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Forster and Platnick" authorityYear="1977" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The labra of the symphytognathid genera
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Marples 1951" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1951" box="[824,1045,624,651]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Patu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,875,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Patu</emphasis>
|
||
Marples 1951
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="142.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1184]" captionTargetId="figure@142.[140,1108,164,1184]" captionTargetPageId="142" captionText="Figure 70. Patu jidanweishi sp. n. from Chang Yan He, SEM of female. A, epigynum, posterior; B, epigynum, lateral, dorsal to the right; C, prosoma, lateral; D, prosoma, anterior, dorsal to the right; E, labrum, anterior; F, labrum, lateral, dorsal to the right. Arrows in E and F indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768882/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 70E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1995" box="[279,417,660,686]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[279,417,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Crassignatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[431,564,660,686]" captionStart="Figure 78" captionStartId="150.[140,212,1206,1228]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@150.[140,1108,164,1186]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 78. SEM. A-D, Crassignatha pianma sp. n. from Chang Yan He; E, Crassignatha yinzhi from Xiao Hei Shan Nature Reserve; F, Crassignatha quanqu sp. n. from Bang Bie village. A, female chelicera removed from prosoma, note single asymetrically bifid tooth; B, labrum, anterior, female; C, labrum, lateral, female; D, male metatarsus-tarsus joint, arrow indicates tarsal organ; E, epiandrous region; F, prosoma, lateral, male. Arrows in B and C indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768896/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 78B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Griswold CE & Coddington JA & Hormiga G & Scharff N" box="[662,893,660,686]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref45802" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington JA, Hormiga G, Scharff N (1998) Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">Griswold et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 21A, B) have a spade shaped tongue typically bare dorsally except for a single, large plumose seta. This morphology differs from other araneoids and may prove to be a further synapomorphy for the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Forster and Platnick" authorityYear="1977" box="[223,453,765,791]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="50.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">
|
||
There may be other post cheliceral characters that could be useful for future phylogenetic investigations, including the form of the labral tongue (entire, Figs 41E, 56E, 58E, 62C, 78B,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schutt K" box="[327,471,871,897]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="135 - 153" refId="ref47080" refString="Schutt K (2000) The limits of the Araneoidea (Arachnida: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology 48: 135 - 153." type="journal article" year="2000">Schütt 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5; or forked distally,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[759,897,871,898]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Figs 58A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[909,963,871,897]" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="164.[140,212,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@164.[140,1109,164,1091]" captionTargetPageId="164" captionText="Figure 93. Labra of araneomorph spiders. A, Dysderidae: Harpactea holmbergi (Scopoli, 1763); B, Archaeidae: Austrarchaea sp.; C, Synotaxidae: Pahoroides sp.; D, Phyxelididae: Ambohima sp.; E, Amphinectidae: Neolana sp.; F, Ctenidae: Anahita sp. Arrows indicate labral tongue; asterisk in B indicates one of pair of lateral protuberances." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768918/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">93D</figureCitation>
|
||
, Miller et al. in review: fig. 2B), the margin between the endites and the labrum (rebordered,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 58A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
; or simple,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[355,456,941,968]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Figs 58E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[468,521,941,968]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="134.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1185]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[140,1109,164,1185]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768866/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">62C</figureCitation>
|
||
), separation (Figs 41E, 56E) or fusion (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="130.[140,212,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@130.[140,1108,164,1182]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 58. Labra of Anapidae. A, B, Anapisona kethleyi Platnick and Shadab 1979 from Mexico, Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 18°26’N, 95°6’W, 12 February 1984, V. & B. Roth; C, D, Anapis sp. from Bolivia, Dpto. Beni, 16.8 mi SW Yucumo, 15°23’S, 66°59’W, 15-19 November 1989, Coddington, Griswold, Silva, Larcher and Peñaranda; E, F, Gertschanapis shantzi (Gertsch 1960) from USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.7 mi NE Fort Ross, 21 June 1996, redwood forest, C.E. Griswold and R. Carlson. A, C, E, anterior view; B, D, F, lateral view, dorsal to the right. Arrows indicate maximum extension of the base of the labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768859/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Figs 58A, C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[171,222,976,1003]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="134.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1185]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[140,1109,164,1185]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768866/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">62C</figureCitation>
|
||
) of the endites behind the labrum, the distribution of tubercles on the endites, and the presence of lateral protuberances in archaeids and their relatives (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[998,1102,1012,1038]" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="164.[140,212,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@164.[140,1109,164,1091]" captionTargetPageId="164" captionText="Figure 93. Labra of araneomorph spiders. A, Dysderidae: Harpactea holmbergi (Scopoli, 1763); B, Archaeidae: Austrarchaea sp.; C, Synotaxidae: Pahoroides sp.; D, Phyxelididae: Ambohima sp.; E, Amphinectidae: Neolana sp.; F, Ctenidae: Anahita sp. Arrows indicate labral tongue; asterisk in B indicates one of pair of lateral protuberances." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768918/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 93B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR & Platnick N" box="[140,437,1047,1073]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref45732" refString="Forster RR, Platnick N (1984) A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 1 - 106." type="journal article" year="1984">Forster and Platnick 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 90).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="50.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Ambiguities about the morphological characters that define the limits of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may help to explain the failure of structurally aligned ribosomal sequence data to recover either
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[301,407,1152,1178]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[447,553,1152,1178]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[616,876,1152,1178]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schutt K" box="[928,1070,1152,1179]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref47106" refString="Schutt K (2003) Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as monophyletic across several analytical permutations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rix MG & Harvey MS & Roberts JD" box="[735,905,1188,1214]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1031 - 1048" refId="ref47014" refString="Rix MG, Harvey MS, Roberts JD (2008) Molecular phylogenetics of the spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida: Araneae) using muclear rRNA genes (18 S and 28 S). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 1031 - 1048." type="journal article" year="2008">Rix et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rix MG & Harvey MS & Roberts JD" box="[924,1107,1188,1214]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1031 - 1048" refId="ref47014" refString="Rix MG, Harvey MS, Roberts JD (2008) Molecular phylogenetics of the spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida: Araneae) using muclear rRNA genes (18 S and 28 S). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 1031 - 1048." type="journal article" year="2008">Rix et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included a substantial sample of anapid taxa. Two genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hickman, 1939" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1939" box="[812,1108,1223,1249]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Risdonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[812,916,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Risdonius</emphasis>
|
||
Hickman, 1939
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Platnick & Forster, 1989" authorityName="Platnick & Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[191,606,1258,1285]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Zealanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[191,309,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Zealanapis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick NI & Forster RR" box="[317,606,1258,1285]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref46925" refString="Platnick NI, Forster RR (1989) A revision of the temperate South American and Australasian spiders of the family Anapidae (Araneae, Araneoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 190: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1989">Platnick & Forster, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are similar to the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Njiller, Griswold & Yin" authorityYear="2009" box="[953,1056,1258,1284]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Gaiziapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[953,1056,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Gaiziapis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and consistently formed a well supported clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="50.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,303,1328,1354]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[320,425,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
distinguished from other spider families in the Gaoligongshan except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Forster and Platnick" authorityYear="1977" box="[274,498,1364,1390]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: the lack of a female pedipalp (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[351,452,1399,1426]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="131.[140,212,1350,1372]" captionTargetBox="[173,1096,183,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[140,1108,164,1330]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="Figure 59. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou. A, male, lateral; B, male, dorsal; C, female, lateral; D, female, dorsal; E, female, ventral; F, female, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768861/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 59C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and male epiandrous gland spigots (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[869,968,1399,1426]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="134.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1185]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[140,1109,164,1185]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768866/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 62F</figureCitation>
|
||
), and by the insertion of the pedicel through an opening in the posterior declavity of the carapace (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[147,255,1469,1496]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="131.[140,212,1350,1372]" captionTargetBox="[173,1096,183,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[140,1108,164,1330]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="Figure 59. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou. A, male, lateral; B, male, dorsal; C, female, lateral; D, female, dorsal; E, female, ventral; F, female, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768861/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Figs 59C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[270,351,1469,1496]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="135.[140,212,1206,1228]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@135.[140,1108,164,1186]" captionTargetPageId="135" captionText="Figure 63. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM. A, female spinnerets; B, female ALS; C, female PLS; D, male PLS; E, epiandrous region, booklung covers, and pedicel insertion; F, epigynum, booklung covers, and pedicel insertion. AC: aciniform gland spigot; AG: aggregate gland spigot; ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; BC: booklung cover; CY: cylindrical gland spigot; FL: flagelliform gland spigot; MAP: major ampullate gland spigot; mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; PI: piriform gland spigot; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; PMS: posterior median spinneret; t: tartipore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768868/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">63E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
); distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Forster and Platnick" authorityYear="1977" box="[598,822,1469,1495]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having the chelicerae free to the base. Further distinguished from most other spiders in the Gaoligongshan by having the all tarsi more than 1.5 times the length of the metatarsi (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[906,1043,1539,1566]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="131.[140,212,1350,1372]" captionTargetBox="[173,1096,183,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[140,1108,164,1330]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="Figure 59. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou. A, male, lateral; B, male, dorsal; C, female, lateral; D, female, dorsal; E, female, ventral; F, female, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768861/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 59A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The base of the labrium in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[394,499,1575,1601]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Gaoligongshan is slightly swollen, as high as or higher than the apex of the labral tongue (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[636,739,1610,1637]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="134.[140,212,1204,1226]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1185]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[140,1109,164,1185]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="Figure 62. Gaiziapis zhizhuba sp. n. from Nankang Yakou, SEM of male. A, prosoma, lateral; B, prosoma, anterolateral margin; C, labrum, anterior view; D, labrum, lateral view, dorsal to the left; E, chelicera, labrum, endites, ventral view; F, epiandrous region. Arrows in C and D indicate maximum extension of labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768866/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Fig. 62D</figureCitation>
|
||
) but the labral spur is absent (see above).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Miller & Griswold & Yin, 2009" authorityName="Miller & Griswold & Yin" authorityYear="2009" box="[227,436,1645,1672]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Gaiziapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhizhuba" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[227,436,1645,1672]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="59">Gaiziapis zhizhuba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[443,503,1646,1672]" pageId="50" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is the only anapid known fromthe Gaoligongshan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |