363 lines
40 KiB
XML
363 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="61818F415F9280CC53A5C201C561A12E">A revision of the genus Muricea Lamouroux, 1821 (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the eastern Pacific. Part II</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="826F11DD05B5B770296AA12F82B1E6A0">Breedy, Odalisca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4079A028C2DB3774DEB8130A726945AC">Guzman, Hector M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="5EFE2ED7E42EC023A55DA89377F7BF9B">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="A589A19BA523B9ABA9948403FE30A2F2" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.581.7910</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="40640F7974E54D75D3CA89517CB7CE29" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127891036" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:40640F7974E54D75D3CA89517CB7CE29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/40640F7974E54D75D3CA89517CB7CE29" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="39BD7735AA7FEAE28AB8DEDFCF9BCD7E" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="EE24340E4064ECCE5EF3F62330C3F81B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<pageBreakToken id="241518EA528235DF7D1D67AAB7C423DE" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Alcyonacea Plexauridae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="099221CA263AFB18FFA7E8993A02D640" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5D64B613F14C9DB2DD84FCB07C2A880F" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="8DC277ED3DA6D60673A35C6A08469B5A" ID-CoL="44MSL" authority="Verrill, 1864" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1864" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea Verrill, 1864</taxonomicName>
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Figures 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="81F83577270F167B115A049DF1C1B5B4" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="02625267C50B76FDC25DC7D149395AFD" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="9D6B41C16AEB4ABE7F0FC2CF2C60E135" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea hebes" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hebes">Muricea hebes</taxonomicName>
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(pars.) Verrill, 1864: 36.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C890F7C071AAA76DDCCD714C446E1E96" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="E22735843208DC610E04E6CD0986B8C7" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="E51EA08582AF57FFD36AB6BE9B612C85" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science and Arts" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="411 - 415" title="Critical remarks on halcyonoid polyps in the museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera." volume="45" year="1868 b">Verrill 1868b</bibRefCitation>
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: 412;
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<bibRefCitation id="9EABD3B75C170544C480BE933E0107F8" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="418 - 518" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, Number 6: Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1869">Verrill 1869</bibRefCitation>
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: 441-444;
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<bibRefCitation id="544EE00519640CE9CA4FC0ABCCBBA425" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen " Valdivia " 1898 - 99" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 946" title="Gorgonaria." volume="13" year="1919">
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<normalizedToken id="8C48F4382C08F69C1B946B66FF3CE55A" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1919
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 752;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="72108EF525E4A52536217D454D39507C" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich" year="1924">
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<normalizedToken id="216799CB28E794068C084E84FF93F8E7" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1924
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 146;
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<bibRefCitation id="F902890A4CBB8F835186C3F6AFACAA44" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="325 - 422" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XLVII. The Gorgonacea of Panama Bay together with a description of one species from the Galapagos Islands and one from Trinidad." volume="85" year="1928">Hickson 1928</bibRefCitation>
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: 366-367;
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<bibRefCitation id="CB2B888FA13EE00499361BC16336AB25" author="Riess, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik Supplement" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="377 - 420" title="Die Gorgonarien Westindiens. Kapitel 8. Die Familie Muriceidae." volume="16" year="1929">Riess 1929</bibRefCitation>
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: 394-395;
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<bibRefCitation id="018C1D2F6FAD1D54A288D0681B3CAD33" author="Stiasny, G" journalOrPublisher="Aus der Sammlung Dr. Th. Mortensen, Zoologisk Museum, Kopenhagen Videnskavelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kovenhavn for Aarene" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="59 - 103" title="Gorgonaria von Panama." volume="107" year="1943">Stiasny 1943</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 66-68;
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<bibRefCitation id="1D58B944175702F09C993E04C695CD7F" author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="Illinois State University, Illinois, USA" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia)" year="1979">Harden 1979</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 157-158.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="254201FAEF1F6E619E0E73E3F9A45632" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="FFF99B269564406E308187A84C52191F" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea var. nigra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="purpurea" variety="nigra">Muricea purpurea var. nigra</taxonomicName>
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Hickson, 1928: 367 syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="407E71AA5799DB926326975DDC3318AF" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="DBA21E5A8ED207250433127A4C16F4FD" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
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Aurivillius, 1931: 108-109 syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1C0435C5433A7BB9B149AD040CCAF87B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="AB52B108E04468E6F23327A41C4EF7FA" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0466866A933ECEA7A2642B609B0B0F5B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<typeStatus id="F2704F549489066A53669B728AE46014" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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. YPM 1795A, dry, Pearl Islands,
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<normalizedToken id="F7FEC5F936150FCACE4DB44193F4ACA3" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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, F.H. Bradley, 1866-1867, no more data.
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<typeStatus id="6B814BD50668D919DE68713FB00DCAFF" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
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.
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<normalizedToken id="0F7DFAFB6C9CFC144D9E1125FB7D432D" originalValue="PANAMÁ">PANAMA</normalizedToken>
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: MCZ 7018 (707, fragment); YPM 808; YPM 1560A-G; YPM 1795B; ZMUC ANT-194 (YPM 1560), dry, Pearl Islands, F.H. Bradley, 1866-1867, no more data. YPM 1637 (fragment), alcohol preserved; Pearl Islands, F.H. Bradley, 1866-1867, no more.
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<normalizedToken id="E591596CA1D4BB87898015259DFBB44C" originalValue="MÉXICO">MEXICO</normalizedToken>
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: MCZ 55, ethanol preserved; Acapulco, A. Agassiz, 1859-1860, no more data. MCZ 4066 (188); MCZ 4067 (188); YPM 391, dry, Acapulco, A. Agassiz, 1859-1860, no more data.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7BFA5437ED582990A79D342B2E7E032F" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="2E1C9D5D42DF5A09BE4258BAAA4D3843" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Other type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BEC888DF83AE359C4A4ADFEC6BE64141" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<normalizedToken id="2BA8FB9155B62DC4026A3A9A61DF0554" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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: BM 1946.1.14.44, dry, off Taboguilla Island, 9 m, T. Mortensen, 27 November 1915. USNM 34062, dry, Gulf of
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<normalizedToken id="BA5E39A2D7BE87546EEB6A915504AA35" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken id="BCFAD0D6D0DBF47D29F22DB7C8137484" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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, no more data. ZMUC ANT-142 (
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<normalizedToken id="FA1D08FE1ACBAACC63384584528D3DA0" originalValue="Hickson’s">Hickson's</normalizedToken>
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<typeStatus id="B053F9EB5A2F66B2F8ACCFE4492C70F5" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="8C8BE7EE4679C38B57515ED0547A7CD0" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea var. nigra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="purpurea" variety="nigra">Muricea purpurea var. nigra</taxonomicName>
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, ethanol preserved, Taboga Island,
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<normalizedToken id="1E32918441DFB0EDF95C6AA630D20988" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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, 9 m, T. Mortensen, 25 November 1915. NICARAGUA: SMNH 1693 (
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<normalizedToken id="328C9E37140B374F0EF226099E455DDF" originalValue="Aurivillius’s">Aurivillius's</normalizedToken>
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<typeStatus id="CD3A504F69477B1DAE5ED968CDB85374" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="2B0ABEAD3CAB18FC1D174DB7673859BB" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
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); USNM 44190 (fragment of SMNH 1693), dry, off Realejo, Leg. Palme, no more data.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9A4745F11FD20D3E3522D7C6A3F1052" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="516255328F726E408F6653DD1766F0D1" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F753094280210826CFBE4EC85CBBF13C" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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The lectotype is a 22 cm long and 21 cm wide colony with branching in one plane and mostly dichotomous (Fig. 33A). The colony is composed of four stems that arise from a spreading holdfast about 5 mm in diameter and devoid of coenenchyme at the base. The four stems, 6-11 mm in diameter, are slightly flattened, and 12-45 mm long. They bifurcate producing secondary branches, that subdivide again at distances of 12-75 mm apart, 2-3 branches do not subdivide, reaching up to 12 cm long, but most of them do, some of them up to 5 times. The branches are stout, 12-14 mm in diameter and are little tapered toward the tips, 9-11 mm in diameter. The branches are wider and flattened at the branching points, 12-14 mm in diameter. They are mostly crooked, split at close angles 45°-60° at the upper branches, and at wider angles close to the base; these branches curve and some of them bend upwards (Fig. 33A). The unbranched terminal ends are 50-80 mm long. Axes are
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<pageBreakToken id="0717695892CDAC4A83B22D7E2A69F036" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">brownish</pageBreakToken>
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and with darker hues at the thicker branches. The calyces are all around the branches, close together and slightly imbricate (Fig. 33B). They are small, up to 1.8 mm long, sub-conical, with a granulose appearance. The calyces extend upwards with the tips pointed and often incurved; they are smaller and truncated at the lower parts of the branches. The coenenchyme is thick, sclerites are dark red and reddish orange (Fig. 33
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<normalizedToken id="EFB13A5DC5B3D6BED71E66A15244A22E" originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
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), and those from the axial sheath are pink. The calycular and the outer coenenchymal sclerites are leaf-like spindles, 0.3-0.70 mm long and 0.10-0.30 mm wide, with spiny lateral process and a warty surface (Fig. 34A). Spinous club-like spindles are abundant especially toward the calyces and slightly project beyond the calyx border. They are stout and rough, 0.15-0.20 mm long and 0.07-0.08 mm wide, with a warty base, and a thorny head (Fig. 34C). Unilateral spinous spindles are smaller, 0.23-0.62 mm long and 0.13-0.30 mm wide, with one side warty and the other spinulose (Fig. 34B). The axial sheath is composed of irregular spindles up to 0.24-0.40 mm long and 0.10-0.14 mm wide with acute or bifurcated ends and tuberculate radiates 0.13-0.21 mm long and 0.09-0.14 mm wide (Fig. 34D). Anthocodial sclerites are reddish orange, composed of warty rods, 0.09-0.30 mm long and 0.03-0.055 mm wide, (Fig. 34E).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="868E989DCCA9F92B9D296A45AF461C66" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<paragraph id="24DAD8FB55CA5FBE707ED60C4352EF95" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Figure 33.
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<taxonomicName id="3771743A71EF32231312ED4D27146349" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1864, YPM 1795a. A Colony B Detail of branches
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<normalizedToken id="BE8FE8A6F27839C4BA64AB6438940359" originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
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Sclerites, light micrographs.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="B214688CA4B27D107AD2600935875C2F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<paragraph id="32270D5669A21C2779BA3EF917D14665" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Figure 34.
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<taxonomicName id="27BB8F6D98BAD4258E4076CA0AB6C678" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1864, YPM 1795a.
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<normalizedToken id="9450F2183EAA40258FD8D8EE2162F2E4" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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Calycular and coenenchymal sclerites D Axial sheath sclerites E Anthocodial sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="A52930B8DC742EDB73636665B681ECA3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Colour of the colony is reddish purple.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56C55C587BDB0CF202CAD51EA883CCD7" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="habitat and variability">
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||
<paragraph id="650951226307426947305E6905083B8E" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<pageBreakToken id="51B1DE6A0BA8F63035F95BA4A0A09286" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Habitat</pageBreakToken>
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and variability.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D1768BA6730C467562FAB2ABA4F34D9" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8EBA5759B5B43FDD283B2B4BE35A7E3A" originalValue="Verrill’s">Verrill's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type collection is composed of specimens from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="135749B35B4283F0CE87B1CF3ECF10D2" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Acapulco,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4626E12C471661DE98BC4E5BFD7161D7" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A628A3EE13AF394F886280A5E5810247" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
was mostly based on the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FEA540BBA10FA0B648E213D96760379A" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2DBF002F4A749EAE5EF71422CE3F88E2" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="418 - 518" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, Number 6: Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1869">Verrill 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), YPM 1795 was the figured specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E7C8FF7980B29F0891197FA453D3E29E" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="418 - 518" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, Number 6: Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1869">Verrill 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
plate VII, 6). However we found that there are two different morphologies among the specimens. The ones from Mexico are finger-like colonies, composed of one or more single branches, with a more intense red colour (reddish purple) and with larger calyces (Fig. 35A) than the specimens from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="610A7547DF860326B2AD73F663212A88" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The largest sclerites in the Mexican specimens reach up to 1.0 mm long (Fig. 36A), larger than 0.625 mm as stated by Verrill for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C492325A5C9BF1597B464077C9EFE6F" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The larger sclerite sizes were not found in the typical series from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C984861A920BD9416CC9523C17C50A4" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
, where the maximum size was 0.70 mm. The sizes and types of the rest of sclerites are mostly consistent with the typical specimens (Fig. 36
|
||
<normalizedToken id="101D7FC7FAF4E13924CE69DD7638FA83" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The sclerites of the specimens from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="959042B0741F054494C0622FBEC4EACF" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the YPM type series are morphologically consistent among them, but in the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="75D79DCEE7BBB6F88956D08477B4B14B" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimens we found both sclerite morphologies (e.g., YPM 7018 from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E5AC5F24963279D72BD25AB622371260" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
matches the sclerites of the Mexican morphotype). There is a series of intermediate types of sclerites among the examined specimens and the lectotypes (Figs 35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ACB0C294AF0460CE327810625A5DA425" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
; 37B, D). In some specimens there is a dominance of spindles with terminal spiny processes, others with lateral spiny processes. In some cases the spines of the leaf-like spindles are shorter than in others, e.g., paralectotype MCZ 4066 (Fig. 35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1791A838FBDE896042B6FF82BF5109F5" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and MCZ 4067. The sclerite colours are mostly as in the lectotype, but some variation toward darker hues was observed. The colour of the colonies is from reddish purple to dark purple (Figs 35A; 37A, C; 38
|
||
<normalizedToken id="16684D7CD62701E25FE560478E6C7785" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The extremes can be observed in the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2507B98C6C8419766006D26FB8C98C85" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DE26894F9A5B52518F187D7EF5A6871" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea var. nigra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="purpurea" variety="nigra">Muricea purpurea var. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
(syns. n. in this paper). The lighter colours are in the former and the darker hues in the latter (Fig. 37A, C). We have found all these morphologies in our recent collections from Costa Rica,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D829C1FBC7E6E3AAD7B9B13B7231647A" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Ecuador, Nicaragua and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="74449125790DAA4F5D4C5CA7462C9988" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Perhaps population biology research of these communities could reveal affinities among the morphotypes that could justify further species separation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BEE6F7809E380B0F1379948AB5327B55" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="93EEB820AF13DBEFEF0A046D29A54D00" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Figure 35.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A0AE1DB70C5860431B1B6EA6DC1FBFF" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1864, MCZ 4066. A Colony
|
||
<normalizedToken id="736559A0CA3010E743CDC03AD0B70015" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sclerites, light micrographs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="032685DACB09C0D59A07296FC4BB0960" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="8ADC9BDBB32DACBEE47435DA6CCDD7CA" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Figure 36.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF61E455334B7C05CBACE6E14AB7FE14" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1864, MCZ 4066. A Calycular and coenenchymal sclerites B Axial sheath sclerites C Anthocodial sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1AF731AB22A882F5033402EE900239BA" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="D5FCF18A742CBEFB4D8A7A7EB610D47A" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Figure 37.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A1B6D3B2D3CA9235B1990CE941B685D" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1864. A ZMUC ANT-142 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E07F41A01E4397770426A4B6F89BD28" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea var. nigra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="purpurea" variety="nigra">Muricea purpurea var. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hickson, 1928, syn. n.) colony B Sclerites, light micrographs C SMNH 1693 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D49A5BE67F6B23CB04703CC2B7A61738" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aurivillius, 1931, syn. n.) colony, photograph: Elin Sigvaldadottir D Sclerites, light micrographs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4CE17C54A6AA2817AF62916772518C96" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="E65E473DCE88C48CE1AA67E3A7328F9C" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Figure 38.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E06A0B8C8F277CD4E160407D7DE2B10" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1864, colonies in situ, submarine pictures. A Oxaca,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="48544B793D93FE4D09DEAFF3B39CDD5D" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
, photograph: Rosalinda Abeytia B Ahorcados Islet, Machalilla National Park, photograph: Graham Edgar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1AAAED37934A0103984199E2C8D9B41D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">The colonies are found on rocky substrates, mostly vertically placed or upside down in caves. They also occur in crevices at rocky bottoms and grow straight up. The colonies can extend along the substrate by spreading holdfast up to 30 cm long producing separate branches forming large colonies. When alive, polyps look, or greenish yellow (Fig. 38A), or whitish on a dark purple colony (Fig. 38B). When polyps retract colonies look darker, more blackish (Fig. 38A).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CEA5A597A2FC75CCEDE76F452246AA6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C17A94606AD958EE3E804530B14980E0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="509EDFC9257513609271D2967C7E80F9" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
It is a widespread species distributed from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0A02C60F0FA84966A685CD5914A6621D" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FFB18EC59FEA5E6D48D04BE7BF0EB7BE" originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The species has been reported for Acapulco,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D047597B0B1E0E427B16FBCABECCF409" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Corinto, Nicaragua; Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B8E20FB346823C55348EB75BB51CF71" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich" year="1924">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="65C19BC517F910C1DADDB3DCB6D09C5D" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
1924
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from Santa Clara Island to Esmeraldas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B749E5DFE64E454F222966C6964296B4" author="Rivera, F" journalOrPublisher="Fundacion NAZCA, Conservacion Internacional, Ecuador" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" title="Guia fotografica de corales y octocorales, Parque Nacional Machalilla y Reserva de Produccion Faunistica Marino Costera Puntilla de Santa Elena." year="2011">
|
||
Rivera and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D5CBE3EFD72A0314D66073E4731CA165" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E07A2CB997C4EB1520C5D81C77C5FC5A" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
. We have observed it at several sites along the Pacific coast from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D632E6E4111088A7CDE7B6F88DD556C1" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F5A2B178E2C6FE1E46D302348F0F65B3" originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The depth range is from 3 to 25 m, but mostly it occurs at 8 to 15 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4924B421364D40591B342CD5A3D0331" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Type locality, Pearl Islands,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="92F4F9D3CC9F98A787DC4423F1A2E1A5" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B60436F54F593C824D8F6AFE90F9F8FA" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="E55A9FB5687911B1819C00242F3BABE1" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98CEDBD455485193B1CE3BD119FEC323" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The species was first mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19A42FA9F177A207739F480B837EF18F" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="29 - 60" title="List of the polyps and corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology to other institutions in exchange, with annotations." volume="1" year="1864">Verrill (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
together with other species that he separated and properly described later (1869).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD414C32B438E91BA36A441E1242B31" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described with specimens from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9912FC7E3E59C1AF595E5243D4AD43B6" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="361CDFC121146257741C0E1B8EBDB181" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Verrill did not designate a holotype. The specimen YPM 1795A is herein designated as the lectotype of this species in order to clearly establish its taxonomic status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BD65A07D67396FB134113E182831C58" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6FA546D7E591F7FDCD773EFDEC3663F6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">There</pageBreakToken>
|
||
are two other related species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519D926FFCBACB7F67F8748170F4649F" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BFBED119634BCAF66DAC4D0A4FA6063" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea var. nigra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="purpurea" variety="nigra">Muricea purpurea var. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A84ACCF4D3F410DA372DF0F6BAD305B5" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="325 - 422" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XLVII. The Gorgonacea of Panama Bay together with a description of one species from the Galapagos Islands and one from Trinidad." volume="85" year="1928">Hickson (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2233CD90C0637B5C1EFFF30708A4F0C2" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(var.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6744B4CC5F0DAD955A78720F0BD958BF" genus="Octocorallia" lsidName="Octocorallia nigra var. nigra" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="variety" species="nigra" variety="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
) based on the colour (very dark purple) and the ramification (bushier). However, according to Hickson the sclerites of this species were that close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C555347D049E79835DFFB19D5BECE8C" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
that he could not consider them as separate species. We conclude that
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C3F9E102FB1741E6C2494D50FF1CC073" originalValue="Hickson´s">Hickson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
ZMUC ANT- 142 specimen is in the variation range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE5F02B798010CDED090A2BF1577EF56" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for this reason it is considered herein as a synonym.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17D72703742FBEF1AE76AE8C3527911E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8E38CC9D4F80C9E40CF9DA6AD4379932" author="Aurivillius, M" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (ser. 3)" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 337" title="The gorgonians from Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands, 1914." volume="9" year="1931">Aurivillius (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with a specimen from Nicaragua. The author stated that he never had the opportunity to revise any material previously established and that he could not identify the species from the existing descriptions at that time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="43B4723929A897C7C57D63308B6914B6" author="Aurivillius, M" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (ser. 3)" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 337" title="The gorgonians from Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands, 1914." volume="9" year="1931">Aurivillius 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pag.104). We analysed
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3E0DCDDBCEFC28402E31420A2311F9A2" originalValue="Aurivillius’">Aurivillius'</normalizedToken>
|
||
holotype (SMNH 1693) and, as in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F41F15DA074E91B0ECA2302786B70FD3" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea var. nigra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="purpurea" variety="nigra">Muricea purpurea var. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we did not find
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CF60767DCD79F5283BC6C286FFA6767" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea rubra" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Muricea rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
out of the variation range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F04A13777F1AD36105820F83681B49E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Herein it is also considered as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C98F1D38932481B43335C69733EDEF12" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea purpurea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="purpurea">Muricea purpurea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E236F450AB7E3FBE0D639E285065C648" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C21A65D339EE9391329FB0D3C3BDD27" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Other material revised.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6780708FCAB648961E3758EFB698FA5C" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
COSTA RICA. UCR 479a, dry, Herradura Beach, 10 m, J
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D51A4206573ACD61AF87FC98AFFC472F" originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2 September 1983; UCR 510, 632a, dry,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="723E62FE7F17DEE28857DF58B35BB422" originalValue="Sámara">Samara</normalizedToken>
|
||
Beach, Guanacaste, 12 m, H. Guzman, 18 March 1984; UCR 800, dry, Olocuita Islet, Manuel Antonio National Park, Puntarenas, 8 m, J
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3A14126B39FEA472E29C1DE379B127D4" originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2 July 1995; UCR 1620, ethanol preserved, Carrillo Beach, Guanacaste, 10 m, J
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6103D0511A380C6A3F7BA0813D4E05D8" originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2006; UCR 1693, ethanol preserved, Salinas Bay, Guanacaste, O Breedy, 7 December 2006. ECUADOR: IIN 20, dry, Tambip, Salinas, 12-14 m, F. Rivera, P.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E64AB2D0BA296960D841B4E522B2834E" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 20 July 2010; IIN 43, 48, dry, Gigima, Salinas, 12-14 m, F. Rivera, P.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3B611DE4B38DC25D2500CB9DCD88D6B3" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 22 July 2010; IIN 99, 117, 119, 120, dry, Los Ahorcados, Machalilla National Park, 10-12 m, F. Rivera, P.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0FB456F338BE9ABAF4C9EF490D2C46C9" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 25 July 2010; IIN 129, dry, Salango Island, Machalilla National Park, 12-25 m, F. Rivera, P.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2A92C1EF15B710406B68B2E6AC779ED8" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 25 July 2010.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="590CF1139BCC33C10C7B7D03BF81C668" originalValue="PANAMÁ">PANAMA</normalizedToken>
|
||
: STRI 360, dry, Otoque Island,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="15ED7EED04EB7FE182652F9BC0E0F7A5" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
|
||
Gulf, 5-10 m, H. Guzman, 9 May 2002; STRI 361, dry, Otoque Island, 5-10 m, H. Guzman, 9 May 2002; STRI 378, dry, Taboguilla Island
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F76A55F12A2F0B9F10D6E2B245CFF0C" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
|
||
Gulf, 5-10 m, H. Guzman, 9 May 2002; STRI 716, H Station, 45 m, H. Guzman, 6 August 2003; STRI 766, 767, San Telmo Island, 3-8 m, H. Guzman, 7 August 2003; STRI 784, San Telmo Island, 3 m, H. Guzman, 10 October 2003; STRI 809, 813, Del Rey SE Island, 4 m, 6 April 2004; STRI 823, Puerco Island, 3 m, H. Guzman, 6 April 2004; STRI 827, Elefante Island, 4 m, H.
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="E0835E3D618EF0161EF0AD2924DDC147" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Guzman</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, 7 April 2004; STRI 847, Sur Pacheca, 2 m, H. Guzman, 20 April 2004; STRI 854, Pearl Island, 3 m, H. Guzman, 21 April 2004; STRI 855, Pearl Island, 4 m, H. Guzman, 21 April 2004; STRI 860, 861, Pearl Island, 2-4 m, H. Guzman, 23 April 2004; STRI 894, San Telmo Island, 3-8 m, H. Guzman, 18 August 2004; STRI 905, Pedro Gonzales Island, 10 m, H. Guzman, 23 September 2004; STRI 931, 932, 933, Pedro Gonzales Island, 10 m, H. Guzman, 23 September 2004.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |