226 lines
33 KiB
XML
226 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F30700E6DAD943C2D43E3015E4D59298">A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83BBD18703A1F62296F7B12452DA0EE5">Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FF2A1BAFFDF6EF45AE7B8B16EE8D9D61">Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="76F323E8CB703D24D83BD391A263286E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056117" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:76F323E8CB703D24D83BD391A263286E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/76F323E8CB703D24D83BD391A263286E" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="12C795D7626DB6073E22B67A4EEA2F50" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="378776BA8FD3F6A71C48213ECD862C85" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Curculionidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C9013FC25B9B8B74B8E947DF78B28BB5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FFC9A5943C6544F7205E835907C0517A" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="A9FF32B2EB5DD994CC76F57E6AAA8412" ID-CoL="4VTLR" authority="Say, 1824" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus Say, 1824</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 20
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17163E027A3B3446F43F982EA4950C6F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1C0D2D57F197C9B7C2DB43DB653D0FC1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="A375AC9D0E52145E1B6B5597360C204F" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
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Say, 1824: 182.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2299F74DF82C80BA795EA16919D92655" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="04CCDF91E2A7F630DE59DA62959FDBA9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FF4160052CE45683ABFFE78CE582D650" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="653E64704C63887C346DB2857D544CEB" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
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are differentiated from other
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<taxonomicName id="8F2F643983207C8BCB913597719DA656" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolytus</taxonomicName>
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species by the presence of long, erect hair-like setae on the elytral interstriae and on the abdominal venter. The male is further distinguished by a pair of strongly elevated areas on the basal two-thirds of ventrite 5, each densely covered with abundant fine, long hair-like setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="81E38A7887FDA658C0DA17E4DC5F9694" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description (male)">
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<paragraph id="A470E6D11C8375D7658541327C506A8D" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description (male).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4AB3C217084F27EA99136113AD82ACAA" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">2.2-5.3 mm long (mean = 3.65 mm; n = 20); 1.75-2.6 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, legs and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae yellow-brown, elytra usually dark red-brown but occasionally red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="94FE695C570CAA0B1D24F907C67B5B0A" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Head. Epistoma moderately, broadly emarginated; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing strongly flattened when viewed laterally; densely, finely, longitudinally aciculate; aciculations converging at epistoma; impunctate; setae on lateral and dorsal margins covered by long, thick, incurved, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye, median areas covered with sparse, shorter and thinner setae. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, three very sharply arcuate sutures visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A98515EEBEFAD9115F0ABF2936BAA89A" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger, coarser and dense laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="77D3A32885554D7C777D4BCDF0FD33D7" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex entire at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc reticulate, shining; interstriae faintly impressed, equal to width of striae, interstrial punctures large, uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing moderately abundant, long, semi-erect, yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae moderately impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="81F0A3208FB51FE2B278AC762CF4A416" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface reticulate, shining, densely, coarsely punctured; punctures large, coarse; surface flattened; setae moderately abundant, longer than length of ventrite 3; apical margin unarmed; lateral margins of ventrites 2-3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 unarmed; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; median depression absent; pair of strongly elevated areas on basal two-thirds, each densely covered with abundant fine, long hair-like setae; apical third strongly impressed.</paragraph>
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<caption id="803D2F22C75BD2621453D918456F7A70" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="F50610FF3378CC34910C48B6B7FC2334" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Figure 20.
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<taxonomicName id="04C622346F6A144EEAC422508AFC94F5" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
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A dorsal male habitus B lateral male habitus C male frons D male frons oblique E male venter F male venter oblique G dorsal female habitus H lateral female habitus I female frons J female frons oblique K female venter L female venter oblique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="38A2E0F5F7A62D4B0D69F1A2130CF80C" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="female">
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<paragraph id="4965B42A82FA8337EDED9FF85A0DF7CE" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DCD0E12B99F10FC4C3B740BC940F867C" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">3.1-5.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 20); 1.96-2.45 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons less strongly flattened when viewed laterally, finely, narrowly longitudinally aciculate, setae shorter, less than width of eye and less abundant; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed. Ventrite 5 without a pair of strongly elevated areas on basal two-thirds or setal patches.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7F6FF9DC56F4D9F38F81D6D3BB54C29B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph id="318D210056DACD1B634A08D77628EE71" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="59152BF742BCC02CEE7BC8A564934FBB" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">214.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="352BFF5FC2C611098E333C41818091E6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="A87A837CFEF800EB56D5E50C5C5C77E5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F33CD7A12D83EE6CBB8424F301EEA99" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Holotype: male, Missouri (ANSP, lost).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="15C05A82191F4D733A206C181CD3B0CD" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="non-type material">
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<paragraph id="452F79A3B454B01DEC596371088F5DC6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3A4D418D39600E38AA1014E4ECDB4364" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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CANADA:ONTARIO: Pelee Island, 29.VI.1940, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). Point Pelee National Park, 23.VI.[19]31, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1); 27.IX.1989, K. Dunster, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="7C76AF27E10FB7AC3ADC4A54959274DD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis tenuifolia" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-1), 2.VIII.1990 (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:COLORADO:Jefferson Co.: Evergreen, Upper Bear Creek Rd, 11.IX.1980, D. Leatherman, ex. Douglas fir [=
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<taxonomicName id="E3F68507810CAB285183B60378C401D0" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudotsuga menziesii" order="Pinales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</taxonomicName>
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] (CSUC-1). ILLINOIS:Alexander Co.: Pleasant Valley, 15.VI.1979, B.C. Weber, ex. Trap 6, Ht. 2 (USNM-1), 22.VI.1979, ex. Trap 14, Ht. 4 (USNM-1). Champaign Co.: 28.X.1960, ex. hackberry [=
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<taxonomicName id="4DE3B465C21406ADC15EF0AF9F49C282" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (EMEC-4). Sangamon Co.: Springfield, 29.V.2003, C. Helm (CUIC-1). Stephenson Co.: Freeport, 4.VII.[19]17 (USNM-1). INDIANA:Tippecanoe Co.: 6.VI.1971, N.M. Downie, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="D23276B7FBBAB65DCD00844DF21A755E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis occidentalis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(USNM-6). IOWA: [Story Co.]: Ames, 18.VIII.1926, H.H. Harris (DEBC-2), 1.IV.1936 (DEBC-1), 22.V.1939, E. Polderboer (DEBC-1); 22.V.1939, C. Vocom (USNM-2); E. Snead (USNM-1). KANSAS:Douglas Co.: Lawrence, 5 mi N.E., Kansas University Natural History Research Station, 9.VII.1982, D.H. Wahl (CNCI-1). Lawrence, 10.VI.[19]20, M.W. Blackman (USNM-8); 5.IX.1950, S.L. Wood (USNM-4). Riley Co.: G.A. Dean (DEBC-1); Popenoe (DEBC-1). [Unspecified County]: Manhattan, 1.VI.[19]29, F. Kruger (DEBC-1); 5.VI.[19]29, T.N. Winburn (DEBC-1); 8.V.1968, G. Hevel (USNM-1). KENTUCKY:Christian Co.: 15.VI.1960, J.M. Campbell (CNCI-1). LOUISANA:Jefferson Parish: New Orleans, 4.XII.1975, emerged II.1976, S.G. Wellso, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="00850DC1553FDC969824DA0AF4F01FB9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis laevigata" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">Celtis laevigata</taxonomicName>
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wood (MSUC-13). Saint Bernard Parish: J.N. Knull, ex. reared from
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<taxonomicName id="9F322DE51F19A305A7BB97A7C845BD97" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis mississippiensis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mississippiensis">Celtis mississippiensis</taxonomicName>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="F177238F8C8B1280E499CF4A3943C098" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis tenuifolia" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</taxonomicName>
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] (USNM-3). MARYLAND: [Cecil Co.]: Port Deposit, 26.VI.1977, D. Jump (USNM-1), 13.VII.1977 (USNM-1), 9.VI.1979 (USNM-2), 3.VII.1979 (USNM-1). Montgomery Co.: Bethesda, 25.V.1981, W.E. Steiner (USNM-1). Plummers Island, II-III.1912, E.A. Schwarz, ex. branch of
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<taxonomicName id="7610D6908DEA568254B2FAC61CA513E0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
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sp. (USNM-30). MICHIGAN:Ingham Co.: East Lansing, Agriculture College [Michigan State University] (MSUC-8); S21 T4N R1W, VII.1970, S.G. Wellso (MSUC-12). East Lansing, IV.1972, D.K. Young (MSUC-4); 15.VI.1970, S.G. Wellso, ex. emerged from
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<taxonomicName id="1EDB3F274802868FFC574299F6C0B03C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis occidentalis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(MSUC-7). Okemos, 12.VIII.1969, S.G. Wellso (MSUC-1), 5.VI.1976 (MSUC-1); 28.V.1970, S.G. Wellso, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="078CECC65D622E6EE91F5938BFF5B7D3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis occidentalis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(MSUC-2), 10.VIII.1969 (MSUC-1). Kalamazoo Co.: Gourdneck Lake State Game Area, 19.VI.2011, A.I. Cognato, ex. funnel trap with EtOH (MSUC-1). Wayne Co.: Grosse Ile, Pke [sic! = Parke] lane,
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<geoCoordinate id="BE766B905284330A0683A00B0745DB6F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.1706">N42.17060°</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="092F1B7BD335248334BAB1F27639D142" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-84.14496">W84.14496°</geoCoordinate>
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, 23.
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<normalizedToken id="54690D27C9CEB10E33D14262A0034C5B" originalValue="V–">V-</normalizedToken>
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7.VI.2007, R. Mech, ex. Lindgren trap with ipslure (MSUC-1), ex. Lindgren trap with EtOH + alpha (MSUC-1), 20.VI-6.VII.2007, ex. Lindgren trap with ipslure (MSUC-1), 7-20.VI.2007 (MSUC-5). MISSISSIPPI: [Unspecified County]: 19.V.1920, M.W. Blackman (CNCI-1). MISSOURI: [Boone Co.]: Columbia, 24.IV.1954, P.J. Spangler (USNM-1). NEBRASKA:Dixon Co.: Ponca, Ponca State Park, 42.607161°N, -96.73223°W, 23.VIII.2007, T.P. Miller, ex. funnel trap with PSB alpha-pinene (MSUC-1). Knox Co.: Crofton, Lewis and Clarke Lake, 42.8321983°N -97.575555°W, 5.IX.2007, T.P. Miller, ex. funnel trap with Sirex (MSUC-1). [Lancaster Co.]: Lincoln, 29.VIII.[19]53, R. Roselle, ex. elm [=
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<taxonomicName id="31C360A87AFB8A7C188DD1B007268B01" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (USNM-1). Sarpy Co.: Fontenelle Forest, 41.171478°N -95.9068166°W, 30.V.2006, N. Haxton, ex. funnel trap with ethanol lure (MSUC-1), 7.VII.2006 (MSUC-1). NEW JERSEY: [Burlington Co.]: Riverton, 12.II.1934, Wadley, ex. on Hackberry [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="045018F0AE8437933DACEDDA05854C76" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (USNM-1). [Essex Co.]: Newark (USNM-1). [Somerset Co.]: North Branch, 9.III.1937, C.H. Hoffman, ex. from gallery made in honey locust [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52D08CA1DA2D3174F8F019E7609F451F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gleditsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gleditsia triacanthos" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (USNM-1). NEW YORK: [Tompkins Co.]: Ithaca, 18.VI.[19]59, ex. in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9BEAB9FF74324724BB2E170334860238" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis occidentalis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUIC-11). NORTH CAROLINA:Mecklenburg Co.: Charlotte, 15-20.VI.2006, J.F. Cornell, ex. FIT in vacant lot (MSUC-1). NORTH DAKOTA: [Ransom Co.]: Mcleod, 5 mi N.W., 4.VII.1968, H.F. Howden (CNCI-1). OHIO: [Franklin Co.]: Columbus (USNM-1); 11.V.[19]14 (DEBC-2). [Hamilton Co.]: Cincinnati, 6.VI.[?] (USNM-1), 24.VI.[?] (USNM-1), 9.VII.[?] (USNM-1). OKLAHOMA:Latimer Co.: V.1982, K. Stephan (USNM-2). PENNSYLVANIA: [Allegheny Co.]: Allegheny [= Pittsburgh], 7.VIII.[18]95 (CUIC-12). [Dauphin Co.]: Harrisburg, T.H. Hubbell (CUIC-1). Hummelstown, 26.VI.[19]37, J.N. Knull (CUIC-6). TEXAS:Brazos Co.: College Station, 13.IV.1964, S.G. Wellso (MSUC-1), 26.IV.1964 (MSUC-1). [Unspecified County]: Dallas, Hopk. U.S. 9929-X, F.C. Bishop, ex. hackberry [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F2BE90DB2E28DAB0C7E0DCAA2DB1474" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (USNM-5). VIRGINIA:Clarke Co.: Boyne, 2 mi S., U[niversity of] Virginia Blandy Experimental Farm, 8-18.VI.1990, D.R. Smith, ex. malaise trap (USNM-1), 19-30.VI.1990 (USNM-1), 1-12.VII.1990 (USNM-1). Essex Co.: Dunnsville, 1 mi S.E., 37°52'N, 76°48'W, 29.V-9.VI.1993, D.R. Smith, ex. malaise trap (USNM-1); 24.VI-9.VII.1992 (USNM-1). Fairfax Co.: Mount Vernon, 27.VI.1915, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7EB650D0FDFFA0BD0FE6F3A0136A84F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Cornus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cornus stricta" order="Cornales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">Cornus stricta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM-1). [Unspecified County]: Falls Church, 4.III.1921, E.A. Chapin (USNM-1). WASHINGTON, D.C.: 21.V.1908 (MSUC-5). WEST VIRGINIA:Morgan Co.: near Great Cacapon, 25.V.1985, G.F. & J.F. Hevel (USNM-2). Wood Co.: Hopk. U.S. 6675, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E80D05266657783B643123A91A40B76" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM-1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="41E5E30EE25435C2F0DBF45DCBBD755F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="297F907FBEE724327F298015B3A2CF8D" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A93C8D3B2834C4627E5E09A8EFB28E68" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">CANADA: Ontario. UNITED STATES: Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia (Fig. 21).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B410021AC6FD717C2DD96458A621DE57" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="0695EE78D76B48AE85B7372F18779261" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figure 21.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E18280526D02744606854DE3D658EAB1" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
distribution map.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B5C417930BA0887C5277DCB1A0D214E8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="hosts">
|
||
<paragraph id="86791609675F97EA12CE2B8DD2D77709" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F352F93220D19203A5B3C79451E5B7C5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F60DD86CDC01B4681B4C3DE9C63DD47" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis occidentalis" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (common hackberry),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBE33A86843B52AFD606387FF3E38F69" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis tenuifolia" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nutt. (dwarf hackberry),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E413CCB9046084EF8D11872A8A8334C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis laevigata" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">Celtis laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Willd. (sugar hackberry) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA80C3C2B21A67C1BFFD4A6AA9DECCB5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gleditsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gleditsia triacanthos" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (honeylocust).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="18B6FF28EDEFF9B5102B865DBA6708CA" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D53358A5E681D7C77F55A7296323445" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Common name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D77A67BA787E749347DB47644A6D52FC" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hackberry engraver.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81F7EE6FFDCC146A2807888F7D225CBD" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D649D3FF2C27888B2F246ED96E960F12" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A94CE8869A7D0E7F6DC0632176807210" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C29471E447A6D6CA56E5AB067DB470B9" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers to colonize dead, dying or felled trees and the broken, dead and dying branches of live hackberry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C2D43B21F4F7562ACEFF597CB3CE4523" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="244F2FC9C804CB00A60754C5A68CFD32" author="Doane, RW" journalOrPublisher="McGraw-Hill Co., New York" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="Forest insects, a textbook for the use of students in forest schools, colleges, and universities, and for forest workers." year="1936">Doane et al. 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF90CEA350149D020AA7FF47C597CA0A" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Biosystematic Research Institute, Ottawa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 2: The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska, Coleoptera: Scolytidae." year="1976">Bright 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E46C6C3F5604456C4C77F7DC8ADF96D4" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The biology of this species is poorly understood. Adult galleries are parallel to the grain of the wood and consist of a single egg gallery; a nuptial chamber is not constructed. The adult gallery strongly scores the sapwood and ranges in size from 2.5-5.0 cm in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48A7B20B8CFEC9790F52E0BB15D44490" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larval mines first radiate perpendicular to the egg
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="E8F140F164F377FC1192CAE53CADB31C" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">gallery</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and later meander, giving the galleries a tortuous appearance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A19474C39BFC810F2C7788DEC72652CA" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13D7258533B414D383C565BB17B98B8B" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Biosystematic Research Institute, Ottawa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 2: The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska, Coleoptera: Scolytidae." year="1976">Bright 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae construct pupal chambers in burrows 2.0-3.0 cm deep within the sapwood (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD1D8382AF86F6461997FD84C83F86B1" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Biosystematic Research Institute, Ottawa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 2: The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska, Coleoptera: Scolytidae." year="1976">Bright 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Smith and Cognato, pers. obs.). There are two generations per year in the southeastern US and one generation per year in the northeastern US (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E4A86B3AC0EEAF313B6733EDFF102845" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C521CE25C6AFD21E7D458662818F44E6" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="16C90D43C3FAF77138473660C92F6150" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF61628AB48E628AC12E092F9FED8863" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2CC8B61F62C87BFFCC3699E4093304CB" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF487C6924A98DEEB3277ABB7C410B39" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been lost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B10DC5F2A2F0F2F6F4BE6D9128577A67" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A7D2A6DD795361392E928265E7C129FD" author="Say, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="139 - 216" title="Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long." volume="3" year="1824">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="59A54DED6302652F670425944340B966" originalValue="Say’s">Say's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1824)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description is unambiguous as to the characteristics of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3C704977467675FBBD704600534154C" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F1BF08D0ECD2256127C46D89C00DEA08" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14DB771FD8B1410E2F0F49BE70C1FBA1" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus muticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Scolytus muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having a transverse gallery that is perpendicular to the grain of the wood. Other authors, including
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3A64B474E8419B6933D2D9FEF7EE591" author="Blackman, MW" journalOrPublisher="Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Mississippi bark beetles." year="1922">Blackman (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C87CB96BC76FFAF23FC6F67612F8331C" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A83E6D486E6EE7A17335F0EBC0186C4F" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Biosystematic Research Institute, Ottawa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 2: The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska, Coleoptera: Scolytidae." year="1976">Bright (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report this species as having a longitudinal gallery that is parallel to the grain of the wood. After examining the literature and photographs provided by T.H. Atkinson, it appears that Wood erred in his description and the gallery is parallel to the grain of the wood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |