494 lines
70 KiB
XML
494 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="A9B6DD3C756DDD692C7C6F1AC5DCB913" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.174690" ID-GBIF-Dataset="107bdb96-8597-466d-94d7-cdc485534c14" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="174690" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459787489059" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sandoval-Ruiz, César A. & Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio" docDate="2006" docId="03D2C75F7014BC5BFEC730D3FE9DFE97" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01361p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1361" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Simulium (Aspathia) sandyi Coscaron, Ibanez-Bernal & Coscaron-Arias" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="FFEBBF277015BC5CFFCF322FFFE6FD21" masterDocTitle="Description of the unknown stages of Simulium (Aspathia) sandyi Coscarón, Ibáñez-Bernal & Coscarón-Arias (Diptera: Simuliidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1698218780375" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7FA7F08B2CF8A8B433656F62C1809A57">Description of the unknown stages of Simulium (Aspathia) sandyi Coscarón, Ibáñez-Bernal & Coscarón-Arias (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="00F7E94857DA542D0D4D3124C37DB95A">Sandoval-Ruiz, César A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F2E7F8ABB00BD524618424BBB666A134">Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="78B7BC31A2B3AC2DCDDDA7D7B58E0F5C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7DF6717239C84EF2351E60A16AC4C43B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C16919943567F8A19054850E18835F7E">
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<mods:date id="77315269FF8FE01D421D17A306BBA75D">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BB5FD07CA944CCFFB2C53BBF610D9C9C">1361</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0E71D2220D392DACE3DF1EC0981A9B04" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.174690</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C622BD64EF69F7B6A22FE6CE4BA86338" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D2C75F7014BC5BFEC730D3FE9DFE97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6258327" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119349491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6258327" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D2C75F7014BC5BFEC730D3FE9DFE97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2C75F7014BC5BFEC730D3FE9DFE97" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="C36125C27014BC5DFEC730D3FE08FE18" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5DFEC730D3FB61FE37" blockId="1.[264,1159,764,825]" box="[264,1159,764,790]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="D08CC1257014BC5DFEC730D3FB61FE37" bold="true" box="[264,1159,764,790]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7014BC5DFEC730D3FB61FE37" ID-CoL="8DYXY" authority="Coscaron, Ibanez-Bernal & Coscaron-Arias" authorityName="Coscaron, Ibanez-Bernal & Coscaron-Arias" box="[264,1159,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi" subGenus="Aspathia">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFEC730D3FB61FE37" bold="true" box="[264,1159,764,790]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFEC730D3FE99FE37" bold="true" box="[264,383,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Simulium</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFE5F30D3FE1AFE37" bold="true" box="[400,508,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Aspathia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFDC230D3FDBDFE37" bold="true" box="[525,603,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">sandyi</emphasis>
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Coscarón, Ibáñez-Bernal & Coscarón-Arias
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5DFEC73130FE08FE18" blockId="1.[264,1159,764,825]" box="[264,494,799,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7014BC5DFEC73130FEBEFE18" box="[264,344,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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P–R; 9 C, D
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36125C27014BC5DFEC73140FB22FEA4" box="[264,1220,878,902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5DFEC73140FB22FEA4" blockId="1.[264,1220,878,902]" box="[264,1220,878,902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7014BC5DFEC73140FB6FFEA4" ID-CoL="8DYXY" authority="Coscaron, Ibanez-Bernal & Coscaron-Arias, 1999: 577" authorityName="Coscaron, Ibanez-Bernal & Coscaron-Arias" authorityPageNumber="577" authorityYear="1999" box="[264,1161,878,902]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi" subGenus="Simulium">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFEC73140FDD0FEA7" box="[264,566,879,902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Simulium (Simulium) sandyi</emphasis>
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Coscarón, Ibáñez-Bernal & Coscarón-Arias, 1999: 577
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</taxonomicName>
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–578,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36125C27014BC58FEC73199FAC6FFCF" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5DFEC73199FCE2F950" blockId="1.[264,1323,950,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFEC73199FEA1FEF1" bold="true" box="[264,327,950,976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Male</emphasis>
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(based on 1 pharate male). Head holoptic. Antenna dark, with scape, pedicel, and first flagellomere longer than remaining flagellomeres. Palpomere III darker than other palpomeres, covered with black setae; palpomere V about twice as long as palpomere IV, and 1.5X longer than palpomere III; palpomere proportions: 1.0: 1.6: 3.7: 3.0: 7.1; sensory vesicle 0.33X length of its segment (
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7014BC5DFD793678FD11F950" box="[694,759,1111,1137]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig.1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5DFEF73650FD0BF8A8" blockId="1.[264,1323,950,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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Foreleg: Coxa and trochanter dark; proximal and middle sections of femora pale, distal section dark; tibiae with proximal and distal sections dark and midsection pale; tarsomere dark. Midleg: similar to foreleg, except proximal section of first tarsomere pale. Hindleg: similar to midleg. All legs covered with black setae. Calcipala apically rounded, reaching proximal margin of deep pedisulcus (
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7014BC5DFD033730FCF1F818" box="[716,791,1311,1337]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). All tarsal claws slightly curved from base and with basal tooth. Wing membrane hyaline; C and Sc with thin and stout setae along their entire length; basal sector of R bare.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5DFEF737B8FD77FB80" blockId="1.[264,1323,950,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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Terminalia: Gonocoxite wider than long, conically produced posterolaterally. Gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, apex rounded with apical spinule, and with internal basal process. Aedeagal membrane with thin hairs at middle and marginal short and stout spines at each side (
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7014BC5DFDCE3420FDABFB08" box="[513,589,1551,1577]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Ventral plate in dorsoventral view triangular, broader than long, with posterior margin shallowly concave and anterior margin triangularly projected, forming lip that is densely covered with setae; distal portions of apodemes broad with external margins parallel (
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7014BC5DFDF434A8FD65FB80" box="[571,643,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC476497014BC5EFEF73481FB11FC7F" blockId="1.[264,1323,950,1897]" lastBlockId="2.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7014BC5DFEF73481FE75FBE9" bold="true" box="[312,403,1710,1736]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Female</emphasis>
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(based on 2 pharate females). Frons wide, with decumbent and erect setae. Antennae dark; first flagellomere broader than long, remaining flagellomeres subequal in length and width, except last conical flagellomere. Mandible with 24–28 serrations. Lacinia with 28–32 retrorse teeth. Palpus pale, except palpomere III darker; palpomere V about 2.0X longer than IV, and 1.5X longer than III, all with black setae. Palpomere proportions: 1.0: 1.75: 3.62: 3.0: 6.75 (
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7017BC5EFD233333FCDEFC17" box="[748,824,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Sensory vesicle about 0.5X as long as palpomere III (
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<figureCitation id="13406ACC7017BC5EFE77336BFDE6FC7F" box="[440,512,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). Basal portion of cibarium smooth and without median process.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF0426C17017BC5EFEC73486FB29FA4F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BC476497017BC5EFEC73486FB29FA4F" blockId="2.[264,1322,1705,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFEC73486FE24FBE0" bold="true" box="[264,450,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">FIGURES 1–12.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7017BC5EFE063485FD9CFBE0" box="[457,634,1706,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFE063485FD9CFBE0" box="[457,634,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Simulium sandyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, male and female.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFC883486FC90FBE0" bold="true" box="[839,886,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">1–4.</emphasis>
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Male.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFC0D3486FC33FBE0" bold="true" box="[962,981,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">1.</emphasis>
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Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFE9034E4FE95FBC2" bold="true" box="[351,371,1739,1763]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">2.</emphasis>
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Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFB4634E4FB7AFBC2" bold="true" box="[1161,1180,1739,1763]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">3.</emphasis>
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Ventral view of male terminalia.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFE2C34C1FE10FA27" bold="true" box="[483,502,1774,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">4.</emphasis>
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Ventral plate.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFD5334C1FD3EFA27" bold="true" box="[668,728,1774,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">5–12.</emphasis>
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Female.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFC8E34C1FCB2FA27" bold="true" box="[833,852,1774,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">5.</emphasis>
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Palpus.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFC7934C1FC2DFA27" bold="true" box="[950,971,1774,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">6.</emphasis>
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Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFEAE353EFE92FA08" bold="true" box="[353,372,1809,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">7.</emphasis>
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Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFC29353EFC1DFA08" bold="true" box="[998,1019,1809,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">8.</emphasis>
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Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFCEB351CFCD1FA6A" bold="true" box="[804,823,1843,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">9.</emphasis>
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Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFAC6351CFACCFA6A" bold="true" box="[1289,1322,1843,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">10.</emphasis>
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Spermatheca.
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<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFE503579FE58FA4F" bold="true" box="[415,446,1878,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">11.</emphasis>
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Genital fork.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7017BC5EFD9B3579FD90FA4F" bold="true" box="[596,630,1878,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">12.</emphasis>
|
||
Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497016BC5FFEF73333FCF3FF07" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Thorax dark; scutum, when posteriorly illuminated, with silvery pollinosity covering posterior third, and extending to front as thin lateral stripes that reach pronotal lobes, as well as pair of dorsocentral capitate stripes that reach level of posterior border of pronotal lobe, and short median pointed stripe that reaches center of scutum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFB8533BBFB73FC8F" box="[1098,1173,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
); postnotum grayish. Leg-color pattern similar to that of male. Calcipala rounded, reaching proximal margin of deep pedisulcus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFD9733CBFD44FCDF" box="[600,674,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). All tarsal claws slightly curved from base and with basal tooth. Wing and wing veins as in male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497016BC5FFEF7301BFB15FE1F" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Terminalia: Hypogynial valve short, broad, and pointed distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFBE3301BFB95FF6F" box="[1068,1139,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cercus nearly rectangular, hind margin truncated; anal lobe shorter than high, with posterior margin concave and ventral margin rounded, forming posteroventral triangular projection; both structures covered with setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFDA03083FD2EFFE7" box="[623,712,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Genital fork stem long and slender, about 1.5X as long as arms; arms forming nearly triangular space between them, with triangular sclerotized toothlike process on anterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFC8230D3FC42FE37" box="[845,932,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spermatheca spherical, smooth and without internal spicules, junction with spermathecal duct membranous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFB41310BFB00FE1F" box="[1166,1254,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="2.[264,382,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,401,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[299,1291,372,1691]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Simulium sandyi, male and female. 1 – 4. Male. 1. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 2. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 3. Ventral view of male terminalia. 4. Ventral plate. 5 – 12. Female. 5. Palpus. 6. Palpomere III showing sensory vesicle. 7. Dorsal aspect of scutum, arrow indicates light direction. 8. Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere, showing calcipala and pedisulcus. 9. Hypogynial valves and sternite VIII. 10. Spermatheca. 11. Genital fork. 12. Anal lobe and cercus. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174691/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497016BC5FFEF73163FED0FE97" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7016BC5FFEF73163FE66FE47" bold="true" box="[312,384,844,870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Cocoon length
|
||
<quantity id="4C83DBAC7016BC5FFD8A3163FD30FE47" box="[581,726,844,870]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="3.9" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFD263163FCA2FE47" box="[745,836,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cocoon loosely woven, with sediment particles incorporated, slipper shaped, and with variable anterodorsal projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFB0C315BFECEFE97" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Figs. 13, 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497016BC5FFEF731EBFBBCF9EF" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Cephalothoracic region with many minute tubercles, giving roughened appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFEDE31C3FE2CF927" box="[273,458,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Figs. 14, 15, 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frontoclypeus with 2+2 frontal and 1+1 facial trichomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFB4A31C3FB3AF927" box="[1157,1244,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gills brownish, about same length as pupa, consisting of 25–31 membranous terminal filaments arising from 3 branches originated from short trunk; filaments moderately thin, surface with striations and minute spicules, the latter more abundant near base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFBAA364BFB58F95F" box="[1125,1214,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thorax with numerous small tubercles, each side of thorax with 16–20 dorsal trichomes, 3 on prealar lobe, 2 on supralar area, and without stigmal trichomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFC3A369BFBAAF9EF" box="[1013,1100,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497016BC5FFEF736F3FD30FB17" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Chaetotaxy of abdominal tergites as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFC9C36F3FC4DF9D7" box="[851,939,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
, right): I with 5+5 setae, II with 8+8 setae, III with 2+2 setae and 4+4 simple hooks, IV with 1+1 setae and 4+4 simple hooks, V with 3+3 setae, VI with 2+2 setae, VII and VIII with 1+1 setae, IX without setae but with 2 short and robust caudal spines. Chaetotaxy of abdominal sternites as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFEDE3753FE81F8B7" box="[273,359,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
, left): III and IV with 2+2 setae, V with 2+2 setae and 2+2 bifid hooks, VI and VII with 1+1 setae and 1+1 bifid hooks, VIII and IX without setae or hooks. Striated pleural membrane chaetotaxy as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFD5637E3FD16F8C7" box="[665,752,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[271,1315,372,1746]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. Simulium sandyi, pupa. 13. Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon. 14. Lateral view of pupa in cocoon. 15. Frontoclypeus. 16. Gill. 17. Thorax. 18. Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
, midline): II with 1+1 setae, III and IV with 4+4 setae, V with 5+5 setae, VI with 3+3 setae, VII with 2+2 setae, VIII with 2+2 setae, and IX without setae; all setae simple and thin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497016BC58FEF7346BFAFEFCF7" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7016BC5FFEF7346BFE6DFB7F" bold="true" box="[312,395,1604,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C83DBAC7016BC5FFE24346BFDB6FB7F" box="[491,592,1604,1630]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9 mm</quantity>
|
||
. General body color pale grey to brown, pigmentation heaviest on dorsum of segments V–VII; abdomen gradually expanded posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFBB33443FB33FBA7" box="[1148,1237,1644,1670]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head capsule pale yellowish to brown; cephalic apotome negative (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFC3434BBFBB1FB8F" box="[1019,1111,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antenna longer than stalk of cephalic fan, with transverse striations on proximal and median articles; proximal and distal articles pale brown and median article pale yellowish; proportions of articles (excluding apical sensillum): 1.00: 1.12: 0.87 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7016BC5FFC6B3523FBE6FA07" box="[932,1024,1804,1830]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labral fan with 22–28 primary rays. Mandible with 1 large apical tooth, 2 outer teeth, 3 preapical teeth followed by series of 9–11 inner setalike teeth and 2 basal teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7011BC58FC403333FC01FC17" box="[911,999,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hypostoma with 13 teeth, median and lateral teeth subequal in length, 2+2 paralateral and 3+3 sublateral teeth; 6 or 7 lateral serrations and 4–6 small and 2 or 3 prominent setae at each side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7011BC58FB823343FB42FCA7" box="[1101,1188,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Postgenal cleft triangular to trapezoidal; hypostomal bridge distinctly longer than gular cleft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7011BC58FB3433BBFECEFCF7" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
), gular cleft depth: hypostomal bridge length 25: 54. Cervical sclerites small and free.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC58FEF733CBFE84FF6F" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Thoracic proleg with circlet of apical hooks arranged in about 17–20 rows with 11–15 hooks per row. Lateral plate of proleg trapezoidal, with thin and long spines on its distal margin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC58FEF73073FAC6FFCF" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Anal sclerite X shaped, with anterodorsal arms shorter and broader than posteroventral arms; peripheral cuticle of anal plate without setae, except for some short setae near posteroventral arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7011BC58FDCF3083FDB1FFE7" box="[512,599,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anal papilla with 3 lobes, each giving rise to 9–12 branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13406ACC7011BC58FEDE30FBFE80FFCF" box="[273,358,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 26" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1322,274,1637]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 26. Simulium sandyi, larva. 19. Lateral view of larva. 20. Head, dorsal view. 21. Antenna. 22. Apex of mandible. 23. Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft. 24. Hypostoma. 25. Anal sclerite. 26. Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) Posterior circlet of hooks consisting of about 13–15 hooks in about 80–96 rows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36125C27011BC58FEF730D3FD89F9D7" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC58FEF730D3FB21F927" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FEF730D3FDD7FE37" bold="true" box="[312,561,764,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Two pharate females and their pupal exuviae:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C36D97011BC58FBB430D3FB3EFE37" box="[1147,1240,764,790]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, limits between Estado de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C36D97011BC58FDD9310BFD96FE1F" box="[534,624,804,830]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Morelos, Lagunas de Zempoala National Park (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F108E7011BC58FEDE3163FE37FE47" box="[273,465,844,870]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="19.047657">19º02’51.57” N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F108E7011BC58FE2F3163FD72FE47" box="[480,660,844,870]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-99.31702">99º19’1.26” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C83DBAC7011BC58FD6C3163FCE6FE47" box="[675,768,844,870]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.841" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2841.0">2841 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.),
|
||
<date id="FFC550897011BC58FC923163FBCEFE47" box="[861,1064,844,870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="2006-08-11">August 11, 2006</date>
|
||
, Sandoval-Ruíz, coll. (mounted on slides except thorax of 1 pinned); 1 pharate male and its pupal exuviae: same data (mounted on slide);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DBDC07011BC58FD8F31B3FD40FE97" box="[576,678,924,950]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="pupa">3 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
: same data (in ethanol);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DBDC07011BC58FC1331B3FBA4FE97" box="[988,1090,924,950]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="pupa">3 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
: same data, except
|
||
<date id="FFC550897011BC58FEC731EBFE1DFEFF" box="[264,507,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="2005-09-19">September 19, 2005</date>
|
||
(mounted on slides);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DBDC07011BC58FCC631EBFC8CFEFF" box="[777,874,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="larva">5 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
(mounted on slides);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DBDC07011BC58FBB631EBFB39FEFF" box="[1145,1247,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="larva">8 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
: same data, except
|
||
<date id="FFC550897011BC58FE5431C3FDBBF927" box="[411,605,1004,1030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" value="2006-08-11">August 11, 2006</date>
|
||
(1 mounted on slide, remaining material in ethanol).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC58FEF7363BFD89F9D7" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FEF7363BFDE2F90F" bold="true" box="[312,516,1044,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Biological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
All specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FD10363BFCADF90C" box="[735,843,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FD10363BFCADF90C" box="[735,843,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came from a small, shallow, cold, clean stream in an area partially shaded by forest and with a moderate amount of grass on the banks. The stream is about
|
||
<quantity id="4C83DBAC7011BC58FD9A364BFD63F95F" box="[597,645,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
wide, with water flowing slowly. Immature stages were attached to stones and grasses in association with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FCB736A3FB5CF987" authority="Vargas" authorityName="Vargas" box="[888,1210,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FCB736A3FBB9F984" box="[888,1119,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Simulium marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
Vargas
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& Díaz- Nájera, 1957,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FE7A369BFCFDF9EF" authority="De Leon, 1945" authorityName="De Leon" authorityYear="1945" box="[437,795,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capricorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FE7A369BFDBEF9EC" box="[437,600,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. capricorne</emphasis>
|
||
De León, 1945
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FCAF369BFB41F9EF" authority="Vargas" authorityName="Vargas" box="[864,1191,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wrighti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FCAF369BFBADF9EC" box="[864,1099,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Gigantodax wrighti</emphasis>
|
||
Vargas
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Martínez- Palacios & Díaz-Nájera, 1944.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36125C27011BC5BFEF7372BFC73FFE7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC58FEF7372BFE70F8C7" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FEF7372BFE20F83F" bold="true" box="[312,454,1284,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0C8EB7011BC58FDC3372BFDD9F83F" box="[524,575,1284,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given in the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA0BB87011BC58FBBF372BFEB0F867" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Coscaron, S., S. Ibanez-Bernal & C. Coscaron-Arias. (1999) Revision of Simulium (Simulium) in the Neotropical realm (Insecta: Diptera: Simuliidae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.) Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 543 - 604. Smart, J. (1945) The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 463 - 532." type="journal article">
|
||
Coscarón
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FB24372BFAC5F83C" box="[1259,1315,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was Lagunas de Zempoala, “Distrito Federal (sic)”,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C36D97011BC58FBC23703FB8DF867" box="[1037,1131,1324,1350]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This location, however, is a mistake, because Lagunas de Zempoala is a National Park situated between the states of Morelos and Estado de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C36D97011BC58FD703753FCFAF8B7" box="[703,796,1404,1430]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, not in Distrito Federal. All specimens here reported come from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0C8EB7011BC58FDE2378BFDB9F89F" box="[557,607,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F108E7011BC58FD1C378BFC75F89F" box="[723,915,1444,1470]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="19.047657">19º02’51.57” N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F108E7011BC58FC6E378BFBB3F89F" box="[929,1109,1444,1470]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-99.31702">99º19’1.26” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C83DBAC7011BC58FBAC378BFB58F89F" box="[1123,1214,1444,1470]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.841" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2841.0">2841 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC58FEF737DBFB23FBDF" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FE2937DBFDB7FB2C" box="[486,593,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FE2937DBFDB7FB2C" box="[486,593,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FC9B37DBFC39FB2C" box="[852,991,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FC9B37DBFC39FB2C" box="[852,991,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FC2137DBFEA3FB17" authority="Dyar & Shannon, 1927" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FC2137DBFBB5FB2C" box="[1006,1107,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. piperi</emphasis>
|
||
Dyar & Shannon, 1927
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FE4B3433FD5CFB17" authority="De Leon, 1945" authorityName="De Leon" authorityYear="1945" box="[388,698,1564,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FE4B3433FDE6FB14" box="[388,512,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. tricorne</emphasis>
|
||
De León, 1945
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, having the same general pattern of the scutum and a smooth cibarial margin. The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FD3A346BFC63FB7C" box="[757,901,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FD3A346BFC63FB7C" box="[757,901,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, is distinguished by the quadrangular anal lobe. The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FD263443FCB7FBA4" box="[745,849,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FD263443FCB7FBA4" box="[745,849,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. piperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the anal lobe similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FADB3443FEB2FB8C" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FADB3443FEB2FB8C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but can be distinguished by the distally rounded hypogynial valves. The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FEC73493FE6CFBF4" box="[264,394,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FEC73493FE6CFBF4" box="[264,394,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. tricorne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the sensory vesicle of the palp smaller, 0.25 the length of the basal palpomere, and the inner margins of the hypogynial valves somewhat sclerotized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497011BC59FEF73523FB6EFC7F" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,350]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FE023523FDD0FA04" box="[461,566,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FE023523FDD0FA04" box="[461,566,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the ventral plate with a partially setose lip, similar to that of other species in the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7011BC58FDAB351BFD2AFA6C" box="[612,716,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Aspathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7011BC58FDAB351BFD2AFA6C" box="[612,716,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Aspathia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but its shape distinguishes it from that of nearly all related species. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7010BC59FDC13333FD7CFC14" box="[526,666,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FDC13333FD7CFC14" box="[526,666,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">S. marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7010BC59FC063333FBD1FC14" box="[969,1079,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FC063333FBD1FC14" box="[969,1079,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the shape of the ventral plate, but it has a broader apex of the gonostylus than does
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7010BC59FBD8336BFB66FC7C" box="[1047,1152,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FBD8336BFB66FC7C" box="[1047,1152,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0426C17010BC59FEC734FFFBEAFA0C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174692/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[278,1303,416,1743]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497010BC59FEC734FFFBEAFA0C" blockId="5.[264,1322,1744,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FEC734FFFE28FBC9" bold="true" box="[264,462,1744,1768]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">FIGURES 13–18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7010BC59FE1B34FEFD62FBC9" box="[468,644,1745,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FE1B34FEFD62FBC9" box="[468,644,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Simulium sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pupa.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FD1C34FFFD12FBC9" bold="true" box="[723,756,1744,1768]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">13.</emphasis>
|
||
Variations in the shape of the anterodorsal projection of the cocoon.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FE7F34DCFE37FA2A" bold="true" box="[432,465,1779,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">14.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of pupa in cocoon.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FC8834DCFC8FFA2A" bold="true" box="[839,873,1779,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">15.</emphasis>
|
||
Frontoclypeus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FBD334DCFBDBFA2A" bold="true" box="[1052,1085,1779,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">16.</emphasis>
|
||
Gill.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FB4E34DCFB44FA2A" bold="true" box="[1153,1186,1779,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">17.</emphasis>
|
||
Thorax.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7010BC59FAC634DCFACCFA2A" bold="true" box="[1289,1322,1779,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">18.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of abdominal chaetotaxy. All measurements in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0426C17013BC5AFEC73466FBA9FB84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174693/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[295,1310,321,1581]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497013BC5AFEC73466FBA9FB84" blockId="6.[264,1322,1609,1702]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFEC73466FE34FB40" bold="true" box="[264,466,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">FIGURES 19–26.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFE143466FD76FB41" box="[475,656,1609,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFE143466FD76FB41" box="[475,656,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Simulium sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, larva.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFD2A3466FCE1FB40" bold="true" box="[741,775,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">19.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of larva.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFBC73466FBCCFB40" bold="true" box="[1032,1066,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">20.</emphasis>
|
||
Head, dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFAC63466FACCFB40" bold="true" box="[1289,1322,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">21.</emphasis>
|
||
Antenna.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFEB53444FE7DFBA2" bold="true" box="[378,411,1643,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">22.</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of mandible.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFD583444FD5FFBA2" bold="true" box="[663,697,1643,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">23.</emphasis>
|
||
Hypostoma, hypostomal bridge, and gular cleft.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFAC63444FACCFBA2" bold="true" box="[1289,1322,1643,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">24.</emphasis>
|
||
Hypostoma.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFE5F34A1FE54FB87" bold="true" box="[400,434,1678,1702]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">25.</emphasis>
|
||
Anal sclerite.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFD8234A1FD88FB87" bold="true" box="[589,622,1678,1702]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">26.</emphasis>
|
||
Anal gills. All measurements in millimeters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497013BC5BFEF734F6FBB3FC8F" blockId="6.[264,1323,1753,1899]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,284,950]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFE0234F6FDDEFBD3" box="[461,568,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFE0234F6FDDEFBD3" box="[461,568,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is readily separated from that of other species. Despite having a cocoon with an anterodorsal projection, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFCFF352EFE00FA62" authority="Vargas, Martinez-Palacios & Diaz-Najera, 1946" authorityName="Vargas, Martinez-Palacios & Diaz-Najera" authorityYear="1946" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costalimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFCFF352EFC2CFA3B" box="[816,970,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">S. costalimai</emphasis>
|
||
Vargas, Martínez-Palacios & Díaz-Nájera, 1946
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFE3A3506FDBAFA63" box="[501,604,1833,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFE3A3506FDBAFA63" box="[501,604,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">S. piperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFDA23506FD1CFA63" box="[621,762,1833,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFDA23506FD1CFA63" box="[621,762,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">S. marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFC8F3506FB1EFA62" authority="Dyar & Shannon, 1927" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1927" box="[832,1272,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacumbae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFC8F3506FC34FA63" box="[832,978,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">S. jacumbae</emphasis>
|
||
Dyar & Shannon, 1927
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7013BC5AFEBE357EFE38FA4B" box="[369,478,1873,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7013BC5AFEBE357EFE38FA4B" box="[369,478,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by the granular surface of its head and thorax, number and branching pattern of the dorsal thoracic trichomes, and number of terminal branches and thickness of the gills. The gills of the aforementioned species are generally more filamentous than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFD443343FD11FCA4" box="[651,759,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFD443343FD11FCA4" box="[651,759,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFBDB3343FB46FCA4" box="[1044,1184,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFBDB3343FB46FCA4" box="[1044,1184,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has thick gill branches, but only two secondary and eight terminal branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497012BC5BFEF73393FC73FFE7" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFE123393FDADFCF4" box="[477,587,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFE123393FDADFCF4" box="[477,587,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFC9A3393FB86FCF4" box="[853,1120,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFC9A3393FC01FCF4" box="[853,999,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">S. marquezi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFC383393FB86FCF4" box="[1015,1120,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperi">S. piperi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFB653393FACCFCF4" box="[1194,1322,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFB653393FACCFCF4" box="[1194,1322,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. tricorne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because it has the second antennal article longer than the third, the first article shorter than the second, and the gular cleft scarcely developed. It can be differentiated from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFADB3023FE92FF6C" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marquezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFADB3023FE92FF6C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. marquezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the latter species has more than 100 rows of hooks in the posterior circlet, 40–42 primary rays in the labral fan, and 13 or more mandibular inner teeth. These characteristics will not separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFD4730ABFD12FFBC" box="[648,756,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFD4730ABFD12FFBC" box="[648,756,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFCF030ABFC42FFBC" box="[831,932,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFCF030ABFC42FFBC" box="[831,932,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. piperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFC0030ABFBAAFFBC" box="[975,1100,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFC0030ABFBAAFFBC" box="[975,1100,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">S. tricorne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the latter two species have a positive apotome (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA0BB87012BC5BFD403083FC6EFFE7" author="Coscaron" box="[655,904,684,710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Coscaron, S., S. Ibanez-Bernal & C. Coscaron-Arias. (1999) Revision of Simulium (Simulium) in the Neotropical realm (Insecta: Diptera: Simuliidae). In: Burger, J. F. (Ed.) Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 543 - 604. Smart, J. (1945) The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 463 - 532." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Coscarón
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFCC83083FCDCFFE4" box="[775,826,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36125C27012BC5BFEF730FBFE9DFE97" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC476497012BC5BFEF730FBFE9DFE97" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFEF730FBFDE6FFCC" ID-CoL="8DYXY" box="[312,512,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFEF730FBFDE6FFCC" box="[312,512,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Simulium sandyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
corresponds with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B0DCA7012BC5BFD2530FBFACCFFCF" ID-CoL="89RXH" authority="Adler et al. (2004)" authorityName="Adler et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[746,1322,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aspathia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFD2530FBFCBFFFCC" box="[746,857,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFCBF30FBFC3EFFCC" box="[880,984,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Aspathia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFC2030FBFBD6FFCC" box="[1007,1072,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA0BB87012BC5BFBF130FBFACCFFCF" box="[1086,1322,724,750]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie D. C. & Wood D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 941." type="book chapter">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FAA5B7012BC5BFB4130FBFB2EFFCC" box="[1166,1224,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the female has the scutum striped and the cibarium smooth; the male has the gonostylus longer than the gonocoxite, a strong internal basal process on the gonostylus, a uniquely shaped ventral plate, and the paramere with various spines; the pupa has a slipper-shaped cocoon; and the larva has the second antennal article with transverse striations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |