273 lines
36 KiB
XML
273 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="30BD995089F80FC6FA512BE659CFF71B">A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AA28385238689CC06829FF6AD4E7377">Siriwut, Warut</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E452AF291AAFCA04B72D77F606776D0">Edgecombe, Gregory D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C344E2BA94E3A0E0A17DAA1C64AA5F3B">Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13FB90738CC4ECAF6C41ED66FD1B01A9">Tongkerd, Piyoros</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0F34A0F62DF6DE935575AC5992588861">Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B856881A0CD08DFD1AC8AF545C2D7586">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="77ABB9C2CB6ECCAA20688B9C9979B053">590</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A8A61BB9F0E7BB9D006BD2C69D950FAB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127864225" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8A61BB9F0E7BB9D006BD2C69D950FAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8A61BB9F0E7BB9D006BD2C69D950FAB" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="11651869810CF4340C00AD36796DC735" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="5DF7C0FE51E6062E6FA90E8AF5C94C12" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Taxon classification Animalia Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="95F7737EEF44683E9BA007727B656933" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DC793EAE483D530C2BFD1607E5727EEE" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="0D7FFE0A7DE59D146CD8BE4A78D55B78" ID-CoL="4VS9Z" authority="Newport, 1844" authorityName="Newport" authorityYear="1844" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens Newport, 1844</taxonomicName>
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Figs 26, 27, 28
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<normalizedToken id="E485C5B008B17C9B44DB6B938FCDB655" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 29
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73917D164C27E807C584AD5115AF0F1D" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="18E7C53CC98EF09F05F5E4F626FDBDA8" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="6B32F41FA933298048A4EE990E143F52" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
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Newport, 1844: 97,
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<bibRefCitation id="488F7347037F39763022AAEAD64DC145" author="Newport, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="265 - 302" title="Monograph of the class Myriapoda order Chilopoda; with observations on the general arrangement of the Articulata." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00370.x" volume="19" year="1845">1845</bibRefCitation>
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: 391.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC6F5EDB9EF94806C7C9AF7C07A89CD" author="Gervais, P" editor="Walckenaer, CA de GFLP" journalOrPublisher="Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 57" title="Myriapodes." volumeTitle="Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres" year="1847">Gervais 1847</bibRefCitation>
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: 288.
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<bibRefCitation id="B15EE737176345C2E696495D73AA3366" author="Kohlrausch, E" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="50 - 132" title="Gattungen und Arten der Scolopendriden." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13209" volume="47" year="1881">Kohlrausch 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 101.
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<bibRefCitation id="8674C818D4BD1288CEA46A1F32ADB9BA" author="Haase, E" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen zoologischen und anthropologisch-ethnographischen Museum zu Dresden" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 118" title="Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. 1. Chilopoden." volume="4" year="1887">Haase 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 46, pl. 3, fig. 46. Chao 2003: 7,
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<bibRefCitation id="62C80F35D7B9E6DCB5130AAA78419E71" author="Chao, JL" journalOrPublisher="KG, Saarbruecken, Germany" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" title="Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda) of Taiwan. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller Aktiengesellschaft & Co." year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 30, table 2, figs 31-36.
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<bibRefCitation id="109389499797A74810546DBE6B58251A" author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Myriapodology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 122" title="A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." url="10.1163/187525410X12578602960380" volume="3" year="2010 b">Lewis 2010b</bibRefCitation>
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: 108.
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<bibRefCitation id="E589D7D73A33322C0E5BFC3326489D29" author="Kronmueller, C" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="19 - 27" title="Review of the subspecies of Scolopendrasubspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendrahainanum spec. nov." volume="35" year="2012">
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<normalizedToken id="0C5EF1B0E7D2E2812CEB40CFCB63BB3F" originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 26.
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<bibRefCitation id="06184B3C6E939DA306D7278A75F86709" author="Siriwut, W" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="The centipede genus Scolopendra in mainland Southeast Asia: molecular phylogenetics, geometric morphometrics and external morphology as tools for species delimitation." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0135355" volume="10" year="2015 a">Siriwut et al. 2015a</bibRefCitation>
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: 22.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="2BD4950549F1FEFD23145B5AF5FAA144" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="24170FAAAC2B48D6109E5A88AEA1AABA" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra rugosa" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">Scolopendra rugosa</taxonomicName>
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Meinert, 1886: 202.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="67621DD69CFDCDFF4E8B9C2880E1AD33" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="3A90927CB01B0DEC443911C61BE4DD5A" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subspinipes" subSpecies="multidens">Scolopendra subspinipes multidens</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="0F3B365A6F8FA05355A59C06638CB816" author="Kraepelin, K" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 276" title="Revision der Scolopendriden." volume="29" year="1903">Kraepelin 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 264.
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<bibRefCitation id="A7C957F5A94BFC3CDDCC59386313D423" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="77 - 142" title="Javanische Myriopoden gesammelt von Direktor K. Kraepelin im Jahre 1903." volume="24" year="1907">Attems 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: 81,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F377619B40313EBC4DA146EB0A97956" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 398" title="Die indo-australischen Myriopoden." volume="80 A" year="1914 a">1914a</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 107,
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<bibRefCitation id="496F42232C1FEA79055E36895CDC1E87" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Nova Guinea Zoologie" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="567 - 587" title="Myriopoden von Neu-Guinea, gesammelt waehrend der Expedition 1903. Resultats de ľExpedition Scientifique Neerlandaise a la Nouvelle-Guinee en 1903 sous les auspices de Arthur Wichmann." volume="5" year="1914 b">1914b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 568,
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<bibRefCitation id="3994EE4FCF9E6618DC50352DC21EBDB6" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter, Berlin" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" title="Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha." year="1930 b">1930b</bibRefCitation>
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: 31.
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<bibRefCitation id="324EF9B2CA6F32AD7DCF38BFA33CE744" author="Muralewicz, WS" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="195 - 202" title="Einige Bemerkungen ueber aussereuropaeische Scolopendriden." volume="41" year="1913">Muralewicz 1913</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 201. Takakuwa 1942: 359,
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<bibRefCitation id="B44027861045B0F5BA9B843D11CA6045" author="Takakuwa, Y" journalOrPublisher="Nihon-Seibutsu-Chiri-Gakkai-kaiho / Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="147 - 213" title="Verbreitung der Chilopoden und Diplopoden in Japan." volume="13" year="1943">1943</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 171.
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<bibRefCitation id="DFBA1EC408D63F432B37BBE7017C38E8" author="Takashima, H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="8 - 25" title="The General View of Japanese Myriapods." url="10.2476/asjaa.11.8" volume="11" year="1949">Takashima 1949</bibRefCitation>
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: 11.
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<bibRefCitation id="9E966F1A139468CCB5C967B8AD7A87F0" author="Takashima, H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="3 - 17" title="The centipede-fauna of the Tokyo District." url="10.2476/asjaa.13.3" volume="13" year="1952">Takashima and Shinohara 1952</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 4. Wang 1955: 16,
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<bibRefCitation id="4B55F832A7DBC89083A94EBB34A43842" author="Wang, Y-HM" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="155 - 159" title="Records of Myriapods on Formosa with description of new species (2)." volume="9" year="1956">1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 158,
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<bibRefCitation id="8A65F04E168BACCEBBA6882D11CD9585" author="Wang, Y-HM" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="79 - 106" title="Serica Im: The Chilopoda of the Philippine Islands (A Revision of the Myriapoda of the Philippine Islands Part 2)." volume="15" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 101.
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<bibRefCitation id="4A9F0731321EC80E95FE5F7954E584DB" author="Zhang, C" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Zoology" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="8 - 11" title="Scolopendra." volume="27" year="1992">Zhang 1992</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 8, fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="21FC626962317CC99F0A67FFC21E96A7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="7B7A6FE2E77D90923D9F5DBD3C015E6E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B36CBD0554653E8D221AFBB1D73BDC9" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Not designated.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="3DB9B6F185418B89034CD15C68B80F66" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9780DA1D8AE7A86A0DB4AF74F0605F2A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="39A8542F6B461B322AECE63EDF311C55" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Holotype NHMUK, one adult, dry condition,
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<normalizedToken id="7A23C61E927FB85DC35C79D22E2DFE47" originalValue="Newport’s">Newport's</normalizedToken>
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collection (Figs 26, 27).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="80E54F3E9E3BD05B6576951D43F9F2CE" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="F3959A2B9E2921D76E51ED368663B86F" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Figure 26.
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<taxonomicName id="F41A03880B1CCB52494DD7E1E9B49B77" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
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(Holotype NHMUK): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1-3 B Sternites 9-11 C Forcipular segment
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<normalizedToken id="239A52BC061F316C7A36AB075F4FAC02" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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Spiracles 3 and 5, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<caption id="CEED70E74CA44BCF991485770C5F71F6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="BF431AAC536985A8C485B6A8CDE6D979" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Figure 27.
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<taxonomicName id="2ADDB6E532A47AF948D55EB045E63D3E" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
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(Holotype NHMUK): A Tergites 9-10 B Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura, legs 20 and ventral view of ultimate legs C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and dorsal view of leg 20 and ultimate legs D Lateral view of ultimate leg and legs 20.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C4349D7D4CD95F5AB672B80618604A47" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="3E86AC71256A178ADFFBCA62C243D6CC" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Additional material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="18AD3477283D7FA7803E3B664CA81BE1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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NHMUK, one spm., Qiang Binh, Vietnam (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="0035690B915A6D2BB079F1EE54377D40" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.47001">17.47001°N</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="CAD3EA27EB81050F8D7A79B6DB31ADEE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.38168">106.38168°E</geoCoordinate>
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||
), leg. F. Naggs and J. Ablett, 4/3/2012. NHMUK, one spm., Annam [Vietnam], leg. A. Graham (C.). NHMUK, one spm., in bottle "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0322BF201E2D2F58F3D07A52CD66D167" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
", Hong Kong, July 1954, leg. I.D. Romer. NHMUK, spm. numbers 2, 6, 8, 11, 13 and 14 in bottle "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B22778F1A026930614F192FF22E0B583" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
", Hong Kong.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3429259410752CBF69B6DCDCA0460374" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E287D64D87B70031F8266A8DF7D3519" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A04EA8E9777DC49E8F9C190903F14852" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">17-18 antennal articles, 6 basal articles glabrous dorsally. Each tooth-plate with 5-10 teeth. Tergites 2(3)-20 with paramedian sutures. Complete tergite margination from TT12 (14)-21. Tergite of ultimate leg bearing segment without depression or suture. Paramedian sutures 20-60% on anterior part of sternites. Coxopleural process with 2-3 apical spines. Ultimate leg prefemora with 2 VL, 1 M, 1-2 DM and 1-3 spines on prefemoral process. One tarsal spur on legs 1-19.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5F175CC67A943FF3FACEB70022081C33" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D74F4CF5B8F2ADE7B1E5D9B38847E0E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Composite description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A3CEF176477C35419E4F926DD832B4AA" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Body length 11.4 cm in syntype. Dried holotype brownish on entire body. Cephalic plate with small punctae; median sulcus present. Posterior part of cephalic plate without paramedian sulci.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0337EE8FF0B8E424CF0921DD5187848A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Antennae with 17-18 articles, basal 6 subcylindrical and glabrous dorsally on left side, 6 articles glabrous ventrally. Antennae reach segment 4. Forcipular trochanteroprefemoral process with denticles in two groups, one apical and three inner. Tooth-plates quadrate, with 5 teeth (Fig. 26C; total of 12-14 teeth in original description). Tooth-plate with straight, transverse basal suture. Coxosternite smooth, without median suture. Article 2 of second maxillary telopodite with spur.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="39D0106731640768A1B76A45CD3A1A4A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anterior margin of T1 underlying cephalic plate (Fig. 26A). Complete paramedian sutures on TT2; margination typically starting on T9 (T13 in specimen from Hong Kong; NHMUK). Tergite surface (Fig. 27A) smooth, with median sulci on posterior part. Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment relatively broad (Fig. 27C), curved posteriorly, without median furrow or depression; ratio of width: length of tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment 0.72:1. Sternites (Fig. 26B) with short paramedian sutures on approximately 40-60% of anterior part. Surface of sternites smooth. Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Fig. 27B) with sides converging posteriorly, surface without depression. Pore-field on coxopleuron terminating beneath margin of tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, dorsal margin of pore area sinous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD62242F8359440F5A20F0E6F4C98815" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Coxopleural process moderately long or short with 1-2 apical and 1-2 subapical spines; pore-free area extending 80% length from distal part of coxopleural process to margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Fig. 27B).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A12FF0B79289001A3EAD5DB50FFAC328" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
All legs without setae and tibial spur. One tarsal spur on legs 1-19; holotype lacking leg 20. Ultimate legs (Fig. 27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="164C4CED531F7BE4F11943B56980292C" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
) thick and moderately long, with ratios of lengths of prefemur and femur 1.2:1, femur and tibia 1.7:1, tibia and tarsus 1 1.8:1; tarsus 1 and tarsus 2 1.5:1. Prefemora flattened dorsally, atypically rounded, with enlarged blackish spines. Prefemoral spines as follow: 3 VL, 2 M, 2 DM, prefemoral process with 3 spines (3 V, 2 D, prefemoral process with 3 spines in original description). Posterior margin of prefemur with shallow median groove.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BF1748A6ED43CF38E653AF3BC4B4E6C" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Genital segments well developed, reaching longer than distance between posterior margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and distal part of coxopleural process (Fig. 28A). Sternite of genital segment 1 round and convex posteriorly, with median suture (Fig. 28B). In male, sternite of genital segment 2 well-developed. Tergite of genital segment without small setae. Gonopods and penis absent (Fig. 28
|
||
<normalizedToken id="92131664192A8FC13181644B36CCC575" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F3150E48225A2D7A2E9E159FA356FF24" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="D020CC6DB13394936561DBBED52A88B0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figure 28. Genital segment(s) of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AA28900CB972F948C622A887F2673DE1" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45506159C7A6395835839570AB9EBC60" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(male; lateral and ventral views, respectively)
|
||
<normalizedToken id="756E283E652D98A243B404CA23AC8E99" originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB88D58210D9790DC0FC31CF37BC555" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra cataracta" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cataracta">Scolopendra cataracta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(female; lateral and ventral views, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7BE673316C7608C9689122B1488D38B4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Colouration. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB53210B06ABAE53D71D6730D0899108" author="Chao, JL" journalOrPublisher="KG, Saarbruecken, Germany" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" title="Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda) of Taiwan. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller Aktiengesellschaft & Co." year="2008">Chao (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, juvenile specimens have a reddish orange cephalic plate and T1. Basal part of antenna reddish orange, distal part greenish. The remaining tergites dark green. All legs reddish orange. In adult, all tergites reddish orange.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DA16382932D9DF0717B81D2CBA109A08" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="004571B8C1B17EED14A81EC5BBB27EFE" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D0A2D7081028EC6979ECABCAF3523CA" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Morphological characters are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC7C2F36B2E7E78D82889EA7E15CBB9A" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu Chao, 2008. The validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82691EDE3102435DC3298E072A61A0E6" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate species was re-established by the absence of gonopods on the first genital segment in males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0C050D418D2F2AE444B63AC82078EA6" author="Chao, JL" journalOrPublisher="KG, Saarbruecken, Germany" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" title="Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda) of Taiwan. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller Aktiengesellschaft & Co." year="2008">Chao 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EB54DB938523EA3D0BEF1A2B4E34072" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolopendra</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the region,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BE57378C5093725F5A298A3BA140E8B" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra hainanum" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hainanum">Scolopendra hainanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CA15613E2DFD95B4E90AF7891891660E" originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2012 from Hainan Island, China,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="4A7805194A1576212E760967C28702EF" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CF9B2BB62A12C00114EA417B3781EE" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distributed in eastern coastal Asia, have been reported to lack gonopods. Study of the type specimens of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F863FB0E967395CDA3790C529929BCE7" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CBF6060A2E006E069942FB0BC2CF869" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates a close relationship between these two species. The lack of gonopods in males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7191C988E8DBDD02278B31C631CD1E4C" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Thailand was found in the present study, which might provide a synapomorphic character for a clade composed of these species. However, the species boundaries between these taxa are complicated by disjunct distributional data, with previous records indicating that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="401D27369C407B155F40B4E90B810870" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
mostly occurs in the East China Sea and possibly ranges as far as Japan.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9CB91B69BBC8E1E4D8998EDAA9B59C29" author="Vahtera, V" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="578 - 602" title="Phylogenetics of scolopendromorph centipedes: can denser taxon sampling improve an artificial classification?" url="10.1071/IS13035" volume="27" year="2013">Vahtera et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD4250801F1F90DDB0C65E5A31105C16" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northern Vietnam and provided DNA sequences for a specimen. In this present study, we analyzed molecular data for numerous specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32BE3E75A0C95FBCEE32FAD15E34DFB4" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as the Vietnamese specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C1B3F49CCDB5E6CBAFAECC02457E25E" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
to explore their relationships. The phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7843FA06BFF1BDB8292BF88EDD1CA3FF" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FCB299DA88118B015437FC7B9125395" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and both are genetically distinct from other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="232DAFAB4500F67B7438FB619C88325E" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (Fig. 1). Based on to these results, an absence of gonopods is corroborated as a synapomorphy for this clade. Only geographical distribution and molecular data (i.e., branch length) can be used to distinguish these two species. COI is the only molecular marker available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="781B5E728E6BC292BF205FB6DF4307F9" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
from East Asia (unpublished results from sequences in GenBank from Taiwan), and analyses of our COI data with these included groups the Vietnamese specimen together with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCE7D90F86158A81E35DA92EC5F8167A" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because of their genetic distinctness and reciprocal monophyly, we regard
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18FB28D85DD610075E6B10A6CCACFD73" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8165E6F57184FEBC6C37A68018D93AF1" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid species until further morphological examination throughout their distribution ranges has been done to clarify species boundaries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="687E192AC8C554206F135370AA703969" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE2BDECD223B5E01E7450C182CB8A874" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="54C8B07408FAB848B1067C8EC8C3F859" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Widespread species in Asia (Fig. 29). The original description did not designate a type locality.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F9C20DC18354922F8397DF922A919A2" author="Kohlrausch, E" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="50 - 132" title="Gattungen und Arten der Scolopendriden." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13209" volume="47" year="1881">Kohlrausch (1881)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the collecting locality of this species as China based on a specimen in the Godeffroy collection, Hamburg, Germany. Subsequent publications reported further localities of this species as follows: Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Philippines (Mindanao) and Indonesia (Java and north New Guinea?). East Asia: China (Yunnan, Guanxi, Hainan, Hong Kong and Taiwan (Keelung, Nuannuan and Taipei)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8918297CC58E22E5A6BC80D9B58DBF60" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="05AD5D32D545049B6A443C32C0625AE6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Figure 29. Distribution map of six
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71DD5B3C78DE4C1917E0D39E37ADA787" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolopendra</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Southeast Asia and China-Japan Sea (small map): Filled and blank colours refer to localities from the present study and in the literature, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |