treatments-xml/data/36/37/11/36371172B4620967FF7CF9204668B53E.xml

<document id="077DEC19E2288B8A3FEEF27BAE42263A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.182293" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c8c066c-e624-4863-a448-9911e41b3ffb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="182293" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459859182356" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bockmann, Flávio A. &amp; Miquelarena, Amalia M." docDate="2008" docId="36371172B4620967FF7CF9204668B53E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01780p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1780" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhamdella cainguae Bockmann &amp; Miquelarena, 2008, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="CA0E690AB461096CFFEBFFF24449B36C" masterDocTitle="Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a new catfish species from northeastern Argentina with comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Rhamdella Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1888 (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698225842942" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0B48D9C31104A0C5C2D0925F11E1B21D">Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a new catfish species from northeastern Argentina with comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Rhamdella Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1888 (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3E83103D5B6E450237AAE2E9A4F14A2">Bockmann, Flávio A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C1ADDC6E79C594FFF49282D7B858C456">Miquelarena, Amalia M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9FC7F97A51305DE4419C393D17075695">2008</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB462096FFF7CF920450BB463" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B462096FFF7CF9204661B580" blockId="3.[151,552,1746,1807]" box="[151,552,1746,1772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="E5691708B462096FFF7CF9204661B580" bold="true" box="[151,552,1746,1772]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B462096FFF7CF9204661B580" bold="true" box="[151,552,1746,1772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B462096FFF7CF92045D8B580" ID-CoL="4RZM7" box="[151,401,1746,1772]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B462096FFF7CF92045D8B580" bold="true" box="[151,401,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97D9C10DB462096FFE73F9204661B580" box="[408,552,1746,1772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B462096FFF7CF907450BB463" blockId="3.[151,552,1746,1807]" box="[151,322,1781,1807]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B462096FFF74F90744B8B463" box="[159,241,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1155,1179]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,757,1128]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,757,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamdella cainguae n. sp., ILPLA 1078, male, 130.0 mm SL, holotype, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Aristóbulo del Valle, in the Balneario Municipal, Departamento Cainguás, Provincia Misiones, Argentina (27 º 10 ’ S 054 º 50 ’ W)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182294/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B462096FFEC2F9074570B463" box="[297,313,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1267,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1267,1770]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Rhamdella cainguae n. sp., ILPLA 468, male, 140.0 mm SL, paratype, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Aristóbulo del Valle, in the Balneario Municipal, Departamento Cainguás, Provincia Misiones, Argentina (27 º 10 ’ S 054 º 50 ’ W)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182295/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB462096FFF7CF8B246D4B43B" box="[151,669,1856,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B462096FFF7CF8B246D4B43B" blockId="3.[151,669,1856,1879]" box="[151,669,1856,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B462096FFF7CF8B24543B43B" box="[151,266,1856,1879]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B462096FFF7CF8B24543B43B" box="[151,266,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rhamdella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.— 
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B462096FFEACF8B2464DB43B" author="Lopez" box="[327,516,1856,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" refString="Lopez, H. L., Miquelarena, A. M. &amp; Menni, R. C. (2003) Lista Comentada de los Peces Continentales de la Argentina (ProBiota, Serie Tecnica y Didactica, no. 5). Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 85 p." type="book" year="2003">
López 
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B462096FFE78F8B2458BB43B" box="[403,450,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
(citation: 63).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB4620968FF7CF87545AFB12E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B462096FFF7CF8754634B49E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1927,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B462096FFF7CF8754559B4CD" bold="true" box="[151,272,1927,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B462096FFF7CF8754542B4CD" box="[151,267,1927,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B462096FFEF4F87A453BB4CE" box="[287,370,1928,1954]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ILPLA</collectionCode>
1078, 130.0 mm SL, male, 
<collectingCountry id="C689E0F4B462096FFD0CF87A4716B4CE" box="[743,863,1928,1954]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, Provincia Misiones, Departamento Cainguás, Aristóbulo del Valle, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú in the Balneario Municipal (
<geoCoordinate id="DBAAC6A3B462096FFC52F8424051B4A6" box="[953,1048,1968,1994]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="925" value="-27.166666">27º10´S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="DBAAC6A3B462096FFBF4F84240C5B4A6" box="[1055,1164,1968,1994]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="925" value="-54.833332">54º50´W</geoCoordinate>
), coll. F. de Durana, R. Filiberto and H. Oñatibia, 
<date id="CA2086A4B462096FFE27F82A4630B49E" box="[460,633,2008,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1997-09-22" valueMax="1997-09-26" valueMin="1997-09-22">22–26.ix.1997</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4650968FF2DFF6545AFB12E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FF2DFF654502B3DD" bold="true" box="[198,331,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4650968FF2DFF65450FB3DD" box="[198,326,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FEB9FF6A45ECB3DE" box="[338,421,152,178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ILPLA</collectionCode>
468, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FE0DFF6A4676B3DE" box="[486,575,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
in alcohol (115.0–140.0 mm SL) and 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FC10FF6A4003B3DE" box="[1019,1098,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
C &amp; S (114.0 mm SL), same locality and collectors as 
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4650968FE3EFF324677B3B6" box="[469,574,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="CA2086A4B4650968FDA4FF324691B3B6" box="[591,728,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1996-07-20">20.vii.1996</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FD01FF324774B3B6" box="[746,829,192,218]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ILPLA</collectionCode>
1019, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FC73FF3247BEB3B6" box="[920,1015,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
(116.0–125.0 mm SL), 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FACDFF3241D5B3B6" box="[1318,1436,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
(100.0– 
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FF1AFF1A4520B26E" box="[241,361,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.268" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="126.8">126.8 mm</quantity>
SL mm SL), 1 indet. (88.0 mm SL), 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FCCCFF1A473EB26E" box="[807,887,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
C &amp; S (138.0 mm SL), 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FB71FF1A4093B26E" box="[1178,1242,232,258]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7bc6-1gdv" name="Laboratorio de Ictiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">LIRP</collectionCode>
3045, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FAC6FF1A4134B26E" box="[1325,1405,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
in alcohol (
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FF16FEE2453CB246" box="[253,373,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.538" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="153.8">153.8 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FE5CFEE24657B246" box="[439,542,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
in alcohol (
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FD42FEE2476BB246" box="[681,802,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.072" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="107.2">107.2 mm</quantity>
SL), and 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FC7EFEE247ADB246" box="[917,996,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
C &amp; S (
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FBAEFEE240F7B246" box="[1093,1214,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.499" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="149.9">149.9 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FAEBFEE24174B246" box="[1280,1341,272,298]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MLP</collectionCode>
9530, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FA66FEE24499B23E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
(129.0 mm SL), 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FE76FECA45A2B23E" box="[413,491,312,338]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MNRJ</collectionCode>
23157, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FDA7FECA46D5B23E" box="[588,668,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FD47FECA476FB23E" box="[684,806,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5319999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="153.2">153.2 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FC82FECA4782B23E" box="[873,971,312,338]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZUSP</collectionCode>
81427, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FBC7FECA40DAB23E" box="[1068,1171,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FB48FECA4155B23E" box="[1187,1308,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.246" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="124.6">124.6 mm</quantity>
SL), same locality and collectors as 
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4650968FE54FE924661B216" box="[447,552,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="CA2086A4B4650968FDD8FE9246A8B216" box="[563,737,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1997-09-18" valueMax="1997-09-22" valueMin="1997-09-18">18–22.ix.1997</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FD07FE924776B216" box="[748,831,352,378]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ILPLA</collectionCode>
1079, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FC64FE9247A1B216" box="[911,1000,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FC13FE924089B216" box="[1016,1216,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3569999999999998" metricValueMax="1.575" metricValueMin="1.139" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="135.7" valueMax="157.5" valueMin="113.9">113.9–157.5 mm</quantity>
SL), same locality as 
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4650968FF51FE7A456AB2CE" box="[186,291,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, coll. L. Alcalde and R. Filiberto, 
<date id="CA2086A4B4650968FD24FE7A47CDB2CE" box="[719,900,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1998-07-25" valueMax="1998-07-27" valueMin="1998-07-25">25–27.vii.1998</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FC7FFE7A47AEB2CE" box="[916,999,392,418]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ILPLA</collectionCode>
1354, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FBD4FE7A40D8B2CE" box="[1087,1169,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FB4EFE7A415FB2CE" box="[1189,1302,392,418]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.224" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="122.4">122.4mm</quantity>
SL) and 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FA66FE7A44BBB2A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FEEEFE42459AB2A6" box="[261,467,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.042" metricValueMax="1.077" metricValueMin="1.007" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="104.2" valueMax="107.7" valueMin="100.7">100.7–107.7 mm</quantity>
SL), same locality as 
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4650968FD01FE42471DB2A6" box="[746,852,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, coll. R. Filiberto, H. López and E. Etcheverry, 
<date id="CA2086A4B4650968FF7CFE2A4550B29E" box="[151,281,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2000-03-18">18.iii.2000</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="D88F38A1B4650968FECEFE2A4531B29E" box="[293,376,472,498]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ILPLA</collectionCode>
1176, 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4650968FE2CFE2A4668B29E" box="[455,545,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FDDBFE2A46B0B29E" box="[560,761,472,498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5105" metricValueMax="1.534" metricValueMin="1.4869999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="151.05" valueMax="153.4" valueMin="148.7">148.7–153.4 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<collectingCountry id="C689E0F4B4650968FCD1FE2A47FBB29E" box="[826,946,472,498]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, Provincia Misiones, Departamento Cainguás, Aristóbulo del Valle, Arroyo Tateto, on road to La Misión, coll. R. Filiberto, A. Miquelarena and M. 
<collectingCountry id="C689E0F4B4650968FF7CFDDA4560B12E" box="[151,297,552,578]" name="Serbia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="CA2086A4B4650968FEDEFDDA45ABB12E" box="[309,482,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2000-09-18" valueMax="2000-09-22" valueMin="2000-09-18">18–22.ix.2000</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB4650968FF2DFDBD4106B406" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4650968FF2DFDBD4106B406" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FF2DFDBD450FB105" bold="true" box="[198,326,591,617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FEA6FDA24677B105" box="[333,574,592,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FEA6FDA24677B105" box="[333,574,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is autapomorphically diagnosed by having a distinct and 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FB0BFDA24153B106" box="[1248,1306,592,618]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Acentronichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="large">large</taxonomicName>
ovoid area in the supraorbital laterosensory canal between the frontal and sphenotic delimited by the apparently slender dorsal walls of these bones and with no foramen for a laterosensory branch. The new species is further distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: from 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FBDCFD3A4561B066" authority="Miquelarena and Menni 1999" authorityName="Miquelarena and Menni" authorityYear="1999" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aymarae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FBDCFD3A408CB18D" box="[1079,1221,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. aymarae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B4650968FB3AFD3A4561B066" author="Miquelarena" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" refString="Miquelarena, A. M. &amp; Menni, R. C. (1999) Rhamdella aymarae, a new species from the Itiyuro River, northern Argentina (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 10, 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1999">Miquelarena and Menni 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by a shorter maxillary barbel (barbel tip reaching from the base of pectoral-fin ray in a 88.0 mm SL specimen, to the posterior portion of opercular region, not surpassing the branchial slit, in a 
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FB10FCEA413BB05E" box="[1275,1394,792,818]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="157.5">157.5 mm</quantity>
SL specimen vs. tip reaching to vertical through close to the dorsal-fin base in a 90.0 mm SL specimen, to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin in a 150.0 mm SL specimen), larger horizontal eye diameter (20.6–23.9% of HL vs. 11.5–17.3%), lesser interorbital distance (17.9–20.7% of HL vs. 30.0–44.9%), snout profile slightly convex (vs. snout profile distinctly straight), more numerous branchiostegal rays (seven vs. six), branchiostegal membranes not reaching the basal part of the first pectoral-fin ray in most specimens (vs. extending over the basal part of first pectoral-fin ray in most specimens), shorter interdorsal length (7.6–11.3% of SL vs. 30.0–44.9%), longer adipose-fin base (36.0–41.6% of SL vs. 18.5–27.9%), longer anal-fin base (16.6–22.0% of SL vs. 12.3–17.8%), more numerous anal-fin rays (16–18, commonly 17, vs. 15–16); and dorsal caudal-fin lobe much longer than ventral lobe (length of ventral caudal-fin lobe is 55.8–65.5% of length of dorsal lobe in males vs. 81.4–94.3%); from 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FE14FB5A407CB7AE" authority="Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1888" authorityName="Eigenmann and Eigenmann" authorityYear="1888" box="[511,1077,1192,1218]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eriarcha">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FE14FB5A46CEB7AD" box="[511,647,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. eriarcha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B4650968FD72FB5A4064B7AE" author="Eigenmann" box="[665,1069,1192,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Eigenmann, R. S. (1888) Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi, I. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 1, 119 - 172." type="journal article" year="1888">Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
by the dorsal caudal-fin lobe much longer than ventral lobe (length of ventral caudal-fin lobe 55.8–65.5% of length of dorsal lobe in males vs. 75.0–94.7%); from 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FE40FB0A473BB67E" authority="Lucena and Silva 1991" authorityName="Lucena and Silva" authorityYear="1991" box="[427,882,1272,1298]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longiuscula">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FE40FB0A461FB67D" box="[427,598,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. longiuscula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B4650968FDB5FB0A473BB67E" author="Lucena" box="[606,882,1272,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" refString="Lucena, C. A. S. &amp; da Silva, J. F. P. (1991) Descricao de uma nova especie do genero Rhamdella Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1888 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) para o medio rio Uruguai, sul do Brasil. Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia, Porto Alegre, 4, 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1991">Lucena and Silva 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by the smaller horizontal eye diameter (20.6– 23.9% of HL vs. 22.5–29.4%), larger interorbital distance (17.9–20.7% of HL vs. 12.8–17.7%), greater snout length (37.9–43.2% of HL vs. 28.3–37.5%), snout profile slightly convex but almost straight (vs. snout profile distinctly convex), and branchiostegal membranes not reaching the basal part of the first pectoral-fin ray in most specimens (vs. extending over the basal part of the first pectoral-fin ray); and from 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FB22FA6A449DB6B6" authority="Pearson 1924" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1924" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusbyi">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FB22FA6A417CB6DD" box="[1225,1333,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. rusbyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B4650968FAD4FA6A449DB6B6" author="Pearson" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" refString="Pearson, N. E. (1924) The fishes of the eastern slope of the Andes. I. - The fishes of the Rio Beni basin, Bolivia, collected by the Mulford expedition. Indiana University Studies, 11, 1 - 83, pls. 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1924">Pearson 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by shorter maxillary barbels (their tips reaching from the base of the pectoral-fin ray in a 88.0 mm SL specimen, to the posterior portion of opercular region, but not surpassing the branchial slit in a 
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FB10FA1A413BB56E" box="[1275,1394,1512,1538]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="157.5">157.5 mm</quantity>
SL specimen vs. tip reaching to the vertical through the posterior end of the dorsal-fin base or slightly surpassing that point in specimens of 
<quantity id="79660D81B4650968FE24F9CA46F9B53E" box="[463,688,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.59" metricValueMax="1.838" metricValueMin="1.3419999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="159.0" valueMax="183.8" valueMin="134.2">134.2 to 183.8 mm</quantity>
SL), smaller interorbital distance (17.9–20.7% of HL vs. 26.5– 27.1%), higher number of branchiostegal rays (seven vs. six), shorter pelvic fin (13.3–16.9% of SL vs. 17.0– 19.1%), longer anal-fin base (16.6–22.0% of SL vs. 11.8–14.0%), higher number of anal-fin rays (16–18 analfin rays, commonly 17, vs. 12–14); and dorsal caudal-fin lobe much longer than ventral lobe (length of ventral caudal-fin lobe 55.8–65.5% of length of dorsal lobe in males vs. 84.8–93.7%); a dense concentration of long and slender papillae on the lateral body surface in the pectoral and abdominal regions, most conspicuous near the lateral line, resulting in a hairy aspect (vs. papillae comparatively much longer and larger, especially proximate to lateral line); and by the presence of a distinct narrow 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FC85F8A247EBB406" box="[878,930,1872,1898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
mid lateral stripe (vs. stripe absent).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB4650966FF2DF8854503B476" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4650969FF2DF885414DB23E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,338]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FF2DF8854509B4FD" bold="true" box="[198,320,1911,1937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B4650968FEA3F88A46F3B4FE" author="Miquelarena" box="[328,698,1912,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" refString="Miquelarena, A. M. &amp; Menni, R. C. (1999) Rhamdella aymarae, a new species from the Itiyuro River, northern Argentina (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 10, 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1999">Miquelarena and Menni (1999)</bibRefCitation>
utilized the degree of ossification and branching of the lateral line as distinguishing features between 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FD8FF8524687B4D5" box="[612,718,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusbyi">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FD8FF8524687B4D5" box="[612,718,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. rusbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FCECF85247C7B4D5" box="[775,910,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aymarae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FCECF85247C7B4D5" box="[775,910,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. aymarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The degree of ossification and branching of the lateral line of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4650968FE88F83A4585B48D" box="[355,460,1992,2017]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusbyi">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4650968FE88F83A4585B48D" box="[355,460,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. rusbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with well-developed ossicles extending posterior to the middle of caudal fin, is the most extreme condition among 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FDFCFF6A46DFB3DD" box="[535,662,152,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4640969FDFCFF6A46DFB3DD" box="[535,662,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhamdella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, where ossification of the lateral line otherwise reaches only to the level of the anal fin. However, those characters were observed in only one specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FADAFF3241D5B3B5" box="[1329,1436,192,217]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusbyi">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4640969FADAFF3241D5B3B5" box="[1329,1436,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R. rusbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CAS 63729), which is larger than any C &amp; S specimen of other 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FC4BFF1A4056B26D" box="[928,1055,232,257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4640969FC4BFF1A4056B26D" box="[928,1055,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhamdella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Since 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FB3CFF1A4158B26E" box="[1239,1297,232,258]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Acentronichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="large">large</taxonomicName>
individuals tend to have a higher degree of ossification and branching of the laterosensory system than small ones, the degree of ossification and branching of the lateral line of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FCDCFECA47E9B23D" box="[823,928,312,337]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusbyi">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4640969FCDCFECA47E9B23D" box="[823,928,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R. rusbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be due to 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FBBFFECA40C7B23E" box="[1108,1166,312,338]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Acentronichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="large">large</taxonomicName>
size only.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EAE1F0ECB4640969FF7CFE70406BB2F5" box="[151,1058,386,410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FF7CFE70406BB2F5" blockId="5.[151,1058,386,410]" box="[151,1058,386,410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4640969FF7CFE704541B2F6" bold="true" box="[151,264,386,410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of holotype and fifteen paratypes of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4640969FCD4FE704055B2F5" box="[831,1052,386,409]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4640969FCD4FE704055B2F5" box="[831,1052,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FDD3FE484014B2BD" blockId="5.[159,1410,442,1489]" box="[568,1117,442,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4640969FDD3FE4846D2B2BD" box="[568,667,442,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B4640969FC1EFE484014B2BD" box="[1013,1117,442,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FF74FE174155B290" blockId="5.[159,1410,442,1489]" box="[159,1308,485,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Sex male 
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4640969FCAEFE1747ECB290" box="[837,933,485,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="A8986BEDB4640969FB5EFE174155B290" box="[1205,1308,485,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FD18FDE241CBB14B" blockId="5.[159,1410,442,1489]" box="[755,1410,528,551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Range Mean SD Range Mean SD</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FF74FDC84088B13D" blockId="5.[159,1410,442,1489]" box="[159,1217,570,593]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Standard length (mm) 130 113.9–157.5 100–126.8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FF74FD974593B110" blockId="5.[159,1410,442,1489]" box="[159,474,613,636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Percentage of standard length</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B464096AFF74FD6240E4B176" blockId="5.[159,1410,442,1489]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,698]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Body depth 17.7 14.6–19.0 16.8 1.5 16.6–19.5 18.0 1.2 Body width 16.9 17.0–19.5 17.9 0.7 18.4–20.7 19.2 1.0 Head length 26.1 25.8–28.8 26.7 0.9 27.4–29.2 28.4 0.8 Head width 17.7 17.0–19.5 18.3 0.8 18.9–21.0 20.0 0.8 Prepectoral length 24.3 24.0–28.0 25.6 1.2 26.0–29.4 27.9 1.3 Predorsal length 34.4 33.3–38.4 36.0 1.6 37.3–40.4 39.2 1.3 Preventral length 47.7 45.7–50.4 48.5 1.3 48.7–53.3 51.2 2.2 Preanal length 60.8 60.0–64.3 62.4 1.5 63.9–68.4 66.2 1.6 Preadipose length 52.8 53.3–57.7 55.9 1.7 57.6–60.6 58.9 1.2 Length of pectoral spine 13.1 11.9–14.0 12.9 0.7 13.1–14.1 0.4 Length of dorsal spine 11.1 9.5–13.2 11.4 1.4 9.5–11.8 10.5 0.9 Length of ventral fin 14.6 13.3–16.9 14.9 1.2 15.0–16.0 15.5 0.5 Dorsal-fin base 14.6 13.3–16.5 14.5 1.1 12.5–14.6 13.9 1.0 Anal-fin base 19.5 18.6–22.0 20.3 1.1 16.6–19.3 18.1 1.2 Adipose-fin base 39.7 37.5–41.6 39.6 1.3 36.0–41.5 38.2 2.1 Caudal peduncle length 22.0 21.2–24.6 22.5 1.0 21.7–23.6 22.8 0.7 Caudal peduncle height 9.0 8.5–10.1 9.1 0.6 9.0–9.8 9.3 0.4 Adipose height 4.6 4.1–5.3 4.5 0.4 4.2–5.6 4.8 0.5 Distance dorsal-adipose 8.8 7.6–10.3 8.9 0.9 8.5–11.3 9.8 1.2 Urogen. papilla-anal-fin origin 2.8 2.6–3.5 3.1 0.3 4.7–5.1 4.9 0.2 
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFF2DFF654516B3DD" bold="true" box="[198,351,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description.</emphasis>
Morphometric data are given in 
<tableCitation id="F31C95DFB467096AFD09FF6A4772B3DE" box="[738,827,152,178]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,386,410]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometrics of holotype and fifteen paratypes of Rhamdella cainguae." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Cross-section of trunk roughly elliptical at level of dorsal-fin origin, gradually more compressed posterior to dorsal-fin base. Caudal peduncle region compressed, merging with caudal fin from dorsal view. Anterodorsal profile of body gently convex, curving in an even arch from snout to base of dorsal fin, except for discrete depression at base of supra-occipital process. Dorsal profile gently concave to straight from dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin and approximately straight or gently convex from that point to base of caudal fin. Ventral body profile in a continuous convex curve from mouth to pelvic-fin base. Ventral profile of body straight from pelvic-fin insertion to caudal-fin base. Fortyone to 43 myotomes apparent through skin; myotomes becoming progressively narrower and more angled posteriorly. No deposits of fatty material in globose bodies, commonly seen in heptapterids, perceptible through the skin. Pectoral pore absent. Anus and urogenital pore very close to each other.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4640969FF74F9E241CBB43D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table id="CC9E52C4B464F693FF74F9E241CBB43D" box="[159,1410,1552,1873]" gridcols="8" gridrows="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F9E241CBB54B" box="[159,1410,1552,1575]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F9E245FAB54B" box="[159,435,1552,1575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Percentage of head length</th>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F9C841CBB53D" box="[159,1410,1594,1617]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F9C845FAB53D" box="[159,435,1594,1617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bony interorbital width</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F9C846C8B53D" box="[594,641,1594,1617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">20.0</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F9C84703B53D" box="[735,842,1594,1617]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">17.9–20.3</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF9C84788B53D" box="[913,961,1594,1617]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">18.9</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F9C84052B53D" box="[1017,1051,1594,1617]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">0.7</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F9C840F4B53D" box="[1106,1213,1594,1617]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">18.2–20.7</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F9C84161B53D" box="[1273,1320,1594,1617]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">19.1</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF9C841CBB53D" box="[1377,1410,1594,1617]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F99741CBB510" box="[159,1410,1637,1660]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F99745FAB510" box="[159,435,1637,1660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eye diameter</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F99746C8B510" box="[594,641,1637,1660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">21.2</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F9974703B510" box="[735,842,1637,1660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">20.6–23.9</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF9974788B510" box="[913,961,1637,1660]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">22.4</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F9974052B510" box="[1017,1051,1637,1660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">0.9</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F99740F4B510" box="[1106,1213,1637,1660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">22.6–23.5</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F9974161B510" box="[1273,1320,1637,1660]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">23.1</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF99741CBB510" box="[1377,1410,1637,1660]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F96241CBB5CB" box="[159,1410,1680,1703]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F96245FAB5CB" box="[159,435,1680,1703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Head height</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F96246C8B5CB" box="[594,641,1680,1703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">50.0</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F9624703B5CB" box="[735,842,1680,1703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">48.9–59.7</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF9624788B5CB" box="[913,961,1680,1703]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">52.1</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F9624052B5CB" box="[1017,1051,1680,1703]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3.6</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F96240F4B5CB" box="[1106,1213,1680,1703]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">51.6–57.1</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F9624161B5CB" box="[1273,1320,1680,1703]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">53.7</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF96241CBB5CB" box="[1377,1410,1680,1703]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F94841CBB5BD" box="[159,1410,1722,1745]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F94845FAB5BD" box="[159,435,1722,1745]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mouth width</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F94846C8B5BD" box="[594,641,1722,1745]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">30.6</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F9484703B5BD" box="[735,842,1722,1745]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">25.8–36.9</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF9484788B5BD" box="[913,961,1722,1745]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">32.7</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F9484052B5BD" box="[1017,1051,1722,1745]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3.0</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F94840F4B5BD" box="[1106,1213,1722,1745]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">28.6–33.5</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F9484161B5BD" box="[1273,1320,1722,1745]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">31.3</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF94841CBB5BD" box="[1377,1410,1722,1745]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F91741CBB590" box="[159,1410,1765,1788]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F91745FAB590" box="[159,435,1765,1788]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Snout length</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F91746C8B590" box="[594,641,1765,1788]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">42.6</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F9174703B590" box="[735,842,1765,1788]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">38.3–43.2</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF9174788B590" box="[913,961,1765,1788]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">41.4</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F9174052B590" box="[1017,1051,1765,1788]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.6</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F91740F4B590" box="[1106,1213,1765,1788]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">37.9–41.2</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F9174161B590" box="[1273,1320,1765,1788]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">39.5</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF91741CBB590" box="[1377,1410,1765,1788]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F8E241CBB44B" box="[159,1410,1808,1831]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F8E245FAB44B" box="[159,435,1808,1831]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Internarial length</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F8E246C8B44B" box="[594,641,1808,1831]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">22.6</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F8E24703B44B" box="[735,842,1808,1831]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">21.6–24.7</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF8E24788B44B" box="[913,961,1808,1831]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">22.8</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F8E24052B44B" box="[1017,1051,1808,1831]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.1</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F8E240F4B44B" box="[1106,1213,1808,1831]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">21.7–23.5</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F8E24161B44B" box="[1273,1320,1808,1831]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">22.9</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF8E241CBB44B" box="[1377,1410,1808,1831]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="00AEA226B464F693FF74F8C841CBB43D" box="[159,1410,1850,1873]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="437FCB5AB464F693FF74F8C845FAB43D" box="[159,435,1850,1873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Internarial width</th>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FDB9F8C846C8B43D" box="[594,641,1850,1873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">21.2</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FD34F8C84703B43D" box="[735,842,1850,1873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">19.4–21.4</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC7AF8C84788B43D" box="[913,961,1850,1873]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">20.8</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FC12F8C84052B43D" box="[1017,1051,1850,1873]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">0.6</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FBB9F8C840F4B43D" box="[1106,1213,1850,1873]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">19.3–22.0</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FB12F8C84161B43D" box="[1273,1320,1850,1873]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">20.2</td>
<td id="437FCB5AB464F693FA8AF8C841CBB43D" box="[1377,1410,1850,1873]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">0.8</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B467096AFF2DFDDA405EB1D6" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Skin of top and underside of head, as well as opercular and branchiostegal regions with dense covering of papillae; lateral surface of the pectoral and abdominal regions, approximately to vertical through posterior end of dorsal-fin base with long, slender papillae that give a hairy aspect to that region; papillae most concentrated near lateral line. Skin of ventral surface of body apparently without papillae.</paragraph>
<caption id="EAE1F0ECB467096AFF7CFB71410DB7D1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182294/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1435,757,1128]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B467096AFF7CFB71410DB7D1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1155,1213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFF7CFB714550B7F7" bold="true" box="[151,281,1155,1179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B467096AFECAFB7645B4B7F7" box="[289,509,1156,1179]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFECAFB7645B4B7F7" box="[289,509,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97D9C10DB467096AFDEFFB714608B7F7" box="[516,577,1155,1179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFDEFFB714608B7F7" bold="true" box="[516,577,1155,1179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ILPLA 1078, male, 130.0 mm SL, holotype, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Aristóbulo del Valle, in the Balneario Municipal, Departamento Cainguás, Provincia Misiones, Argentina (27º10’S 054º50’W).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="EAE1F0ECB467096AFF7CF8F0410DB450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182295/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1435,1267,1769]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B467096AFF7CF8F0410DB450" blockId="6.[151,1436,1794,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFF7CF8F04553B476" bold="true" box="[151,282,1794,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B467096AFEC8F8F14649B476" box="[291,512,1795,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFEC8F8F14649B476" box="[291,512,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97D9C10DB467096AFDE3F8F0460CB476" box="[520,581,1794,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFDE3F8F0460CB476" bold="true" box="[520,581,1794,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ILPLA 468, male, 140.0 mm SL, paratype, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Aristóbulo del Valle, in the Balneario Municipal, Departamento Cainguás, Provincia Misiones, Argentina (27º10’S 054º50’W).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B467096BFF2DF88247AAB176" blockId="6.[151,1436,1904,2010]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,538]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Head long (greater than 25% of SL), narrow (its greatest width about 0.7–0.8 times its length), deep (its greatest depth nearly 0.5–0.6 times its length), and elliptical in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B467096AFBD2F86A40E7B4DE" box="[1081,1198,1944,1970]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="7.[151,255,1676,1700]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,255,1223,1247]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,255,1266,1290]" captionTargetBox-0="[356,1227,604,1635]" captionTargetBox-1="[269,1261,481,1195]" captionTargetBox-2="[395,1232,200,1224]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[356,1231,594,1652]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[264,1323,474,1199]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[354,1241,194,1252]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Left view. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/182296/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/182297/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/182298/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
). Deep longitudinal facial ridge marking dorsal limits of 
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B467096AFDAFF8324776B4B5" box="[580,831,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">adductor mandibulae</emphasis>
muscle, extending from base of maxillary barbel to or just anterior of level of fourth infraorbital pore (
<date id="CA2086A4B466096BFD1AFF6A4742B3DE" box="[753,779,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">i4</date>
). Distance between posterior nares slightly greater than that between anterior nares. Anterior and posterior nares far apart, with separation slightly less than distance between anterior and posterior nares. Four nares arranged as in vertices of an square. Anterior nare tubular with lateral or posterolateral limit adjacent to anteriormost supraorbital pore (s1) and anteromedial to anteriormost infraorbital pore (
<date id="CA2086A4B466096BFE4CFECA45F4B23E" box="[423,445,312,338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">i1</date>
). Anterior nare close to upper lip. Posterior nare rounded, situated immediately anterior to third supraorbital pore (s3), with high, anteriorly deepest, raised margin, surrounding it almost completely, other than at posterolateral point. Posterior nares about midway between anterior nares and posterior margin of eye. Posterior nare lacking barbel. 
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B466096BFD1AFE4247BDB2A5" box="[753,1012,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Adductor mandibulae</emphasis>
muscles restricted to facial region, accommodated on lateral wall of hyomandibula, and not extending dorsally to midline of head. 
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B466096BFB11FE2A448AB175" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Levator operculi</emphasis>
muscle inserted on the dorsal and dorsoposterior portion of opercle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EAE1F0ECB466096BFF7CF97E45BCB5A7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182296/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[356,1227,604,1635]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B466096BFF7CF97E45BCB5A7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1676,1739]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B466096BFF7CF97E4555B5C8" bold="true" box="[151,284,1676,1700]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Head of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B466096BFE6CF97F462FB5C8" box="[391,614,1677,1700]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B466096BFE6CF97F462FB5C8" box="[391,614,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4660964FF2DF8F04038B2CE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1794,2020]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,418]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Mouth wide, subterminal, with snout projecting slightly beyond jaw (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B466096BFBFEF8F04023B470" box="[1045,1130,1794,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1223,1247]" captionTargetBox="[269,1261,481,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,474,1199]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Left view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182297/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B466096BFB41F8F040F2B470" box="[1194,1211,1794,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1266,1290]" captionTargetBox="[395,1232,200,1224]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[354,1241,194,1252]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182298/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5</figureCitation>
). Gape transverse, slightly ventrally curved at corners, with fleshy rictal fold at corners. Rictal fold well developed, ventrally subtended by submandibular groove that extends dorsally around corner of mouth posterior to upper part of rictal fold and ventrally to point between second and third preoperculomandibular pores (pm2 and pm3). Both upper and lower lips subdivided by a deep depression into two transverse folds; with several longitudinal plicae. Premaxillae, dentaries and pharyngeal tooth plates with small villiform teeth arranged in bands. Toothbearing portion of premaxillae long and narrow, rectangular, with projections onto posterolateral angle of bone, and usually partially in contact at symphysis. Dentary tooth patch slender and posteriorly elongate. Palate edentulous. Upper and lower oral valves thin, covered by papillae, with posterior margins concave. Upper oral valve totally free posteriorly. Lower oral valve broadly attached anteriorly to mouth floor just behind dentary dentition, and with free rounded flaps posteriorly. Upper valve approximately as long as upper tooth plate, its length decreasing progressively posteriorly; lower valve narrower anteriorly and progressively wider posteriorly, forming 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4690964FE63FE7A458BB2CE" box="[392,450,392,418]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Acentronichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="large">large</taxonomicName>
posterior flaps. Mouth roof and floor with sparse papillae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EAE1F0ECB4690964FF7CFB3545EEB66D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182297/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[269,1261,481,1195]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4690964FF7CFB3545EEB66D" blockId="8.[151,1436,1223,1281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4690964FF7CFB354551B7B3" bold="true" box="[151,280,1223,1247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Head of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4690964FE91FB3A461CB7B3" box="[378,597,1224,1247]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4690964FE91FB3A461CB7B3" box="[378,597,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Left view. Scale bar = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4690964FF2DFAC7410AB46B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1333,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Barbels short, slender, and tapering progressively towards their distal extremities (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B4690964FB58FAC74163B623" box="[1203,1322,1333,1359]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="7.[151,255,1676,1700]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,255,1223,1247]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,255,1266,1290]" captionTargetBox-0="[356,1227,604,1635]" captionTargetBox-1="[269,1261,481,1195]" captionTargetBox-2="[395,1232,200,1224]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[356,1231,594,1652]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[264,1323,474,1199]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[354,1241,194,1252]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Left view. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/182296/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/182297/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/182298/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
). Barbels approximately ovoid in cross section, without fringing membrane. Maxillary barbel, longest, inserts above upper lip lateral to anterior nare and adjacent to anteriormost pore of infraorbital laterosensory canal (
<date id="CA2086A4B4690964FAADFA774115B6F3" box="[1350,1372,1413,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i1</date>
). Tip of adpressed maxillary barbel reaches branchiostegal membrane (but not surpassing the branchial slit) in larger specimens; and reaches posteriormost third of first pectoral-fin ray, in advance of dorsal-fin origin, in smaller specimens. Mental-barbel base inserted midway between anterior border of lower jaw and gular fold. Outer mental barbel longer than inner barbel, and inserted nearly behind fourth pore of preoperculomandibular laterosensory canal (pm4). Tip of adpressed outer mental barbel reaches from point slightly posterior to the branchiostegal fold to point slightly beyond outer border of branchiostegal membrane. Inner mental barbel inserted slightly in advance of vertical through origin of outer mental barbel, approximately behind second pore of preoperculomandibular laterosensory canal (pm2). Tip of adpressed inner mental barbel reaches from point just posterior to branchiostegal fold to point almost at outer border of branchiostegal membrane.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4690964FF2DF8E74492B4CB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1333,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Gular fold distinct, fleshy, and broadly V-shaped with rounded apex (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B4690964FBE5F8E74011B443" box="[1038,1112,1813,1839]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1266,1290]" captionTargetBox="[395,1232,200,1224]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[354,1241,194,1252]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182298/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Posteroventral portion of opercle and branchiostegal region delimited by a distinct ridge on lateral surface of head extending from distal tip of opercle to a point between eighth and ninth pores of preoperculomandibular canal (pm8 and pm9), ventrally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EAE1F0ECB4680965FF7CFB0045B2B640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182298/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[395,1232,200,1224]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4680965FF7CFB0045B2B640" blockId="9.[151,1436,1266,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4680965FF7CFB004554B666" bold="true" box="[151,285,1266,1290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Head of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4680965FE6CFB01462FB666" box="[391,614,1267,1290]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainguae">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B4680965FE6CFB01462FB666" box="[391,614,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhamdella cainguae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4680965FF2DFA92456EB576" blockId="9.[151,1437,1376,2002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Branchiostegal membranes well developed, thick, united to isthmus only at medial apex, and firmly connected to each other anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B4680965FDF8FA7A4614B6CE" box="[531,605,1416,1442]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1266,1290]" captionTargetBox="[395,1232,200,1224]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[354,1241,194,1252]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182298/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Branchiostegal membrane not reaching base of first pectoral-fin ray and not overlapping ventrally. Gill rakers thick and moderately long, with: 4 (1), 5 (1), 6 (6*), 7 (3), or 9 (1) rakers on first ceratobranchial, and 1 (3), 2 (7), or 3 (2*) on first epibranchial, plus 1 (12*) on angle formed by these bones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4680965FF2DF9DA404AB58E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1376,2002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Eyes 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B4680965FEECF9DA450DB52E" box="[263,324,1576,1602]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Acentronichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="large">large</taxonomicName>
, elliptical (greatest length in longitudinal axis), with rims circumscribed with deep, continuous invagination, distinctly more pronounced at anterior and dorsal borders (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B4680965FC0DF9A2407EB506" box="[998,1079,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1676,1700]" captionTargetBox="[356,1227,604,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[356,1231,594,1652]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182296/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B4680965FB84F9A240C8B506" box="[1135,1153,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1223,1247]" captionTargetBox="[269,1261,481,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,474,1199]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Head of Rhamdella cainguae, LIRP 3045, male, 153.8 mm SL, paratype, showing laterosensory canals. Left view. Scale bar = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182297/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4</figureCitation>
). Skin over eye thin and transparent, with lens clearly visible. Eye dorsolaterally positioned, centered approximately at midpoint between tip of snout and corner of opercular membrane and situated proximate to each other, being separated by a space slightly larger than longitudinal diameter of eye. Pupil rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B4680966FF2DF902474BB26E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1376,2002]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dorsal fin distally rounded in profile, reaching to adipose fin when adpressed. First dorsal-fin ray (spinelet) very small (not externally visible), triangular and with two ventral limbs, followed by 1 long unbranched, and 6 (10*) or 7 (2) branched rays. Second dorsal-fin ray with most of proximal portion stiffened (54.2–67.4% of entire length) and with segmentation perceptible solely distally, forming delicate spine, and shorter distal portion flexible and clearly segmented. Spiny portion of the second dorsal-fin ray straight, approximately ovoid in cross-section, and lacking marginal dentations. Second dorsal-fin ray slightly shorter than third and fourth rays (first and second branched rays, respectively), whose tips project beyond tip of second dorsal-fin ray. Origin of dorsal fin approximately on vertical through the posterior portion of mid third or anterior portion of most posterior third of adpressed pectoral fin.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0966FF2DFEE246CEB1FE" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Pectoral fin with distal margin slightly convex, with 1 unbranched and 8 (3), 9 (6*), or 10 (3) branched rays. First pectoral-fin ray covered by thick integument; convex anteriorly and straight to slightly concave dorsally. Most of proximal part of first ray rigid and with hardly perceptible segmentation (72.0–82.6% of its entire length), forming a distinct spine; shorter distal portion flexible and clearly segmented. First pectoral-fin ray approximately as long as second (first branched) and third (second branched) rays, but tips of second and third rays projecting slightly beyond the tip of first ray. Spiny part of first pectoral-fin ray with 11–17 conspicuous, regularly spaced dentations along posterior margin, and 26–46 dentations smaller than posterior dentations along its anterior margin (88.0– 
<quantity id="79660D81B46B0966FDA1FDDA4688B12E" box="[586,705,552,578]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.534" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="153.4">153.4 mm</quantity>
SL). There is no evidence of sexual or ontogenetic co-relation with the number of dentations. Pectoral fin lying parallel to main body axis when expanded and slightly directed upwards when adpressed to body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0966FF2DFD5240DCB05E" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pelvic fin convex posteriorly, with 6 rays (12*). Lateral ray unbranched, completely flexible, segmented, and distinctly shorter than second and third rays (first and second branched rays, respectively). Tip of pelvic fin reaches vertical through anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin origin approximately at or slightly in advance of midpoint of body (excluding caudal fin), and on vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0966FF2DFCB2458EB096" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anal-fin margin rounded in lateral profile, with 16 (2), 17 (5*), or 18 (1) rays, including 10 (3) or 11 (5*) branched rays: vi+10 (1), v+11 (1), vii+10 (1), vi+11 (4*), or viii+10 (1). Anal-fin base medium-sized; covered basally with thick muscular tissue. Origin of anal-fin base approximately on vertical through anterior fifth of adipose-fin base. Posterior limit of anal-fin base approximately at vertical through middle of last twothirds of adipose-fin base.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0966FF2DFBFA41DAB786" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adipose fin long, forming ascending elevated curve in lateral profile, with highest point approximately at last third. Adipose fin merging gradually with back anteriorly, its origin difficult to pinpoint. Distance from dorsal fin to adipose fin less than length of dorsal-fin base. Origin of adipose fin anterior to middle of trunk, and approximately on vertical through middle of adpressed pelvic fin and through, or just behind, anus. Posterior adipose-fin base well defined, forming posterior free lobe markedly distinct from anteriormost portion of dorsal caudal-fin fold. Vertical through end of adipose-fin base distinctly posterior of tip of last anal-fin rays.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0966FF2DFB0A44F6B56E" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Caudal fin deeply forked, lobes long and broad, with rounded contours and 7 and 8 branched rays in dorsal and ventral lobes, respectively. Total caudal fin-rays 50 (1), 52 (1), or 55 (1), with 24 (1), 25 (1), 26 (1) rays in dorsal lobe and 26 (1), 27 (1), 29 (1) rays in ventral lobe. Dorsal caudal-fin lobe much longer than ventral one, markedly so in males: length of ventral caudal-fin lobe 55.8–65.5% of length of dorsal lobe in males (9 ex., 121.0– 
<quantity id="79660D81B46B0966FED2FA6A45E7B6DE" box="[313,430,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="157.5">157.5 mm</quantity>
SL) and 77.8–80.8 % in females (2 ex., 
<quantity id="79660D81B46B0966FC6FFA6A4002B6DE" box="[900,1099,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.159" metricValueMax="1.246" metricValueMin="1.072" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="115.9" valueMax="124.6" valueMin="107.2">107.2–124.6 mm</quantity>
SL). Membrane uniting dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes extending approximately to the extremities of the median rays of the caudal fin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0966FF2DF9FD4503B476" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46B0966FF2DF9FD452AB545" bold="true" box="[198,355,1551,1577]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Color in life.</emphasis>
Overall pigmentation varying from uniformly light to 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FC0AF9E2405CB546" box="[993,1045,1552,1578]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
gray, or spotted (either with light background color and 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FE77F9CA4599B53E" box="[412,464,1592,1618]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
irregular blotches or 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FD20F9CA46B6B53E" box="[715,767,1592,1618]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
background color and lighter irregular blotches), becoming white ventrally. In light-colored specimens fins almost translucent or yellowish with no conspicuous blotches, fin margin 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FE62F97A45F4B5CE" box="[393,445,1672,1698]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
in some individuals. Dark-colored specimens with all fin rays intensely gray and fin membranes intensely yellow. 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FE13F942467FB5A6" box="[504,566,1712,1738]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">Dark</taxonomicName>
, narrow stripe extending from posterodorsal margin of opercle to middle caudal-fin rays. All specimens with iridescent yellow and lilac hues. Mental barbels white; maxillary barbels iridescent gray.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB46B0967FF2DF8D5401EB656" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46B0967FF2DF8D540DCB71E" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,1618]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46B0966FF2DF8D545D5B42D" bold="true" box="[198,412,1831,1857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Color in alcohol.</emphasis>
Upper portion of head and cheeks densely covered by 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FBD6F8DA4038B42E" box="[1085,1137,1832,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
pigmentation, becoming gradually less intense ventral to rim of orbit. Head lightly pigmented ventrolaterally and devoid of pigmentation or with scattered melanophores ventrally (at approximately ventral to line of preoperculomandibular canal). 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FF05F8524560B4D6" box="[238,297,1952,1978]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">Dark</taxonomicName>
ventral pigmentation mostly concentrated around bases of outer mental barbels. Lower lip with dense concentration of 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46B0966FE4CF83A4592B48E" box="[423,475,1992,2018]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
chromatophores not extending beyond line of mandibular portion of preoperculomandibular laterosensory canal. Regions around head sensory pores devoid of pigmentation. Maxillary barbel darkly pigmented dorsally and unpigmented ventrally. Mental barbel completely unpigmented or with few melanophores at base. No mask across the eyes, as seen in some 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FC4AFF1A4011B26D" box="[929,1112,232,257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Brachyrhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FC4AFF1A4011B26D" box="[929,1112,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brachyrhamdia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (see 
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B46A0967FB1CFF1A4508B246" author="Lundberg" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refString="Lundberg, J. G. &amp; McDade, L. A. (1986) On the South American catfish Brachyrhamdia imitator Myers (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae), with phylogenetic evidence for a large intrafamilial lineage. Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia), no. 463, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1986">Lundberg and McDade 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B46A0967FEA6FEE24591B246" author="Sands" box="[333,472,272,298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" refString="Sands, D. D. (1985) Catfishes of the World. Volume Three: Supplements (first set). Dunure Enterprises, Dunure." type="book" year="1985">Sands 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Overall trunk coloration varying from uniform 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FBFFFEE24001B246" box="[1044,1096,272,298]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
brown to light brown, sometimes with irregularly distributed darker blotches (
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B46A0967FD07FECA4777B23E" box="[748,830,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1155,1179]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,757,1128]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,757,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamdella cainguae n. sp., ILPLA 1078, male, 130.0 mm SL, holotype, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Aristóbulo del Valle, in the Balneario Municipal, Departamento Cainguás, Provincia Misiones, Argentina (27 º 10 ’ S 054 º 50 ’ W)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182294/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B46A0967FC91FECA47C2B23E" box="[890,907,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1267,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1267,1770]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Rhamdella cainguae n. sp., ILPLA 468, male, 140.0 mm SL, paratype, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Aristóbulo del Valle, in the Balneario Municipal, Departamento Cainguás, Provincia Misiones, Argentina (27 º 10 ’ S 054 º 50 ’ W)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182295/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</figureCitation>
). Mid-dorsal region of trunk from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin typically darker. Lateral surface of trunk with a well-defined narrow stripe of constant width along lateral line with about one third of orbital length. Stripe extends from region immediately behind branchiostegal membrane to bases of median caudal fin-rays. Pectoral and abdominal areas unpigmented except for scattered melanophores behind and below base of pectoral-fin rays, and on areas near base of pelvic-fin rays, and medial portion of basipterygia. Ventral midline posterior to pelvic-fin insertion and along anal-fin base, weakly pigmented. No zone behind the head devoid of pigmentation (unpigmented collar), as exhibited by some 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FE27FDA24621B105" box="[460,616,592,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Brachyglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FE27FDA24621B105" box="[460,616,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brachyglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FD9CFDA24773B105" box="[631,826,592,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Cetopsorhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FD9CFDA24773B105" box="[631,826,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cetopsorhamdia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FCA3FDA247B1B105" box="[840,1016,592,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Chasmocranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FCA3FDA247B1B105" box="[840,1016,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmocranus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FBD3FDA240FDB105" box="[1080,1204,592,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Myoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FBD3FDA240FDB105" box="[1080,1204,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Myoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (see 
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B46A0967FAA6FDA24556B1FE" author="Eigenmann" pageId="11" pageNumber="49" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 5, i - xxii + 1 - 578, pls. 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1912">Eigenmann 1912</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B46A0967FEC6FD8A4584B1FE" author="Schultz" box="[301,461,632,658]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1944) The catfishes of Venezuela, with descriptions of thirty-eight new forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 94, 173 - 338, pls. 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1944">Schultz 1944</bibRefCitation>
). Upper portion of trunk lacking unpigmented areas or 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FB8EFD8A40D0B1FE" box="[1125,1177,632,658]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
transverse bars, as in several heptapterid genera (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FDE0FD5246D5B1D5" box="[523,668,672,697]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Heptapterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FDE0FD5246D5B1D5" box="[523,668,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heptapterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FD42FD52476AB1D5" box="[681,803,672,697]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Imparfinis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FD42FD52476AB1D5" box="[681,803,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Imparfinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FCD9FD5247F5B1D5" box="[818,956,672,697]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Mastiglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FCD9FD5247F5B1D5" box="[818,956,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mastiglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FC21FD524032B1D5" box="[970,1147,672,697]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdioglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FC21FD524032B1D5" box="[970,1147,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rhamdioglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FB62FD5240BCB1D5" box="[1161,1269,672,697]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Taunayia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FB62FD5240BCB1D5" box="[1161,1269,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Taunayia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
etc.). 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FAD6FD5241D5B1D6" box="[1341,1436,672,698]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">No dark</taxonomicName>
vertical bar along base of the caudal-fin rays, as seen in some 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FC9AFD3A4060B18D" box="[881,1065,712,737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Brachyrhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FC9AFD3A4060B18D" box="[881,1065,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brachyrhamdia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (see 
<bibRefCitation id="DA0FDD95B46A0967FB28FD3A4119B18E" author="Sands" box="[1219,1360,712,738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" refString="Sands, D. D. (1985) Catfishes of the World. Volume Three: Supplements (first set). Dunure Enterprises, Dunure." type="book" year="1985">Sands 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsal-fin rays and adjacent areas of interradial membrane densely pigmented with brown. Dorsal surface of pectoral fin with high concentration of brown or gray chromatophores along rays; interradial membrane translucent, dorsally unpigmented, except for areas adjacent to pectoral-fin rays. Ventral surface of pectoral fin unpigmented or with few scattered small melanophores along rays. Dorsal surface of pelvic-fin rays and adjacent interradial membranes densely covered with brown or gray melanophores. Ventral surface of pelvic fin unpigmented or with few scattered, small chromatophores along rays. Adipose fin with intense concentration of brown or gray chromatophores, and with darker line on its outer margin. Anal-fin rays with 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FAC9FC12411FB096" box="[1314,1366,992,1018]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
chromatophores but with most of interradial membrane lacking 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FCB8FBFA47CEB74E" box="[851,903,1032,1058]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Nemuroglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dark">dark</taxonomicName>
pigmentation except for areas adjacent to fin rays. Muscular basal portion of anal fin and region immediately anterior well pigmented. Caudal-fin rays densely brown-pigmented. Interradial caudal-fin membrane devoid of chromatophores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46A0967FF2DFB8D401EB656" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FF2DFB8D458CB7F5" bold="true" box="[198,453,1151,1177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
Adult females with urogenital papilla close to anus, urogenital papilla and anus equally wide basally, and papilla with small triangular posterior tip. Adult males with urogenital papilla more distant from anus, base of papilla narrower than anus, and papilla with a more developed triangular posterior tip. Distance from urogenital papilla to anal-fin origin greater in females (4.5–5.1 %) vs. males (2.6–3.5 % SL). Dorsal caudal-fin lobe proportionally more developed in males than females.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB46A0967FF2DFAB5411FB56E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46A0967FF2DFAB54538B6E6" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FF2DFAB5452EB60D" bold="true" box="[198,359,1351,1377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from the 
<typeStatus id="61251EC6B46A0967FD6BFABA46FAB60E" box="[640,691,1352,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
locality, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, Río Paraná basin, in northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="C689E0F4B46A0967FF7CFA824545B6E6" box="[151,268,1392,1418]" name="Argentina" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="26A5BCE1B46A0967FEF7FA82452AB6E6" box="[284,355,1392,1418]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[276,1317,329,1059]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,314,1074]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Map of southern South America with geographic distributions of Rhamdella species plotted. Symbols: star— Rhamdella cainguae; triangle— Rhamdella aymarae; square— Rhamdella eriarcha; dot— Rhamdella longiuscula; and lozenge— Rhamdella rusbyi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182300/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46A0967FF2DFA65411FB56E" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FF2DFA654567B6DD" bold="true" box="[198,302,1431,1457]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Habitat.</emphasis>
Specimens were collected with seine or hook-and-line, over rocky bottoms in a clear water stream (ca. 
<quantity id="79660D81B46A0967FECFFA3245E3B6B6" box="[292,426,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">50–100 cm</quantity>
deep, with pools around 
<quantity id="79660D81B46A0967FD0BFA324759B6B6" box="[736,784,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
deep), running through a densely forested subtropical area. Individuals demostrated a tendency for gregarity as they were densely grouped under 
<taxonomicName id="799EDBE7B46A0967FB2FFA1A40B7B56E" box="[1220,1278,1512,1538]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Acentronichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="large">large</taxonomicName>
stones.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F684F3EFB46A0967FF2DF9FD4668B53E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="BE21A064B46A0967FF2DF9FD4668B53E" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="8CEA7C76B46A0967FF2DF9FD451AB545" bold="true" box="[198,339,1551,1577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Etymology.</emphasis>
From the Guaraní, ca´á (forest) and iguá (inhabitant), in allusion to the Cainguá, indigenous people of northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="C689E0F4B46A0967FE4FF9CA4654B53E" box="[420,541,1592,1618]" name="Argentina" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>