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<mods:title id="1CA86941B7CA44FEB46A8E715EF495F6">Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Trichomyrmex Mayr, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of two new species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F0F7622C71974AFD8152B68E7EFD45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6060808" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124955329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6060808" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F0F7622C71974AFD8152B68E7EFD45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0F7622C71974AFD8152B68E7EFD45" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FD8152B68B52FC24" blockId="15.[553,1035,978,1039]" box="[553,1035,978,1005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FD8152B68B52FC24" box="[553,1035,978,1005]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C719757FD8152B68B52FC24" authority="Jerdon, 1851" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1851" box="[553,1035,978,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FD8152B68C39FC24" bold="true" box="[553,864,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trichomyrmex destructor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FCC752B68B5AFC24" author="Jerdon T. C." box="[879,1027,978,1005]" journalOrPublisher="Madras Journal of Literature and Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="103 - 127" part="17" refString="Jerdon T. C. 1851. A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 17: 103 - 127." title="A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India" type="journal article" year="1851">Jerdon, 1851</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C34315FF2C719757FD7452918C0EFBC6" box="[732,855,1013,1039]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FD7452918C0EFBC6" blockId="15.[553,1035,978,1039]" box="[732,855,1013,1039]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<figureCitation id="13625AF12C719757FD7452918C44FBC6" box="[732,797,1013,1039]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1962,1988]" captionTargetBox="[394,1193,534,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[394,1193,534,1922]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon, 1851), lectotype, worker (CASENT 0008623). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view (photos: April Nobile)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193053/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
AC
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FF1555538D2FFB98" blockId="15.[189,630,1078,1141]" box="[189,630,1078,1105]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FF1555538D2FFB98" box="[189,630,1078,1105]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C719757FF1555538D2FFB98" authority="Jerdon, 1851: 105" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1851" box="[189,630,1078,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FF1555538E27FB98" box="[189,382,1079,1105]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Atta destructor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FE3A55528D6FFB98" author="Jerdon T. C." box="[402,566,1078,1105]" journalOrPublisher="Madras Journal of Literature and Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="103 - 127" part="17" refString="Jerdon T. C. 1851. A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 17: 103 - 127." title="A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India" type="journal article" year="1851">Jerdon, 1851</bibRefCitation>
: 105
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FF15553E8D63FBBD" blockId="15.[189,630,1078,1141]" box="[189,570,1113,1141]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">(CASENT0008623) [examined].</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FD2355528C58FB98" blockId="15.[651,769,1078,1105]" box="[651,769,1078,1105]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FD2355528C58FB98" box="[651,769,1078,1105]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">(workers).</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FCBC55528C03FB99" blockId="15.[788,858,1078,1104]" box="[788,858,1078,1104]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FCBC55528C03FB99" box="[788,858,1078,1104]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">India.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FCC555528B58FB99" blockId="15.[877,1025,1078,1104]" box="[877,1025,1078,1104]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FCC555528B58FB99" box="[877,1025,1078,1104]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">Indomalaya.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FBBC55538BD4FB98" blockId="15.[1044,1165,1079,1105]" box="[1044,1165,1079,1105]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FBBC55538BD4FB98" box="[1044,1165,1079,1105]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">Lectotype</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FB0955528BADFB99" blockId="15.[1185,1268,1078,1104]" box="[1185,1268,1078,1104]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FB0955528BADFB99" box="[1185,1268,1078,1104]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">worker</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FAA055538A2FFB98" blockId="15.[1288,1398,1079,1105]" box="[1288,1398,1079,1105]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FAA055538A2FFB98" allCaps="true" box="[1288,1398,1079,1105]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="3">(BMNH)</heading>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C719757FF1555F88E29FB7C" box="[189,368,1179,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FF1555F88E29FB7C" box="[189,368,1179,1206]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Atta destructor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FE2555FF8D64FB7C" author="Bingham C. T." box="[397,573,1179,1205]" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Bingham C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London." title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps" type="book" year="1903">Bingham 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 209 (q.m.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FF1555DB8DACFB11" blockId="15.[189,1398,1179,1311]" box="[189,757,1214,1241]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C719757FF1555DB8EB9FB11" ID-CoL="4484B" box="[189,480,1214,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FF1555DB8EB9FB11" box="[189,480,1214,1240]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Monomorium destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FE5555DA8D9FFB10" author="Dalla Torre K. W." box="[509,710,1214,1241]" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Dalla Torre K. W. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W. Engelmann, Leipzig." title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W" type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 66.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C719757FF1555868EB5FB35" box="[189,492,1250,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FF1555868EB5FB35" box="[189,492,1250,1276]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trichomyrmex destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FDA555868C98FB35" author="Ward P. S. &amp; Brady S. G. &amp; Fisher B. L. &amp; Schultz T. R." box="[525,961,1249,1276]" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="61 - 81" part="40" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12090" refString="Ward P. S., Brady S. G., Fisher B. L. &amp; Schultz T. R. 2015. The evolution of myrmicine ants: Phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 40: 61 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12090" title="The evolution of myrmicine ants: Phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">Ward, Brady, Fisher &amp; Schultz 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 16. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FB8855868BF2FB35" author="Smith D. R." box="[1056,1195,1250,1276]" editor="Krombein K. V." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1323 - 1467" refString="Smith D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. In: Krombein K. V., Hurd P. D., Smith D. R. &amp; Burks B. D. (eds) Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata): 1323 - 1467. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington." title="Superfamily Formicoidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico" year="1979">Smith 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 1382. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FA8F55868FA1FAD6" author="Bolton B." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="263 - 452" part="54" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.26850" refString="Bolton B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 54: 263 - 452. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 26850" title="A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1987">Bolton 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 324. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C719757FEC954618D55FAD6" author="Heterick B." box="[353,524,1285,1311]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="69 - 202" part="57" refString="Heterick B. 2006. A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57 (4): 69 - 202." title="A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2006">Heterick 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 96.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FF1554228EF2FAA9" blockId="15.[189,427,1350,1376]" box="[189,427,1350,1376]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C719757FF1554228EF2FAA9" bold="true" box="[189,427,1350,1376]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FF1554228EF2FAA9" bold="true" box="[189,427,1350,1376]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C719757FF1554118A58F82C" blockId="15.[189,1399,1396,2022]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
SAUDI ARABIA: 21 w, Al Bahah Province, Almekhwah, Dhi Ayn Archeological Village, 19.92˚ N, 41.44˚ E, alt. 741 m, 18 May 2010, M.R. Sharaf leg.; 3 w, Almekhwah, Dhi Ayn Arch. Vill., 19.92˚ N, 41.44˚ E, alt. 741 m, 11 May, M.R. Sharaf leg.; 1 w, Almekhwah, Dhi Ayn Arch. Vill., 19.92˚ N, 41.44˚ E, alt. 741 m, 23 Sep. 2011, M.R. Sharaf leg.; 1 w, Al Bahah, 19.81˚ N, 41.36˚ E, alt. 490 m, 22 Sep. 2011, F.A. Esteve leg. (CASENT0264350); 2 w, Shada Al Ala, 19.85˚ N, 41.30˚ E, alt. 1325 m, 15 Feb. 2014, Aldhafer
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FE8757428E35F9F6" box="[303,364,1573,1599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
leg.; 6 w, Shada Al Ala, 19.86˚ N, 41.30˚ E, alt. 1225 m, 26 Jan. 2015, Aldhafer
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C719757FA9257428A2EF9F6" box="[1338,1399,1573,1599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
leg. — Asir Province: 4 w, Almajardah, Wadi El talaei, 19.00˚ N, 41.73˚ E, alt. 223 m, 10 Nov. 2012, M.R. Sharaf leg.; 8 w, Wadi Aljora near Abadan, 17.29˚ N, 43.07˚ E, alt. 456 m, 12 Nov. 2012, M.R. Sharaf leg.; 1 w, Almajardah, Wadi Bagara, 18.79˚ N, 42.01˚ E, alt. 436 m, 10 Nov. 2012, R. Sharaf leg. — Jazan Province,: 2 w, Jazan, 16.97˚ N, 42.61˚ E, alt. 38 m, 12 Apr. 2012, M.R. Sharaf leg.. — Makkah Province: 9 w, Allaith gov., Wadi Elarj, 20.52˚ N, 40.78˚ E, alt. 529 m, 9 Nov. 2012, M.R. Sharaf leg.; 2 w, Wadi Gonouna, 19.42˚ N, 41.60˚ E, alt. 353 m, 12 May 2011, M.R. Sharaf leg. — Riyadh Province: 2 w, Wadi Al Dawasir, 20.48˚ N, 44.76˚ E, alt. 690 m, 22 Jan. 2014, S. Salman leg.; 3 w, Wadi Al Dawasir, 20.77˚ N, 44.78˚ E, alt. 686 m, 22 Jan. 2014, S. Salman leg.; 3 w, Wadi Al Dawasir, 20.47˚ N, 44.78˚ E, alt. 694 m, 22 Jan. 2014, S. Salman leg.; 6 w, Wadi Al Dawasir, 20.48˚ N, 44.79˚ E, alt. 709 m, 22 Jan. 2014, S. Salman leg.; 6 w, Wadi Al Dawasir, 20.49˚ N, 44.79˚ E, alt. 721 m, 22 Feb. 2015, S. Salman leg.; 12 w, Wadi Al Dawasir, 20.45˚ N, 44.86˚ E, alt. 680 m, 22 Feb. 2015, S. Salman leg.; 3 w, Dhurma, 24.60˚ N, 46.12˚ E, alt. 649 m, 30 Jan. 2015, S. Salman leg. (all material in KSMA).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6E9748FF1550688EE8FE5E" blockId="16.[189,1398,267,407]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
U NITED ARAB EMIRATES: 1 w, Ain Al Waal, Jebel Hafit, 24.06˚ N, 55.74˚ E, 27 Feb. 2014, H. Roberts leg.; 3 w, Ain Al Waal, Jebel Hafit, 24.06˚ N, 55.74˚ E, 19 Dec. 2014, H. Roberts leg.; 2 w, Jebel Hafit, 24.05˚ N, 55.76˚ E, 27 Feb.3 Mar. 2011, M. Hauser
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FCA750328C10FEA6" box="[783,841,341,367]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
leg. (CASENT0264882, CASENT0264883) (all material in KSMA).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6E9748FF4250D98EE5FE1E" blockId="16.[189,1139,445,507]" box="[234,444,445,471]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6E9748FF4250D98EE5FE1E" bold="true" box="[234,444,445,471]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FF4250D98EE5FE1E" bold="true" box="[234,444,445,471]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Previous records</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6E9748FF1550848B2AFE33" blockId="16.[189,1139,445,507]" box="[189,1139,480,507]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">QATAR: 1 w, Doha, no locality, 17 Mar. 2005, M.S. Abdel-Dayem leg. (KSMA).</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2616FC2C6E9748FF1556CE8B2BF821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193053/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[394,1193,534,1922]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6E9748FF1556CE8B2BF821" blockId="16.[189,1398,1962,2024]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FF1556CE8E56F80D" bold="true" box="[189,271,1962,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6E9748FEB356CE8C5AF80C" authority="Jerdon, 1851" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1851" box="[283,771,1962,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FEB356CE8D14F80D" box="[283,589,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trichomyrmex destructor</emphasis>
(Jerdon, 1851)
</taxonomicName>
, lectotype, worker (CASENT0008623).
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FB4456CE8A58F80D" bold="true" box="[1260,1281,1962,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
. Body in profile.
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FEBF56AA8E73F821" bold="true" box="[279,298,1998,2024]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
. Body in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6E9748FD9C56A98D10F82E" bold="true" box="[564,585,1997,2023]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
. Head in full-face view (photos: April Nobile).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF15506B8B23FE84" blockId="17.[189,1399,271,333]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
SAUDI ARABIA: w, Sug al Ahahd riverside, Jazan, 16.70˚ N, 42.95˚ E, 26 Mar. 1983, M.R. Sharaf leg.; w, Makkah, 21.41˚ N, 39.81˚ E, 8 Dec. 1979, W. Buttiker leg. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6F9749FC2750568B34FE84" author="Collingwood C. A." box="[911,1133,306,333]" journalOrPublisher="Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="230 - 302" part="7" refString="Collingwood C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 230 - 302." title="Hymenoptera: Fam" type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1550108CCBFE3E" blockId="17.[189,1398,371,504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: w, Wadi Safad, 25.13˚ N, 56.19˚ E, 20 Dec. 20052 Jan. 2006, A.V. Harten leg.; w, Sharjah, 25.32˚ N, 55.51˚ E, alt. 24 m, 1117 Oct. 2004, light trap, A.V. Harten leg.; w, Al- Wathba Wetland Reserve, 24.26˚ N, 54.61˚ E, 23 Aug. 2004, A.V. Harten leg.; Al-Ajban, 24.61˚ N 54.84˚ E, 9 Nov.7 Dec. 2005, A.V. Harten leg. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6F9749FDC150B98CDFFE3E" author="Collingwood C. A. &amp; Agosti D. &amp; Sharaf M. R. &amp; Harten A." box="[617,902,477,503]" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Fauna of the United Arab Emirates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="405 - 474" part="4" refString="Collingwood C. A., Agosti D., Sharaf M. R. &amp; Harten A. 2011. Order Hymenoptera, Family Formicidae. Arthropod Fauna of the United Arab Emirates 4: 405 - 474." title="Order Hymenoptera, Family Formicidae" type="journal article" year="2011">
Collingwood
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FCA250BA8C1CFE3E" box="[778,837,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34315FF2C6F9749FF15537B8B27F94A" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF15537B8E16FDF0" blockId="17.[189,1399,543,757]" box="[189,335,543,569]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6F9749FF15537B8E16FDF0" bold="true" box="[189,335,543,569]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FF15537B8E16FDF0" bold="true" box="[189,335,543,569]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF4253298EF9FDA1" blockId="17.[189,1399,543,757]" box="[234,416,589,616]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6F9749FF4253298EF9FDA1" bold="true" box="[234,416,589,616]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FF4253298EF9FDA1" bold="true" box="[234,416,589,616]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Small workers</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1553158C42FD3D" blockId="17.[189,1399,543,757]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Measurements. TL 1.792.33; HL 0.470.64; HW 0.380.45; SL 0.380.45; EL 0.07; ML 0.500.64; PW 0.230.28; PTL 0.140.20; PTW 0.070.11; PPL 0.100.16; PPW 0.080.13; CI 7185; EI 1518; SI 88111 (n = 10). Worker. TL 1.803.50; HL 0.500.88; HW 0.400.79; SL 0.410.56; PW 0.230.45; ML 0.540.92; CI 7692; SI 70104 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6F9749FDD153BE8C56FD3D" author="Bolton B." box="[633,783,730,756]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 452" part="54" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.26850" refString="Bolton B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 54: 263 - 452. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 26850" title="A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1987">Bolton 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF15527F8CFFFCFC" blockId="17.[189,934,795,822]" box="[189,934,795,822]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Workers of this species exhibit size variation in any nest series.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF4252398E15FCBE" blockId="17.[189,1398,861,1028]" box="[234,332,861,887]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6F9749FF4252398E15FCBE" bold="true" box="[234,332,861,887]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FF4252398E15FCBE" bold="true" box="[234,332,861,887]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Worker</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1552E58A5AFBCD" blockId="17.[189,1398,861,1028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">HEAD. Mandibles with three strong teeth, the fourth (basal) reduced to a minute offset denticle; eyes relatively small (EL 0.140.20 × HW), with 46 ommatidia in longest row; in small workers scapes relatively long (SI 88111), when laid back from their insertions reaching posterior margin of head; in large workers scapes relatively shorter (SI 70104), failing to reach posterior margin of head.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1555488B75FB8C" blockId="17.[189,1068,1067,1094]" box="[189,1068,1067,1094]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MESOSOMA. Promesonotum convex in profile; metanotal groove impressed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1555098DF9FB4E" blockId="17.[189,672,1133,1159]" box="[189,672,1133,1159]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">PETIOLE. Petiolar node rounded in profile.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1555CB8CE6FB01" blockId="17.[189,959,1198,1225]" box="[189,959,1198,1225]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">POSTPETIOLE. Postpetiolar node lower than petiolar node in profile.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1555948D42FABA" blockId="17.[189,1399,1263,1395]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">PILOSITY. Posterior margin of head with 24 pairs of hairs; cephalic surface behind frontal lobes with 14 pairs of hairs straddling midline; cephalic pubescence scattered and directed inward to midline; promesonotal dorsum and propodeum with many pairs of long hairs; petiole, postpetiole and gaster with backward directed long hairs.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1554FF8A6DF9D7" blockId="17.[189,1399,1434,1567]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">SCULPTURE. Cephalic surface smooth and shining, except areas in front of eyes and posterior margin of head (in dorsal view) finely striolate; mandibles longitudinally striolate; promesonotum and mesonotum smooth and shining; mesopleura densely punctulate-reticulate; propodeal dorsum finely transversely striolate to rugulose, fainter in smaller than in larger workers; gastral tergite smooth and shining.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1557228B27F94A" blockId="17.[189,1398,1606,1667]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">COLOUR. Head, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole ranging from pale yellow to dull brownish yellow; gaster dark brown to blackish brown, with a distinct yellowish area mediobasally.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34315FF2C6F9749FF1557CE8CDAF8F0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1557CE8E95F90D" blockId="17.[189,460,1706,1732]" box="[189,460,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6F9749FF1557CE8E95F90D" bold="true" box="[189,460,1706,1732]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FF1557CE8E95F90D" bold="true" box="[189,460,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1557BD8CDAF8F0" blockId="17.[189,1398,1753,1850]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The most similar species to
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6F9749FDB857BE8DF0F93A" box="[528,681,1753,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FDB857BE8DF0F93A" box="[528,681,1753,1779]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6F9749FD6757BE8C68F93A" box="[719,817,1754,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FD6757BE8C68F93A" box="[719,817,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it can be distinguished only by the bicoloured body. Head, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole yellow to brown yellow, gaster dark brown, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6F9749FE8D56448EDCF8F0" box="[293,389,1824,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FE8D56448EDCF8F0" box="[293,389,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unicolorous dark brown or black brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34315FF2C6F974AFF1556048B23FE46" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F9749FF1556048D67F8B2" blockId="17.[189,574,1888,1915]" box="[189,574,1888,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6F9749FF1556048D67F8B2" bold="true" box="[189,574,1888,1915]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FF1556048D67F8B2" bold="true" box="[189,574,1888,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ecological and biological notes</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6F974AFF1556EB8B23FE46" blockId="17.[189,1399,1935,1997]" lastBlockId="18.[189,1399,267,399]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Workers of this species were foraging close to the trunk base of an
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6F9749FC1656F48B56F863" box="[958,1039,1936,1962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6F9749FC1656F48B56F863" box="[958,1039,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. tree where the surrounding area was impacted by trash and human waste. Another nest series was found in moist soil under a stone next to a date palm,
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFE00506F8DD6FEEC" box="[424,655,267,293]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Phoenix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dactylifera">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFE00506F8DD6FEEC" box="[424,655,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Phoenix dactylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFD15506F8C64FEEC" box="[701,829,267,293]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
). A nest series was also found under rooster tree,
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFF15504B8C0CFE80" authority="(Aiton) W.T. Aiton" authorityName="(Aiton) W.T. Aiton" box="[189,853,302,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Calotropis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procera">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFF15504B8EF9FE81" box="[189,416,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Calotropis procera</emphasis>
(Aiton) W.T. Aiton (Asclepiadaceae)
</taxonomicName>
and associated with the ant species,
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFAA4504B8A2FFE81" box="[1292,1398,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFAA4504B8A2BFE81" box="[1292,1394,303,328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trichomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">T. mayri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFF1550368C10FEA5" authority="Collingwood &amp; Van Harten, 2001" authorityName="Collingwood &amp; Van Harten" authorityYear="2001" box="[189,841,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFF1550368ECCFEA5" box="[189,405,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Carebara arabica</emphasis>
(Collingwood &amp; Van Harten, 2001)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFCFF50378A2BFEA5" authority="Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[855,1394,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanocephalum">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFCFF50378BF9FEA5" box="[855,1184,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tapinoma melanocephalum</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1793)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFF1550118DCDFE46" authority="Mayr, 1904" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1904" box="[189,660,373,399]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaegerskioeldi">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFF1550118EA9FE46" box="[189,496,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi</emphasis>
(Mayr, 1904)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFD0850128C18FE46" box="[672,833,374,399]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFD0850128C18FE46" box="[672,833,374,399]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Monomorium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and
<taxonomicName id="4C593DF72C6C974AFC0A50118B0AFE46" box="[930,1107,373,399]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cardiocondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFC0A50118B0AFE46" box="[930,1107,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cardiocondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34315FF2C6C974AFF1550D28E7EFD45" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6C974AFF1550D28E0EFE19" blockId="18.[189,343,438,464]" box="[189,343,438,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0AEF1182C6C974AFF1550D28E0EFE19" bold="true" box="[189,343,438,464]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFF1550D28E0EFE19" bold="true" box="[189,343,438,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE646742C6C974AFF1550818E7EFD45" blockId="18.[189,1398,485,652]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Originally described from India, this species is now widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6C974AFE89536C8E97FDEB" author="Wetterer J. K." box="[289,462,520,546]" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="97 - 108" part="12" refString="Wetterer J. K. 2009. Worldwide spread of the destroyer ant, Monomorium destructor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12: 97 - 108." title="Worldwide spread of the destroyer ant, Monomorium destructor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Wetterer 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It has supposedly been dispersed by commerce from central Asia west to North Africa (Forel 1909;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6C974AFE0C534F8D6FFD8F" author="Sharaf M. R." box="[420,566,555,582]" journalOrPublisher="Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Entomology Department, Cairo [unpublished thesis]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Sharaf M. R. 2006. Taxonomic and Ecological Studies on Family Formicidae (Order: Hymenoptera) in Egypt including some Protectorates with a Study of some Insect Fauna associated with Ant Species. Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Entomology Department, Cairo [unpublished thesis]." title="Taxonomic and Ecological Studies on Family Formicidae (Order: Hymenoptera) in Egypt including some Protectorates with a Study of some Insect Fauna associated with Ant Species" type="book" year="2006">Sharaf 2006</bibRefCitation>
), southern Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6C974AFCB1534F8CE1FD8C" author="Ruzsky M." box="[793,952,555,581]" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 122" part="40" refString="Ruzsky M. 1907. Murav'i Rossii. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 40: 1 - 122." title="Murav'i Rossii. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici)" type="journal article" year="1907">Ruzsky 1907</bibRefCitation>
), the Arabian Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6C974AFB74534F8FA1FDA0" author="Collingwood C. A." journalOrPublisher="Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="230 - 302" part="7" refString="Collingwood C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 230 - 302." title="Hymenoptera: Fam" type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6C974AFEAA532A8D08FDA0" author="Collingwood C. A. &amp; Agosti D." box="[258,593,590,617]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of Saudi Arabia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="300 - 385" part="15" refString="Collingwood C. A. &amp; Agosti D. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15: 300 - 385." title="Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2)" type="journal article" year="1996">Collingwood &amp; Agosti 1996</bibRefCitation>
), and the Socotra Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC83B852C6C974AFC17532A8B87FDA0" author="Collingwood C. A. &amp; Pohl H. &amp; Gusten R. &amp; Wranik W. &amp; Harten A." box="[959,1246,590,617]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of Arabia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="473 - 495" part="20" refString="Collingwood C. A., Pohl H., Gusten R., Wranik W. &amp; Harten A. 2004. The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia 20: 473 - 495." title="The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago" type="journal article" year="2004">
Collingwood
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFBC8532B8BC3FDA0" box="[1120,1178,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
, Sharaf
<emphasis id="B92D9A662C6C974AFA94532B8A2FFDA0" box="[1340,1398,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
in press).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>