275 lines
32 KiB
XML
275 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="ED42336F441C6D8E04F521F6A8A2CD2F" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFECF60289AF32FFF975F959" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Epomophorus labiatus Temminck 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="98" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="98" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="94AA76DC1EEFCAC76C9155BA8DEB422E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="72DDF034194A4C8A36FD8E942B6F5FBE">
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<mods:title id="A36D6ACC2C484FA06B85E9A39B7C3EC1">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="B020E06FE1F73D5068D64BE19AA35482" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="58DFFD8211437D20D986042273AB5431">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3532BCFCB5A1053139547C6CA75385DD">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="37FA2F33852339BA641B80A4FFF134CC">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="082D658EFB1211CB4F89E6DF31421C84" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="69524C11203AD985D4661BD306D6945A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="82E1CB8A53A508EB6C719D8E9FFF6747">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="2DDB74826AB5A4C55A909E81A06407CB">
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<mods:title id="E81CCC1E9522A2493506361EAD59E1E1">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4BFF827AFAF9FB8B5F8A25D0F1C76576">
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<mods:identifier id="EBFF2477DD0CC07C0B13C515A7B5197A" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFECF60289AF32FFF975F959" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794676" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379272" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFECF60289AF32FFF975F959" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFECF60289AF32FFF975F959" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF60289AF32FFFF4FF88E" box="[177,234,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF60289AF32FFFF4FF88E" blockId="40.[175,1266,1763,1897]" box="[177,234,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF60289AF32FFFF4FF88E" box="[177,234,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFECF60289AF32FFFF4FF88E" box="[177,234,1763,1813]" captionStart="Plate 4: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="33.[122,152,3248,3269]" captionTargetBox="[14,2755,18,3663]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="50. Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus azagnyi), 51. Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus woermanni), 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis), 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata), 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala), 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon), 56. Bergmans’s Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta), 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae), 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 59. Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi), 61. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampr), 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus), 63. Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus erypturus), 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus), 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor), 67. Ansell’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus anselli), 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), 69. Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsonu), 70. Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grands), 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus), 72. Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448849/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">65.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF60289E432FFFCBAF88E" box="[250,799,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF60289E432FFFCBAF88E" blockId="40.[175,1266,1763,1897]" box="[250,799,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF60289E432FFFCBAF88E" box="[250,799,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF60289E432FFFCBAF88E" ID-CoL="6FWXS" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[250,799,1763,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">Little Epauletted Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028A5132FFFB57F88E" box="[847,1266,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028A5132FFFB57F88E" blockId="40.[175,1266,1763,1897]" box="[847,1266,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF6028A5132FFFB57F88E" box="[847,1266,1763,1813]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028A5132FFFB57F88E" ID-CoL="6FWXS" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[847,1266,1763,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028A5132FFFB57F88E" box="[847,1266,1763,1813]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Epomophorus labiatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF60289AE333BFD7CF8FE" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF60289AE333BFB63F8A7" blockId="40.[175,1266,1763,1897]" box="[176,1222,1831,1852]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF60289AE333BFB63F8A7" box="[176,1222,1831,1852]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF60289AE333BFF59F8A7" bold="true" box="[176,252,1831,1852]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028818333BFE77F8A7" ID-CoL="6FWXS" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[262,466,1831,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">Epomophore labiaire</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF60288F9333BFDE7F8A7" bold="true" box="[487,578,1831,1852]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028B54333BFCD1F8A7" ID-CoL="6FWXS" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[586,884,1831,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">Athiopien-Epaulettenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028A97333BFC41F8A7" bold="true" box="[905,996,1831,1852]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF6028AF0333BFB63F8A7" ID-CoL="6FWXS" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1006,1222,1831,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">
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Epoméforo de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028D9B333BFB63F8A7" box="[1157,1222,1831,1852]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Etiopia</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF60289B1334CFD7CF8FE" blockId="40.[175,1266,1763,1897]" box="[175,729,1872,1893]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFECF60289B1334CFD7CF8FE" box="[175,729,1872,1893]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF60289B1334CFE02F8FE" bold="true" box="[175,423,1872,1893]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFECF60288AF334CFD7CF8FE" ID-CoL="6FWXS" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[433,729,1872,1893]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">Ethiopian Epauletted Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028A0A3384FCFBF842" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028A0A3384FCFBF842" blockId="40.[788,1384,1944,2364]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028A0A3384FC0AF82A" bold="true" box="[788,943,1944,1969]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028AD73384FCFCF842" ID-CoL="4Q324" authority="Temminck, 1837" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">Pteropus labiatus Temminck, 1837</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028A6833A0FA9AF79B" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028A6833A0FA9AF79B" blockId="40.[788,1384,1944,2364]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFECF6028A6833A0FA9EF79B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391424" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028A6833A0FC75F842" box="[886,976,1980,2009]" name="Sudan" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, “
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028AE833A0FBDAF842" box="[1014,1151,1980,2009]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Abyssinia</collectingCountry>
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.” Restricted by W. Bergmans in 1988 to Sennar,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028DFF33FBFA9EF79B" box="[1249,1339,2023,2048]" name="Sudan" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028A0B3C1AFA85F617" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028A0B3C1AFA85F617" blockId="40.[788,1384,1944,2364]" lastBlockId="40.[176,1389,2371,3470]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028A0B3C1AFB8DF7BC" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[789,1064,2054,2087]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">Epomophorus labiatus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028DBE3C1AFA8FF7BC" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1184,1322,2054,2087]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gambianus">gambianus</taxonomicName>
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species group and includes E. anurus. Systematics of small-sized forms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028D8D3C49FA99F7ED" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1836" box="[1171,1340,2133,2166]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epomophorus</taxonomicName>
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remains unclear. Two concepts of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028DC33C60FACDF706" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1245,1384,2172,2205]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">E. labiatus</taxonomicName>
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exist: one of a widely varying species with pronounced geographical clinal trends, including large specimens of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028DAC3CEFFA87F68F" box="[1202,1314,2291,2324]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">E. minor</taxonomicName>
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, and another one not inclusive of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028DA83D03FA8CF6A7" box="[1206,1321,2335,2364]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">E. minor</taxonomicName>
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and with more restricted morphometric variation (only larger specimens of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028C193D5FFACCF6FF" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1287,1385,2371,2404]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">labiatus</taxonomicName>
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form). Additional research is needed to improve systematic resolution. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF60289AC3D8BFAC0F5B1" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFECF60289AC3D8BFAC0F5B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803714" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803714/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" startId="40.[178,350,2455,2484]" targetBox="[174,767,1951,2368]" targetPageId="40">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF60289AC3D8BFAC0F5B1" blockId="40.[176,1389,2371,3470]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF60289AC3D8BFEC7F62F" bold="true" box="[178,354,2455,2484]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Arabian Peninsula (SW
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028BD23D8BFC26F62F" box="[716,899,2455,2484]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028AD03D8BFB95F62F" box="[974,1072,2455,2484]" name="Yemen" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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) and patchily distributed in Africa from E
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60288E03DDEFDFDF640" box="[510,600,2498,2523]" name="Sudan" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028B733DDEFD47F640" box="[621,738,2498,2523]" name="Djibouti" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028A263DDEFC15F640" box="[824,944,2498,2523]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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S to E
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028D383DDEFB65F640" box="[1062,1216,2498,2523]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028DE93DDEFAC4F640" box="[1271,1377,2498,2523]" name="Zambia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60289AC3DFDFEB3F599" box="[178,278,2529,2562]" name="Malawi" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, and NW
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60288B43DFDFDC1F599" box="[426,612,2529,2562]" name="Mozambique" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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, also on Unguja and Mafia Is (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028D3B3DFDFB07F599" box="[1061,1186,2529,2562]" name="Tanzania" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Archipelago) and isolated localities in NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028B203E15FD0DF5B1" box="[574,680,2569,2602]" name="Nigeria" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028BA83E15FCA7F5B1" box="[694,770,2569,2602]" name="Chad" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and on the coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028D463E15FAC7F5B1" box="[1112,1378,2569,2602]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF60289AC3E29F925FEC7" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF60289AC3E29F925FEC7" blockId="40.[176,1389,2371,3470]" lastBlockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF60289AC3E29FE12F5C9" bold="true" box="[178,439,2613,2642]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028B673E29FC94F5C9" box="[633,817,2613,2642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" metricValueMax="1.13" metricValueMin="1.05" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="109.0" valueMax="113.0" valueMin="105.0">105-113 mm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028AE63E29FB35F5C9" box="[1016,1168,2613,2642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" metricValueMax="9.8" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="94.0" valueMax="98.0" valueMin="90.0">90-98 mm</quantity>
|
||
(females), tail
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60289AD3E40FE8FF5E2" box="[179,298,2652,2681]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">0-5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60288683E40FDABF5E2" box="[374,526,2652,2681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="17.0">17-21 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028BB33E40FCE0F5E2" box="[685,837,2652,2681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="12.0">12-18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028AC93E40FBCBF5E2" box="[983,1134,2652,2681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="73.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="66.0">66-80 mm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028C283E40FEB3F53A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="67.0" valueMax="76.0" valueMin="58.0">58- 76 mm</quantity>
|
||
(females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028B373E98FD3CF53A" box="[553,665,2692,2721]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="g" value="56.0" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="48.0">48-64 g</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF6028A433E98FC69F53A" box="[861,972,2692,2721]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="g" value="42.5" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="34.0">34-51 g</quantity>
|
||
(females). Males frequently are darker and on average slightly larger than females, with broader muzzle and folded upper lip. Muzzle is rather long but relatively medium-short and broad for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60289AD3EE9FEC2F48D" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1836" box="[179,359,2805,2838]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epomophorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Tongue is long, with small backward-pointing papillae near tip, very extendable, and extensively used for grooming. Eyes are large;irises are brown or chestnut-brown. Ears are relatively short, rounded, naked, and brown, with darker rims and anterior and posterior light ear tufts at bases. White epaulettes occur on adult males. Dorsum is light sandy brown on males, hairs are dark brown at bases, mid-dorsal hairs are ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF60288E53FDFFDC3F447" box="[507,614,3011,3036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
; dorsum is light brown (fawn) on females, hairs are beige with pale brown tips; pelage of both sexes is soft and fluffy, extending along forearm dorsally and ventrally. Venter of males is pale brown on chest to pure white on abdomen; some males have dark brown shoulders and throat; chest of females is pale fawn and becomes darker on abdomen. Wings have claw on second digits; membranes emerge from sides of body, attach to second toes, and are light brown and sparsely and very thinly covered in hair. Skull is medium to short; rostrum is relatively short, broad, and in profile flat as is interorbital region; parietal region is rounded and deflected downward; sagittal crest is absent; nuchal crest is weak; and post-dental palate is moderately concave. There are six thick palatal ridges; fourth is midway between third and fifth, and fifth is partially or fully postdental; and ridges 2-4 are not divided. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 72 (females), with twelve pairs of metacentric and six pairs of submetacentric autosomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB83578F64BFD84" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB83578F64BFD84" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB83578F9B0FE1A" bold="true" box="[1446,1557,356,385]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028F363578F9DAFE1A" box="[1576,1663,356,385]" name="Sudan" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028FC63578F89BFE1A" box="[1752,1854,356,385]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
Savanna (undifferentiated woodland, wetter miombo woodland, evergreen and semi-evergreen bushlands,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60281B73597F6A5FE33" box="[2217,2304,395,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60280063597F63BFE33" box="[2328,2462,395,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60280E03597FA4AFE54" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Commiphora</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028F1635AEF912FE54" box="[1544,1719,434,463]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] bushland and thicket and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602814935AEF708FE54" box="[2135,2221,434,463]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
|
||
wooded grasslands), Rainforest-Savanna Mosaic, Coastal Forest Mosaic, Zambezian Woodland and Afromontane-Afroalpine (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028F4D35E2F968FD84" box="[1619,1741,510,543]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) biotic zones from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFECF602806235E2F64EFD84" box="[2428,2539,510,543]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB93639F86AFC97" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB93639F86AFC97" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB93639F909FDDD" bold="true" box="[1447,1708,549,582]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Little Epauletted Fruit Bat eats indigenous and cultivated soft fruits; e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028F21364CF896FDF6" box="[1599,1843,592,621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028E57364CF762FDF6" box="[1865,2247,592,621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia (Combretaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF60281C4364CF5F0FDF6" box="[2266,2645,592,621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mangifera (Anacardiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028CB63668F940FD0E" box="[1448,1765,628,661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Irvingiaceae" genus="Irvingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Irvingia (Irvingiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028E273668F702FD0E" box="[1849,2215,628,661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Salvadora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salvadora (Salvadoraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Fruit is packed into expandable cheeks and carried to a perch whereitis chewed. Nectar and pollen are consumed from flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF6028F9236DEF940FD78" box="[1676,1765,706,739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Kigelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Kigelia</taxonomicName>
|
||
pinnata and K. aethiopica (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFECF602814236DEF687FD78" box="[2140,2338,706,739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bignoniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), among other plants. Captive individuals did not drink water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB6370DF82DFBD3" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB6370DF82DFBD3" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB6370DF98BFCA9" bold="true" box="[1448,1582,785,818]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Litter size of the Little Epauletted Fruit Bat is one. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF6028037370DF63CFCA9" box="[2345,2457,785,818]" name="Uganda" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, reproductive cycle is continuous bimodal polyestry, with postpartum estrus, and seasonal polyestry to monoestry in drier localities. Gestation lasts 5-6 months. Females are in reproductive synchrony, and males are probably also in synchrony with females. Parturition and postpartum mating occur just before or at beginning of wet seasons (March to early April and late September to early October). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF602812337CAF738FC6C" box="[2109,2205,982,1015]" name="Malawi" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60281FB37CAF6E8FC6C" box="[2277,2381,982,1015]" name="Zambia" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
where there is only one wet season (November to early April), there is no reproductive synchrony, and births occur in October-February.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB93051F7E2FB7D" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB93051F7E2FB7D" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB93051F937FBF5" bold="true" box="[1447,1682,1101,1134]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
During the day, Little Epauletted Fruit Bats hang (often alone) freely from branches of trees and shrubs (sometime under dense foliage), banana leaves, or exposed tree roots. Adult males probably perform calling displays, but due to the small size of larynx, calls probably have limited reach.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB430F7F899FA1F" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB430F7F899FA1F" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB430F7F7C7FA97" bold="true" box="[1450,2146,1259,1292]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Little Epauletted Fruit Bat generally roosts alone, but groups of up to 40 individuals have been observed. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60280E8310FF5FCFAAF" box="[2550,2649,1299,1332]" name="Malawi" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, young were captured in March-May but no adults in March—June or September, suggesting it might be nomadic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB53195F96CF9D1" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB53195F96CF9D1" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB53195F8ADFA31" bold="true" box="[1451,1800,1417,1450]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Little Epauletted Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and large population. It is probably not declining fast enough to be assigned to a higher category. It faces no major threats, but overharvesting for subsistence food (and medicine in certain parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFECF60280A331E3F5F6F9BB" box="[2493,2643,1535,1568]" name="Cameroon" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
) might be a problem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFECF6028CB23244F975F959" pageId="40" pageNumber="98" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFECF6028CB23244F975F959" blockId="40.[1445,2657,273,1735]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFECF6028CB23244F9E0F9EA" bold="true" box="[1452,1605,1624,1649]" pageId="40" pageNumber="98">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Benda, Al-Jumaily et al. (2011), Bergmans (1988, 1997), Bobo & Ntumwel (2010), Claessen & De Vree (1990), Duli¢ & Mutere (1973), Gaucher (1992), Happold, M. (2013e), Koopman (1975), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Taylor (2016b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |