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<document id="B31E249A0ECE1B53A3FAD2B940F83B93" ID-CLB-Dataset="50811" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171555" ID-GBIF-Dataset="82dbadf5-29c1-4db0-8c20-aec37fdef2d4" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171555" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459754453774" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Xu, Dapeng, Song, Weibo, Sun, Ping &amp; Chen, Xiangrui" docDate="2006" docId="031987D3251AFF88284BB1C8FC38F9DB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01113p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1113" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl 1934, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FF20FFAB251BFF8E2943B54CFFA1FF85" masterDocTitle="Morphology and infraciliature of the oligotrich ciliate Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Agassiz" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698217170391" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BD1AAFBFFA8F5596132AEB5982856011">Morphology and infraciliature of the oligotrich ciliate Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Agassiz</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="81F847663B755F5416338322C4DEBF4D">Xu, Dapeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2D5993E7383C697A7F6BF239A9517104">Sun, Ping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="769BB7AFA16345F31EAAC36ADEBC9988">Chen, Xiangrui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="094B87A9BFBC50DDC3F9421ADA6D31D6">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="031987D3251AFF88284BB1C8FC38F9DB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677424" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119338673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5677424" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:031987D3251AFF88284BB1C8FC38F9DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/031987D3251AFF88284BB1C8FC38F9DB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection id="C3AA654E251AFF8F284BB1C8FB99FA80" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251AFF8F284BB1C8FBE5FB1B" blockId="1.[264,1092,1156,1182]" box="[264,1092,1156,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D04781A9251AFF8F284BB1C8FBE5FB1B" bold="true" box="[264,1092,1156,1182]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F284BB1C8FBE5FB1B" bold="true" box="[264,1092,1156,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251AFF8F284BB1C8FCEEFB1B" authority="(Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934" authorityName="(Yagiu, 1933) Kahl" authorityYear="1934" box="[264,847,1156,1182]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F284BB1C8FDB5FB1B" bold="true" box="[264,532,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251AFF8F2B60B1C8FD19FB1B" author="Yagiu" box="[547,696,1156,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu, 1933</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251AFF8F2B84B1C8FCEEFB1B" author="Kahl" box="[711,847,1156,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" refString="Kahl, A. (1934) Suctoria. In: Grimpe, G. &amp; Wagler, E. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostsee. Lief. 26 (Teil II, C 4), Leipzig, pp. 184 - 226." type="journal article" year="1934">Kahl, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251AFF8F2A1DB1C8FC70FB1B" box="[862,977,1156,1182]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionStartId-1="3.[264,368,1363,1387]" captionTargetBox-0="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Microphotographs of Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A – D, F), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (G – K). (A) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (B) A slightly pressed specimens, to show light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (C) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (D) To show details of the tail (arrow). (E) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (F) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (G) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (H) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (I) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (J) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (K) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/171557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C632037E251AFF8F2A9CB1C8FB9BFB1B" box="[991,1082,1156,1182]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[267,1302,380,854]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data on Strombidium rapulum (Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934. Data based on protargol impregnated, randomly selected specimens. Measurements in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFCF664D251EFF8B284BB457FB91FED0" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" tableUuid="DFCF664D251EFF8B284BB457FB91FED0">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251AFF8F284BB182FB99FA80" blockId="1.[264,1080,1230,1286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
1933
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251AFF8F2807B183FD89FB63" box="[324,552,1231,1254]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strobilidiidae" genus="Strobilidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Choreotrichida" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F2807B183FD89FB63" box="[324,552,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Strobilidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2F757AC251AFF8F2B6CB182FDC8FB60" box="[559,617,1230,1253]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Yagiu, R., J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., 2: 216. 1951
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251AFF8F2807B1A3FCD2FA80" authority="Poljansky, G. I., Mag. Parasit." authorityName="Poljansky, G. I., Mag. Parasit." box="[324,883,1262,1286]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strobilidiidae" genus="Strobilidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Choreotrichida" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F2807B1A3FD89FA83" box="[324,552,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Strobilidium rapulum</emphasis>
Poljansky, G. I., Mag. Parasit.
</taxonomicName>
Moscow, 13: 386.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3AA654E251AFF88284BB07BFC04FA9B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251AFF8F284BB07BFC62FAFC" blockId="1.[264,1323,1335,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">This species has never been described based on modern methods, hence an improved diagnosis according to silver impregnation is supplied here.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251AFF8F287BB0CBFD64F9EC" blockId="1.[264,1323,1335,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F287BB0CBFD83FA25" box="[312,546,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Improved diagnosis</emphasis>
: Large sized marine
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F2A6AB0CBFBBDFA25" box="[809,1052,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251AFF8F2A6AB0CBFC1FFA25" box="[809,958,1415,1440]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Strombidium</taxonomicName>
in vivo
</emphasis>
50–130 × 25–65 µm; dorsoventrally slightly flattened; outline ovate and turnip­shaped, tapering posteriorly and terminating in an elongate tail; apical protrusion about 5 µm long in live cells; one elongated macronucleus; girdle kinety composed of about 57 monokinetids; ventral kinety located subcaudally on right margin, composed of about 5 dikinetids; on average 16 anterior and 29 ventral membranelles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251AFF8F287BB33BFE58F8B4" blockId="1.[264,1323,1335,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251AFF8F287BB33BFD28F915" box="[312,649,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Deposition of voucher slides</emphasis>
: Since no silver impregnated specimens have previously been preserved, one slide (registration number 2005:08:24:03) is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London and two slides (registration numbers 05:05:17:01 and 05:05:17:02, respectively) are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251AFF8F28E8B25BFE54F8B4" box="[427,501,1815,1841]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFCF664D2519FF8C284BB340FE0CF8DE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B0F36C52519FF8C284BB340FE0CF8DE" blockId="2.[264,1323,1548,1883]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C284BB340FE2BF9A1" bold="true" box="[264,394,1548,1572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D462519FF8C28D2B340FDDBF9A6" box="[401,634,1548,1571]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C28D2B340FDDBF9A6" box="[401,634,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from live cells (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2A68B340FC61F9A1" bold="true" box="[811,960,1548,1572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">A, B, D, E–G</emphasis>
) and after protargol impregnation (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2852B362FE23F9C3" bold="true" box="[273,386,1582,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C, E, H, I</emphasis>
). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C28E7B362FE16F9C3" bold="true" box="[420,439,1582,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2826B31DFED6F9EC" bold="true" box="[357,375,1617,1641]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C28FBB338FE6AF909" bold="true" box="[440,459,1652,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2D58B338FB8FF909" bold="true" box="[1051,1070,1652,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
) Swimming trace. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2C53B338FA83F909" bold="true" box="[1296,1314,1652,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">E</emphasis>
) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2D05B3DAFBCCF92B" bold="true" box="[1094,1133,1686,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">F, G</emphasis>
) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2A91B3F5FC56F954" bold="true" box="[978,1015,1721,1745]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">H,I</emphasis>
) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres.
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2DA7B390FAB1F971" bold="true" box="[1252,1296,1756,1780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">AM</emphasis>
= anterior membranelles;
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2B45B3B2FD88F893" bold="true" box="[518,553,1790,1814]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">AP</emphasis>
= apical protrusion;
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2A4AB3B2FC95F893" bold="true" box="[777,820,1790,1814]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">EM</emphasis>
= endoral membrane;
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2D64B3B2FBF0F893" bold="true" box="[1063,1105,1790,1814]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">GK</emphasis>
= girdle kinety;
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2C47B3B2FA8BF893" bold="true" box="[1284,1322,1790,1814]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Ma</emphasis>
= macronucleus;
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C28FCB26DFE46F8BC" bold="true" box="[447,487,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">VK</emphasis>
= ventral kinety;
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72519FF8C2BE1B26DFD6FF8BC" bold="true" box="[674,718,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">VM</emphasis>
= ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G–I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DFCF664D2518FF8D284BB01FFBF8F926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171557/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[264,1323,326,1339]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B0F36C52518FF8D284BB01FFBF8F926" blockId="3.[264,1323,1363,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D284BB01FFE2CFAEE" bold="true" box="[264,397,1363,1387]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Microphotographs of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D462518FF8D2BC6B018FCD0FAEE" box="[645,881,1364,1387]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2BC6B018FCD0FAEE" box="[645,881,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from live cells (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2D6EB01FFB20FAEE" bold="true" box="[1069,1153,1363,1387]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A–D, F</emphasis>
), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2A08B03AFC20FA0B" bold="true" box="[843,897,1398,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">G–K</emphasis>
). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2AE1B03AFC14FA0B" bold="true" box="[930,949,1398,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A</emphasis>
) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2D09B0D5FBFDFA34" bold="true" box="[1098,1116,1433,1457]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">B</emphasis>
) A slightly pressed specimens, to show light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2D1FB0F7FBCEFA56" bold="true" box="[1116,1135,1467,1491]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">C</emphasis>
) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2AABB092FC5AFA73" bold="true" box="[1000,1019,1502,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">D</emphasis>
) To show details of the tail (arrow). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D282CB34DFE20F99C" bold="true" box="[367,385,1537,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E</emphasis>
) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2AFBB34DFC69F99C" bold="true" box="[952,968,1537,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">F</emphasis>
) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D28A8B36FFDA1F9BE" bold="true" box="[491,512,1571,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">G</emphasis>
) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2D4EB36FFB80F9BE" bold="true" box="[1037,1057,1571,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">H</emphasis>
) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2AAEB30AFC56F9DB" bold="true" box="[1005,1015,1606,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">I</emphasis>
) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2A9FB325FC48F904" bold="true" box="[988,1001,1641,1665]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">J</emphasis>
) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D28E8B3C7FE61F926" bold="true" box="[427,448,1675,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">K</emphasis>
) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C52518FF8A287BB39BFD87FCE3" blockId="3.[264,1323,1750,1896]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D287BB39BFD5BF975" box="[312,762,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Description of Qingdao population</emphasis>
: Cell size
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD72518FF8D2ADEB39BFC58F975" box="[925,1017,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">in vivo</emphasis>
80–130 × 45–60 µm. Dorsoventrally not or slightly flattened. The cell is turnip­shaped, tapering posteriorly and terminating in an elongate tail (
<figureCitation id="138B2A402518FF8D2B36B26AFD63F8C5" box="[629,706,1830,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A; 2A, B). The tail is about half to 2/3 of cell length, often curves towards left side of cell (
<figureCitation id="138B2A402518FF8D2B96B202FC84F8ED" box="[725,805,1870,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A; 2A, D, arrow) and sometimes very thin (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2852B450FEFFFEB3" box="[273,350,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1363,1387]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microphotographs of Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A – D, F), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (G – K). (A) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (B) A slightly pressed specimens, to show light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (C) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (D) To show details of the tail (arrow). (E) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (F) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (G) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (H) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (I) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (J) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (K) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Different from those in the genera
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A2A0FB450FC12FEB0" box="[844,947,284,309]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Tontoniidae" genus="Tontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oligotrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A2A0FB450FC12FEB0" box="[844,947,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Tontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A2ABBB450FB39FEB0" box="[1016,1176,284,309]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Tontoniidae" genus="Spirotontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Oligotrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A2ABBB450FB39FEB0" box="[1016,1176,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Spirotontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the tail of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A284BB408FDACFED8" box="[264,525,324,349]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A284BB408FDACFED8" box="[264,525,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is constant and not contractile. Apical protrusion (AP) is small, about 5 µm high and inconspicuous
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A2B80B420FCB7FE00" box="[707,790,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">in vivo</emphasis>
, but may disappear or be undetectable after protargol preparations (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2B5EB4D8FDCAFE2B" box="[541,619,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A; 2F, arrow). Buccal cavity deep, extends obliquely to the right cell side and terminates over to equatorial level (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2A95B4F0FB83FE53" box="[982,1058,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Cilia of anterior membranelles about 40–45 µm long, extend anteriorly as shown in
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2D74B4A8FB24FE7B" box="[1079,1157,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A and 2A–C. Cells not very fragile. Pellicle thin and hemitheca not detected. Cytoplasm colourless, often contains many large light­reflecting granules and food vacuoles (usually with algae including diatoms), making cell light­grey to greenish/brown colour (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2D1CB710FB0BFDF3" box="[1119,1194,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1363,1387]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microphotographs of Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A – D, F), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (G – K). (A) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (B) A slightly pressed specimens, to show light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (C) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (D) To show details of the tail (arrow). (E) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (F) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (G) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (H) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (I) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (J) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (K) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A, B). No extrusomes found. Single macronucleus left of mid­line, elongated ellipsoidal and containing numerous globular large chromatin aggregates (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2D4DB7E0FBC8FD43" box="[1038,1129,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C, H, I; 2K). Micronucleus not observed. Neither a contractile vacuole nor a cytopyge recognized. Locomotion with two main patterns: very fast and irregular when swimming, or moderately fast when crawling obliquely over debris, using its adoral membranelles for attachment (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A28DBB600FE7AFCE3" box="[408,475,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B, D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251FFF8A287BB638FBF4FB73" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
Oral apparatus occupies anterior end of cell. Anterior portion (AM) of adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) with 15–18 membranelles and the ventral portion (VM) with 28–31 membranelles (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A28FEB688FDABFC5B" box="[445,522,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
H, I; 2G, H). Bases of anterior membranelles about 8 µm long, each composed of three rows of basal bodies. Between and parallel to these membranelles, argentophilic fibres always present (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2BFFB158FCADFBAB" box="[700,780,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
E, 2H, arrowheads). When observed in vivo, protrusions often detected between anterior membranelles (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2AFCB170FBA7FBD3" box="[959,1030,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1363,1387]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,326,1339]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microphotographs of Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A – D, F), after Methylgreen Pyronine staining and protargol impregnation (G – K). (A) A typical individual, arrowheads indicate light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm while arrow marks the tail. (B) A slightly pressed specimens, to show light­reflecting granules in the cytoplasm (arrowheads). (C) Dorsal view, to show the protrusion between anterior membranelles (arrowheads). (D) To show details of the tail (arrow). (E) Ventral view, arrowhead marks the macronucleus. (F) Apical view, to show the apical protrusion (arrow). (G) Ventral view, to show the buccal apparatus. (H) Details of the anterior membranelles, arrowheads demonstrate the argentophilic fibres. (I) Ventral view, arrowheads indicate the girdle kinety, which is composed of monokinetids. (J) To show the ventral kinety (arrowheads). (K) Lateral view, to show the macronucleus. Scale bars = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C, arrowheads). Bases of ventral membranelles 3–5 µm long and distinctly shorter than anterior ones. Endoral membrane (EM) on inner wall of buccal cavity, often difficult to recognize in protargol stained specimens, possibly composed of a single row of basal bodies (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2DD2B1F8FB7BFB4B" box="[1169,1242,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E, H). Pharyngeal fibres range from 10–15 µm in length (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2A1DB190FC01FB73" box="[862,928,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
H, arrowhead).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251FFF8A287BB048FD56FA63" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
Somatic cilia arranged in a girdle and ventral kinety. Girdle kinety (GK) equatorially located, continuous and composed of 45–66 horizontally oriented monokinetids (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2DFEB060FAABFAC3" box="[1213,1290,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
H, I;
<date id="FF0E1005251FFF8A2862B018FE9DFAEB" box="[289,316,1364,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">2I</date>
, arrowheads). Cilia of the girdle kinety are short, about 2 µm in length. Ventral kinety (VK) reduced, positioned at the anterior end of the tail, extending meridionally along right­lateral margin of cell and composed of 4–7 dikinetids (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251FFF8A2AA9B0E8FB9BFA3B" box="[1002,1082,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
H; 2J, arrowheads), cilia relatively long, about 6 µm in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251FFF8A287BB0B8FD84F8CB" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A287BB0B8FDF8F988" box="[312,601,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Occurrence and ecology</emphasis>
: This species has been found repeatedly from different hosts of sea urchins.
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251FFF8A28FEB350FDF8F9B3" author="Yagiu" box="[445,601,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
discovered it from the intestine of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A2ABEB350FA83F9B0" box="[1021,1314,1564,1589]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Anthocidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassispina">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A2ABEB350FA83F9B0" box="[1021,1314,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Anthocidaris crassispina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected from Pacific coast of
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251FFF8A2BF0B308FD5BF9DB" box="[691,762,1604,1630]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251FFF8A2A53B308FC3DF9DB" author="Nie" box="[784,924,1604,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Nie, D. (1934) Studies of the intestinal ciliates of sea-urchin from Amoy. Marine Biological Association of China, third Annual Report, 81 - 99." type="book chapter" year="1934">Nie (1934)</bibRefCitation>
also found this species from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A284BB320FD8FF900" box="[264,558,1644,1669]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Anthocidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassispina">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A284BB320FD8FF900" box="[264,558,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Anthocidaris crassispina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in Xiamen, southern
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251FFF8A2AE2B320FC4AF903" box="[929,1003,1644,1670]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">China</collectingCountry>
. Subsequently, this species was recorded from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A2B55B3D8FCEDF928" box="[534,844,1684,1709]" class="Echinoidea" family="Strongylocentrotidae" genus="Strongylocentrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nudus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A2B55B3D8FCEDF928" box="[534,844,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Strongylocentrotus nudus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from Vladivostok,
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251FFF8A2D9FB3D8FA8BF92B" box="[1244,1322,1684,1710]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251FFF8A2853B3F0FE75F953" author="Poljansky" box="[272,468,1724,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Poljansky, G. I. (1951) Intestinal infusoria of sea urchins. Magazine of Parasitology, 13, 371 - 393 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1951">Poljansky 1951</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251FFF8A2B5BB3F0FDC0F953" box="[536,609,1724,1750]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">China</collectingCountry>
, this species was also isolated from in the intestine of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A284BB3A8FDF6F978" box="[264,599,1764,1789]" class="Echinoidea" family="Strongylocentrotidae" genus="Hemicentrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulcherrimus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A284BB3A8FDF6F978" box="[264,599,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
off Qingdao, north
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251FFF8A2A02B3A8FC26F97B" box="[833,903,1764,1790]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251FFF8A2AD4B3A8FB8BF97B" author="Zhang" box="[919,1066,1764,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Zhang, Z. (1959) Studies on ciliates from the intestine of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, (Agassiz) from Tsingtao. Bulletin of Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1, 3849 (in Chinese with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1959">Zhang 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Later,
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251FFF8A2DC9B3A8FA8AF97B" author="Zhang" box="[1162,1323,1764,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Zhang, Z. (1963) Studies on the intestinal ciliates from echinoderms on the coast of China. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 5, 215 - 229 (in Chinese with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1963">Zhang (1963)</bibRefCitation>
found this species from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251FFF8A2B64B240FCEDF8A0" box="[551,844,1804,1829]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Anthocidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassispina">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251FFF8A2B64B240FCEDF8A0" box="[551,844,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Anthocidaris crassispina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in coastal regions of Zhejiang province, eastern
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251FFF8A2894B278FD80F8CB" box="[471,545,1844,1870]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFCF664D251EFF8B284BB457FB91FED0" ID-Table-UUID="DFCF664D251EFF8B284BB457FB91FED0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DFCF664D251EFF8B284BB457FB91FED0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[267,1302,380,854]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251EFF8B284BB457FB91FED0" blockId="5.[264,1323,283,341]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B284BB457FEDDFEB6" bold="true" box="[264,380,283,307]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric data on
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2B3EB450FB27FEB6" authority="(Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Yagiu" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[637,1158,284,307]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2B3EB450FCC7FEB6" box="[637,870,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
(Yagiu, 1933) Kahl, 1934
</taxonomicName>
. Data based on protargol impregnated, randomly selected specimens. Measurements in µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251EFF8B2848B430FAB7FCD3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F9B0C465251E00712848B430FAB7FCD3" box="[267,1302,380,854]" gridcols="6" gridrows="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B430FAB7FE16" box="[267,1302,380,403]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B430FD47FE16" box="[267,742,380,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Characteristics Min</th>
<th id="76515DFB251E00712A59B430FCEAFE16" box="[794,843,380,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Max</th>
<th id="76515DFB251E00712A39B430FC16FE16" box="[890,951,380,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Mean</th>
<th id="76515DFB251E00712D49B430FB9BFE16" box="[1034,1082,380,403]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">M</th>
<th id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB430FB16FE16" box="[1161,1207,380,403]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">SD</th>
<th id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B430FAB7FE16" box="[1275,1302,380,403]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">n</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B4E8FAB7FE3E" box="[267,1302,420,443]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B4E8FD47FE3E" box="[267,742,420,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cell, length* 70</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B4E8FCEAFE3E" box="[794,843,420,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">120</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B4E8FC16FE3E" box="[890,951,420,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">88.7</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B4E8FB9BFE3E" box="[1034,1082,420,443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">88.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB4E8FB16FE3E" box="[1161,1207,420,443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">11.9</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B4E8FAB7FE3E" box="[1275,1302,420,443]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B485FAB7FE65" box="[267,1302,457,480]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B485FD47FE65" box="[267,742,457,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cell, width 35</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B485FCEAFE65" box="[794,843,457,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">50</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B485FC16FE65" box="[890,951,457,480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">41.8</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B485FB9BFE65" box="[1034,1082,457,480]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">42.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB485FB16FE65" box="[1161,1207,457,480]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">4.3</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B485FAB7FE65" box="[1275,1302,457,480]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B4A3FAB7FD83" box="[267,1302,495,518]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B4A3FD47FD83" box="[267,742,495,518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cell, length:width, ratio 2</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B4A3FCEAFD83" box="[794,843,495,518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">3</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B4A3FC16FD83" box="[890,951,495,518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.1</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B4A3FB9BFD83" box="[1034,1082,495,518]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.2</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB4A3FB16FD83" box="[1161,1207,495,518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.3</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B4A3FAB7FD83" box="[1275,1302,495,518]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B758FAB7FDAE" box="[267,1302,532,555]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B758FD47FDAE" box="[267,742,532,555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Apex to macronucleus, distance 12</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B758FCEAFDAE" box="[794,843,532,555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">18</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B758FC16FDAE" box="[890,951,532,555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">14.4</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B758FB9BFDAE" box="[1034,1082,532,555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">14.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB758FB16FDAE" box="[1161,1207,532,555]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.5</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B758FAB7FDAE" box="[1275,1302,532,555]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B775FAB7FDD5" box="[267,1302,569,592]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B775FD47FDD5" box="[267,742,569,592]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Apex to buccal vertex, distance 36</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B775FCEAFDD5" box="[794,843,569,592]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">42</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B775FC16FDD5" box="[890,951,569,592]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">38.7</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B775FB9BFDD5" box="[1034,1082,569,592]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">38.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB775FB16FDD5" box="[1161,1207,569,592]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.8</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B775FAB7FDD5" box="[1275,1302,569,592]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B713FAB7FDF3" box="[267,1302,607,630]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B713FD47FDF3" box="[267,742,607,630]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Apex to girdle kinety, distance 40</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B713FCEAFDF3" box="[794,843,607,630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">48</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B713FC16FDF3" box="[890,951,607,630]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">44.5</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B713FB9BFDF3" box="[1034,1082,607,630]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">46.5</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB713FB16FDF3" box="[1161,1207,607,630]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">3.9</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B713FAB7FDF3" box="[1275,1302,607,630]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B7C8FAB7FD1E" box="[267,1302,644,667]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B7C8FD47FD1E" box="[267,742,644,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Macronucleus, length 28</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B7C8FCEAFD1E" box="[794,843,644,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">37</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B7C8FC16FD1E" box="[890,951,644,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">31.1</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B7C8FB9BFD1E" box="[1034,1082,644,667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">31.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB7C8FB16FD1E" box="[1161,1207,644,667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">2.9</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B7C8FAB7FD1E" box="[1275,1302,644,667]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B7E5FAB7FD45" box="[267,1302,681,704]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B7E5FD47FD45" box="[267,742,681,704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Macronucleus, width 8</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B7E5FCEAFD45" box="[794,843,681,704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">13</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B7E5FC16FD45" box="[890,951,681,704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">10.2</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B7E5FB9BFD45" box="[1034,1082,681,704]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">10.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB7E5FB16FD45" box="[1161,1207,681,704]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.5</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B7E5FAB7FD45" box="[1275,1302,681,704]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B783FAB7FD63" box="[267,1302,719,742]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B783FD47FD63" box="[267,742,719,742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Anterior membranelles, number 15</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B783FCEAFD63" box="[794,843,719,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">18</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B783FC16FD63" box="[890,951,719,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">15.8</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B783FB9BFD63" box="[1034,1082,719,742]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">15.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB783FB16FD63" box="[1161,1207,719,742]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">1.1</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B783FAB7FD63" box="[1275,1302,719,742]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B7B8FAB7FC8E" box="[267,1302,756,779]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B7B8FD47FC8E" box="[267,742,756,779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Ventral membranelles, number 28</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B7B8FCEAFC8E" box="[794,843,756,779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">31</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B7B8FC16FC8E" box="[890,951,756,779]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">29.1</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B7B8FB9BFC8E" box="[1034,1082,756,779]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">29.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB7B8FB16FC8E" box="[1161,1207,756,779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.9</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B7B8FAB7FC8E" box="[1275,1302,756,779]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B655FAB7FCB5" box="[267,1302,793,816]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B655FD47FCB5" box="[267,742,793,816]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Girdle kinety, number of monokinetids 45</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B655FCEAFCB5" box="[794,843,793,816]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">66</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B655FC16FCB5" box="[890,951,793,816]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">56.5</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B655FB9BFCB5" box="[1034,1082,793,816]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">55.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB655FB16FCB5" box="[1161,1207,793,816]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">5.6</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B655FAB7FCB5" box="[1275,1302,793,816]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E00712848B673FAB7FCD3" box="[267,1302,831,854]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E00712848B673FD47FCD3" box="[267,742,831,854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Ventral kinety, number of dikinetids 4</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A59B673FCEAFCD3" box="[794,843,831,854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">7</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A39B673FC16FCD3" box="[890,951,831,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">5.1</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D49B673FB9BFCD3" box="[1034,1082,831,854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">5.0</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DCAB673FB16FCD3" box="[1161,1207,831,854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">0.7</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DB8B673FAB7FCD3" box="[1275,1302,831,854]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">25</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251EFF8B284BB6C5FCA5FC6F" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F9B0C465251E0071284BB6C5FA88FC6F" box="[264,1321,905,1002]" gridcols="10" gridrows="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="35803487251E0071284BB6C5FA88FC25" box="[264,1321,905,928]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76515DFB251E0071284BB6C5FCB0FC25" box="[264,785,905,928]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">* Including the tail.</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E0071284BB6E0FA88FC46" box="[264,1321,940,963]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76515DFB251E0071284BB6E0FCB0FC46" box="[264,785,940,963]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Abbreviations: M = median, Max = maximum,</th>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A58B6E0FCF9FC46" box="[795,856,940,963]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Mean</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A21B6E0FCD0FC46" box="[866,881,940,963]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">=</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712A38B6E0FC46FC46" box="[891,999,940,963]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">arithmetic</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712AB2B6E0FB90FC46" box="[1009,1073,940,963]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">mean,</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D78B6E0FBC6FC46" box="[1083,1127,940,963]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Min</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712D31B6E0FB20FC46" box="[1138,1153,940,963]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">=</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712DC8B6E0FB58FC46" box="[1163,1273,940,963]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">minimum,</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712C40B6E0FAB1FC46" box="[1283,1296,940,963]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">n</td>
<td id="76515DFB251E00712C59B6E0FA88FC46" box="[1306,1321,940,963]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">=</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35803487251E0071284BB69FFA88FC6F" box="[264,1321,979,1002]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76515DFB251E0071284BB69FFCB0FC6F" box="[264,785,979,1002]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">number of specimens, SD = standard deviation.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251EFF8B287BB16EFBCEF9C1" blockId="5.[264,1324,1058,1884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B287BB16EFC42FBBE" box="[312,995,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Comparison with original description and related species</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2AB0B16EFB55FBBE" box="[1011,1268,1058,1083]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2AB0B16EFB55FBBE" box="[1011,1268,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B2B5BB106FD17FBE1" author="Yagiu" box="[536,694,1098,1124]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
from the intestine of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2A87B106FB4AFBE6" box="[964,1259,1098,1123]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Anthocidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassispina">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2A87B106FB4AFBE6" box="[964,1259,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Anthocidaris crassispina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our population corresponds well with Yagius (1933) description regarding the basic morphology (viz. the habitat, cell size and shape, locomotion pattern, shape of macronucleus, etc.) (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251EFF8B2B4DB18EFDFBFB59" box="[526,602,1218,1244]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B2A53B18EFC15FB59" author="Yagiu" box="[784,948,1218,1244]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
found a micronucleus in his specimens, which is not observed by us. This is because that the micronucleus is not easily stained by protargol.
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B28BCB05EFD38FAA9" author="Yagiu" box="[511,665,1298,1324]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
also stated that the tail bent, which often curves towards left side of cell in our specimens. This characteristic might be population dependent and thus it is reasonable to identify our organism to be conspecific with Yagius. Without knowledge of its infraciliature,
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B2B3AB0C6FCB2FA21" author="Yagiu" box="[633,787,1418,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
put the species into the genus
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2D39B0C6FAABFA26" box="[1146,1290,1418,1443]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strobilidiidae" genus="Strobilidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Choreotrichida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2D39B0C6FAABFA26" box="[1146,1290,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Strobilidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It was then transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2B60B0FEFD19FA4E" box="[547,696,1458,1483]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2B60B0FEFD19FA4E" box="[547,696,1458,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Strombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2BA7B0FEFCC6FA4E" box="[740,871,1458,1483]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2BA7B0FEFCC6FA4E" box="[740,871,1458,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">S. rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B2AD5B0FEFB87FA49" author="Kahl" box="[918,1062,1458,1484]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Kahl, A. (1934) Suctoria. In: Grimpe, G. &amp; Wagler, E. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostsee. Lief. 26 (Teil II, C 4), Leipzig, pp. 184 - 226." type="journal article" year="1934">Kahl (1934)</bibRefCitation>
according to its open AZM. Based on the present work, the horizontally positioned girdle kinety, and longitudinally located ventral kinety proved that this species should be a member of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B284BB366FE3CF9C6" box="[264,413,1578,1603]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B284BB366FE3CF9C6" box="[264,413,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Strombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The new combination made by
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B2A5DB366FC0DF9C1" author="Kahl" box="[798,940,1578,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Kahl, A. (1934) Suctoria. In: Grimpe, G. &amp; Wagler, E. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostsee. Lief. 26 (Teil II, C 4), Leipzig, pp. 184 - 226." type="journal article" year="1934">Kahl (1934)</bibRefCitation>
is thus justified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251EFF88287BB31EFCDCFEDB" blockId="5.[264,1324,1058,1884]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
In 1951, Poljansky reported a population of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251EFF8B2A21B31EFC46F9EE" box="[866,999,1618,1643]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251EFF8B2A21B31EFC46F9EE" box="[866,999,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">S. rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Vladivostok,
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251EFF8B2D9FB31EFA8BF9E9" box="[1244,1322,1618,1644]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251EFF8B2853B336FE6CF911" author="Poljansky" box="[272,461,1658,1684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Poljansky, G. I. (1951) Intestinal infusoria of sea urchins. Magazine of Parasitology, 13, 371 - 393 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1951">Poljansky 1951</bibRefCitation>
). Our population corresponds well with Poljanskys (1951) regarding the basic morphology (viz. the habitat, cell shape, shape and position of macronucleus, number of anterior and ventral membranelles, etc.). But the Russian population is relatively smaller (50–95 × 25–46 µm vs. 80–130 × 45–60 µm). We think this difference might be population dependent and thus should not be exaggerated. Since apical protrusion is inconspicuous in vivo and only can be detected under high magnification, this might explain why Poljanskys population has no apical protrusion (
<figureCitation id="138B2A40251DFF882D21B450FB07FEB3" box="[1122,1190,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[281,1307,335,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[264,1323,329,1521]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strombidium rapulum from live cells (A, B, D, E – G) and after protargol impregnation (C, E, H, I). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen, arrowheads mark the cilia of ventral kinety. (B) To show the creeping state, note the cell attached to the substrate with its adoral membranelles. (C) To demonstrate variations in macronucleus shape. (D) Swimming trace. (E) Apical view of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads note argentophilic fibres. (F, G) Ventral view of specimens (from Yagiu 1933 and Poljansky 1951, respectively). (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of same specimen, to show the infraciliature, arrowhead in H marks the pharyngeal fibres. AM = anterior membranelles; AP = apical protrusion; EM = endoral membrane; GK = girdle kinety; Ma = macronucleus; VK = ventral kinety; VM = ventral membranelles. Scale bars in (A, G – I) = 40 µm, in (F) = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171556/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G). Hence, Poljanskys organism should be conspecific with ours.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB420FE19FE7B" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
In 1980, Jankowski designated
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882B93B420FC77FE00" box="[720,982,364,389]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strobilidiidae" genus="Strobilidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Choreotrichida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882B93B420FC77FE00" box="[720,982,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strobilidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<typeStatus id="540B8867251DFF882D52B420FBE5FE03" box="[1041,1092,364,390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
of a new genus,
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88284BB4D8FE40FE28" box="[264,481,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Anthostrombidium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF8828B4B4D8FD60FE2B" author="Jankowski" box="[503,705,404,430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Jankowski, A. W. (1980) Conspectus of a new system of the phylum Ciliophora. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Leningrad, 94, 103 - 121 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1980">Jankowski 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The infraciliature revealed by the present study proves it should be a member of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882BC6B4F0FCBBFE50" box="[645,794,444,469]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882BC6B4F0FCBBFE50" box="[645,794,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus the establishment of
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882D12B4F0FA8BFE50" box="[1105,1322,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Anthostrombidium</emphasis>
is not justified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB740FEF5FD1B" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
To date, only three species of oligotrich ciliates inhabiting sea urchins have ever been reported,
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF8828C4B778FD34FDC8" box="[391,661,564,589]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF8828C4B778FD34FDC8" box="[391,661,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882BF0B778FB4BFDCB" authority="Song et al., 1999" authorityName="Song et al." authorityYear="1999" box="[691,1258,564,590]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Spirostrombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="echini">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882BF0B778FC43FDC8" box="[691,994,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Spirostrombidium echini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882AB4B778FB4BFDCB" author="Song" box="[1015,1258,564,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Song, W., Wilbert, N. &amp; Warren, A. (1999) Three new entocommensal ciliates from digestive tract of sea urchins of the Weddell Sea, Antarctic (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Polar Biology, 22, 232 - 240." type="journal article" year="1999">
Song
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882D0AB778FB32FDC8" box="[1097,1171,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88284BB710FCB4FDF3" authority="Jankowski, 1974" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1974" box="[264,789,604,630]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="symbioticum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88284BB710FD9FFDF0" box="[264,574,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium symbioticum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882B08B710FCB4FDF3" author="Jankowski" box="[587,789,604,630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Jankowski, A. W. (1974) Commensological sketches. 6. Entocommensals of Strongylocentrotus intermedius in the Busse Lagoon (Southern Sakhalin). Gidrobiologiceskij Zurnal, 10, 60 - 68." type="journal article" year="1974">Jankowski, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882A6AB710FC53FDF3" author="Jankowski" box="[809,1010,604,630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Jankowski, A. W. (1974) Commensological sketches. 6. Entocommensals of Strongylocentrotus intermedius in the Busse Lagoon (Southern Sakhalin). Gidrobiologiceskij Zurnal, 10, 60 - 68." type="journal article" year="1974">Jankowski 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882D40B710FB74FDF3" author="Song" box="[1027,1237,604,630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Song, W., Wilbert, N. &amp; Warren, A. (1999) Three new entocommensal ciliates from digestive tract of sea urchins of the Weddell Sea, Antarctic (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Polar Biology, 22, 232 - 240." type="journal article" year="1999">
Song
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882D08B710FB2BFDF0" box="[1099,1162,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882DA5B710FEE6FD1B" author="Yagiu" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Yagiu, R. (1933) Studies on the ciliates from the intestine of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Journal of Science of Hiroshima University Series B, 2, 211 - 221." type="journal article" year="1933">Yagiu 1933</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB7E0FBA2FCE3" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88287BB7E0FDC7FD40" box="[312,614,684,709]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Spirostrombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="echini">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88287BB7E0FDC7FD40" box="[312,614,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Spirostrombidium echini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found from the digestive tracts of sea urchins
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88284BB798FE3AFD68" box="[264,411,724,749]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinometridae" genus="Heliocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88284BB798FE3AFD68" box="[264,411,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Heliocidaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882B4CB798FD1AFD68" box="[527,699,724,749]" class="Echinoidea" family="Strongylocentrotidae" genus="Hemicentrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882B4CB798FD1AFD68" box="[527,699,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Hemicentrotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., which were collected from the Weddell Sea,
<collectingCountry id="F3A77655251DFF88284BB7B0FE23FC93" box="[264,386,764,790]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF8828D7B7B0FDC0FC93" author="Song" box="[404,609,764,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Song, W., Wilbert, N. &amp; Warren, A. (1999) Three new entocommensal ciliates from digestive tract of sea urchins of the Weddell Sea, Antarctic (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Polar Biology, 22, 232 - 240." type="journal article" year="1999">
Song
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882898B7B0FDB9FC90" box="[475,536,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
). It differs clearly from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882AC0B7B0FB24FC90" box="[899,1157,764,789]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882AC0B7B0FB24FC90" box="[899,1157,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly in: 1) cell shape (without tail vs. presence of the tail), and 2) totally different somatic ciliary pattern (pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF8828A0B600FD15FCE0" box="[483,692,844,869]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Spirostrombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF8828A0B600FD15FCE0" box="[483,692,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Spirostrombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882A1EB600FC53FCE0" box="[861,1010,844,869]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882A1EB600FC53FCE0" box="[861,1010,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB638FEDEFBAB" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88287BB638FDCAFC08" box="[312,619,884,909]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="symbioticum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88287BB638FDCAFC08" box="[312,619,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium symbioticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882A13B638FB86FC0B" author="Jankowski" box="[848,1063,884,910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Jankowski, A. W. (1974) Commensological sketches. 6. Entocommensals of Strongylocentrotus intermedius in the Busse Lagoon (Southern Sakhalin). Gidrobiologiceskij Zurnal, 10, 60 - 68." type="journal article" year="1974">Jankowski (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, but the infraciliature remains unknown. However, it differs from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882A4CB6D0FBAEFC30" box="[783,1039,924,949]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882A4CB6D0FBAEFC30" box="[783,1039,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the smaller size (39– 44 µm vs. 50–130 µm), cell shape (elongate, slender goblet without tail vs. turnip shaped with a conspicuous tail), and much lower number of ventral membranelles (about 10 vs. about 30).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB170FCBEFBFB" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Several other marine species of
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882B82B170FCF4FBD0" box="[705,853,1084,1109]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882B82B170FCF4FBD0" box="[705,853,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having a long and pointed tail should also be compared with
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882B5BB128FCB9FBF8" box="[536,792,1124,1149]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882B5BB128FCB9FBF8" box="[536,792,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB1C0FC04FA9B" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88287BB1C0FCB0FB23" authority="Levander, 1894" authorityName="Levander" authorityYear="1894" box="[312,785,1164,1190]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="styliferum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88287BB1C0FDEDFB20" box="[312,588,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium styliferum</emphasis>
Levander, 1894
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF882AF7B1C0FB99FB20" box="[948,1080,1164,1189]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF882AF7B1C0FB99FB20" box="[948,1080,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">S. rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the combination of: 1) habitat (free living vs. endocommensal), 2) presence of extrusomes (vs. absence), 3) shape of macronucleus (globular vs. elongated), and 4) much lower number of ventral membranelles (9–11 vs. 28–31) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882BC9B048FC39FA9B" author="Song" box="[650,920,1284,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Song, W. &amp; Packroff, G. (1997) Taxonomische Untersuchungen an marinen Ciliaten aus China mit Beschreibung von zwei neuen Arten, Strombidium globosaneum nov. spec. und S. platum nov. spec. (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 147, 331 - 360." type="journal article" year="1997">Song &amp; Packroff 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3AA654E251DFF88287BB060FC38F9DB" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB060FCEFFA3B" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88287BB060FC56FAC3" authority="(Kahl, 1935) Maeda and Carey, 1985" authorityName="(Kahl, 1935) Maeda and Carey" authorityYear="1985" box="[312,1015,1324,1350]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88287BB060FDBEFAC0" box="[312,543,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium minor</emphasis>
(Kahl, 1935)
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882B91B060FC56FAC3" author="Maeda" box="[722,1015,1324,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Maeda, M &amp; Carey, P. G. (1985) An illustrated guide to the species of the Family Strombidiidae (Oligotrichida, Ciliophora), free swimming protozoa common in the aquatic environment. Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 19, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1985">Maeda and Carey, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
can be clearly separated from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88280BB018FE68FAE8" box="[328,457,1364,1389]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88280BB018FE68FAE8" box="[328,457,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">S. rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its habitat (free living vs. endocommensal), much smaller cell size (35 µm vs. 50–130 µm in length), presence of contractile vacuole (vs. absence) and extrusomes (vs. absence) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882B7EB0E8FCE0FA3B" author="Maeda" box="[573,833,1444,1470]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Maeda, M &amp; Carey, P. G. (1985) An illustrated guide to the species of the Family Strombidiidae (Oligotrichida, Ciliophora), free swimming protozoa common in the aquatic environment. Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 19, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1985">Maeda &amp; Carey 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B0F36C5251DFF88287BB080FC38F9DB" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF88287BB080FD50FA63" authority="Meunier, 1910" authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1910" box="[312,753,1484,1510]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF88287BB080FD98FA60" box="[312,569,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Strombidium longipes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882B00B080FD50FA63" author="Meunier" box="[579,753,1484,1510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Meunier, A. (1910) Microplankton des Mers de Barents et de Kara, Duc dOrleans, Campagne Arctique de 1907. Bulen Press, Bruxelles." type="book chapter" year="1910">Meunier, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits a similar size and body shape, but can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="4CB04D46251DFF8828B3B0B8FDD4F988" box="[496,629,1524,1549]" class="Oligotrichea" family="Strombidiidae" genus="Strombidium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Strombidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis id="B9C4EAD7251DFF8828B3B0B8FDD4F988" box="[496,629,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">S. rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its habitat (free living vs endocommensal), shape of macronucleus (oval vs. elongated), and less developed buccal field (about 1/6 cell length vs. about 1/3 cell length in living cells) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF214B34251DFF882BA3B308FC2DF9DB" author="Meunier" box="[736,908,1604,1630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Meunier, A. (1910) Microplankton des Mers de Barents et de Kara, Duc dOrleans, Campagne Arctique de 1907. Bulen Press, Bruxelles." type="book chapter" year="1910">Meunier 1910</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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