226 lines
28 KiB
XML
226 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="B5F96D0298AEF8CF48F689E885F45551" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFEAF60489B9351EFCEFF39B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Macroglossus sobrinus K. Andersen 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="104" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="104" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E7A2944DFA39F479B4D84204B573D2BF">
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<mods:title id="50A40C6994C666FE5E57498446281E77">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3D14137047A924F5B1A713A3C984E208">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F328C99069652C05777A618EFA32F877">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:placeTerm id="90D14FA45F3C5B718FCC5C90F2071BDF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="BD8E739A4C885DD3E12E680C7446DA09">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFEAF60489B9351EFCEFF39B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448975" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448975" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFEAF60489B9351EFCEFF39B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFEAF60489B9351EFCEFF39B" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B9351EFF45FEAF" box="[167,224,258,308]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B9351EFF45FEAF" blockId="46.[164,1347,258,471]" box="[167,224,258,308]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFEAF60489B9351EFF45FEAF" box="[167,224,258,308]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFEAF60489B9351EFF45FEAF" box="[167,224,258,308]" captionStart="Plate 5: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="45.[123,153,3243,3268]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,17,3662]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="73. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus minimus), 74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus sobrinus), 75. Southern Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis), 76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat (Syconycteris carolinae), 77. Moss-forest Blossom Bat (Syconycteris hobbit), 78. Manado Fruit Bat (Boneia bidens), 79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris celebensis), 80. Philippine Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris whitehead), 81. Bulmer’s Fruit Bat (Aproteles bulmerae), 82. Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), 83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia moluccensis), 84. Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia peronu), 86. Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia pannietensis), 87. Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia chapmani), 88. Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia emersa), 89. Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia exoleta), 90. Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia viridis), 91. Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia beauforti), 92. Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia crenulata), 93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia inermis), 94. New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia praedatrix)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448853/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">74.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489EC351EFC73FEAF" box="[242,982,258,308]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489EC351EFC73FEAF" blockId="46.[164,1347,258,471]" box="[242,982,258,308]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFEAF60489EC351EFC73FEAF" box="[242,982,258,308]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF60489EC351EFC73FEAF" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[242,982,258,308]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B93532FDECFEC7" box="[167,585,302,348]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B93532FDECFEC7" blockId="46.[164,1347,258,471]" box="[167,585,302,348]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFEAF60489B93532FDECFEC7" box="[167,585,302,348]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF60489B93532FDECFEC7" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[167,585,302,348]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B93532FDECFEC7" box="[167,585,302,348]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Macroglossus sobrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B83571FC55FE49" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B83571FB3EFE19" blockId="46.[164,1347,258,471]" box="[166,1179,365,386]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFEAF60489B83571FB3EFE19" box="[166,1179,365,386]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B83571FF57FE19" bold="true" box="[166,242,365,386]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF60489E53571FE1BFE19" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[251,446,365,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Grand Macroglosse</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60488CD3571FD88FE19" bold="true" box="[467,557,365,386]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF6048B293571FCF0FE19" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[567,853,365,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">GroRer Langzungenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF6048A743571FC60FE19" bold="true" box="[874,965,365,386]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF6048ACE3571FB3EFE19" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[976,1179,365,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Macroglosus grande</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B83589FC55FE49" blockId="46.[164,1347,258,471]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFEAF60489B83589FC55FE49" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B83589FE38FE31" bold="true" box="[166,413,405,426]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF60488B83589FD53FE31" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[422,758,405,426]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF6048A1D3589FB83FE31" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[771,1062,405,426]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF6048D2D3589FF62FE49" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF60489CA35A1FE37FE49" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[212,402,445,466]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Greater Nectar Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF60488BE35A1FD7DFE49" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[416,728,445,466]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFEAF6048BF835A1FC55FE49" ID-CoL="3X59T" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[742,1008,445,466]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF6048A14361FFBC9FDDC" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF6048A14361FFBC9FDDC" blockId="46.[777,1373,515,938]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF6048A14361FFC00FDBB" bold="true" box="[778,933,515,544]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048AD9361FFBCDFDDC" ID-CoL="3X59T" authority="RK. Andersen, 1911" authorityName="RK. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="minimus" subSpecies="sobrinus">Macroglossus minimus sobrinus RK. Andersen, 1911</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF6048D9A363AFB40FDF4" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF6048D9A363AFB40FDF4" blockId="46.[777,1373,515,938]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFEAF6048D9A363AFB40FDF4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391321" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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“Gunong lgari [= Mount Igari],
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFEAF6048AE2364EFBEAFDF4" box="[1020,1103,594,623]" country="Malaysia" name="Perak" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Perak</collectingRegion>
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,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFEAF6048D74364EFB47FDF4" box="[1130,1250,594,623]" name="Malaysia" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF6048A173665FAE6FC31" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF6048A173665FAE6FC31" blockId="46.[777,1373,515,938]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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Although
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048AB93665FBE8FD0D" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" box="[935,1101,633,662]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrinus">M. sobrinus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048DB13665FAF9FD0D" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1199,1372,633,662]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">M. minimus</taxonomicName>
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are currently considered distinct species based on morphology, genetic data do not support this in Indochina. Additional genetic and morphometric research with samples from throughout their distributions is needed to resolve taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048A153791FC11FC31" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" box="[779,948,909,938]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Macroglossus</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B837ADFAFDFBEB" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFEAF60489B837ADFAFDFBEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803732/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" startId="46.[166,320,945,978]" targetBox="[163,755,522,937]" targetPageId="46">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B837ADFD93FC49" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" box="[166,566,945,978]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B837ADFD93FC49" bold="true" box="[166,566,945,978]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B937FDFC68FBD2" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF60489B937FDFC68FBD2" authority="K. Andersen, 1911" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sobrinus" subSpecies="sobrinus">M.s.sobrinusK.Andersen,1911—NEIndia(Sikkim,WestBengal,ArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,Meghalaya,Mizoram,andTripura),SCChina(SYunnan),mainlandSEAsia,Sumatra,Simeulue,Nias,Krakatau,Java,andBaliIs.</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B93053FAFDFBEB" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" box="[167,1368,1103,1136]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF60489B93053FD3DFBEB" authority="Chasen & Kloss, 1928" authorityName="Chasen & Kloss" authorityYear="1928" box="[167,664,1103,1136]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sobrinus" subSpecies="fraternus">M.s. fraternus Chasen & Kloss, 1928</taxonomicName>
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— Mentawai Is (Siberut, Sipora, and North Pagai).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B83063FE95F81C" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B83063FE95F81C" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B83063FE0DFB03" bold="true" box="[166,424,1151,1176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head-body
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, tail ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF6048A763063FC44FB03" box="[872,993,1151,1176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="0.0">0-6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF6048D2F3063FB6CFB03" box="[1073,1225,1151,1176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="14.0">14-19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF60489B73082FE98FB24" box="[169,317,1182,1215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10-18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF60488D43082FDC5FB24" box="[458,608,1182,1215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="38.0">38-52 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF6048BC73082FCE0FB24" box="[729,837,1182,1215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="g" value="23.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="18.0">18-29 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat is very similar to the Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048D3530D9FB77FB7D" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1067,1234,1221,1254]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">M. minimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but can be distinguished by being generally larger with longer muzzle, its more prominent chin, slightly more forward-facing nostrils, and lack of grooves on upper lip. Head and muzzle are elongated, with very long papillae-tipped tongue, and nostrils are rounded and forward facing. Dorsal pelage is clay to buffy brown, with pale base to hair; ventral pelage is paler and grayer, being almost creamy. Ears are relatively long, rounded, and dark brownish; eyes are large, with dark rufous brown irises. Tail is very minute and difficult to see or completely lacking. Uropatagium is highly reduced, attaching at base where tail would be and following leg up to ankles where it attaches to highly reduced calcar. Second digit of wing has claw, third and fifth metacarpals are subequal in size, and wing is dark with fur extending over upper arm dorsally and ventrally. Skull is long, with very long and narrow rostrum; braincase is strongly deflected downward. Jaw is thin and comparatively weak. Molars and premolars are largely reduced and flattened; large gap occurs between P' and next premolar (P°); C is long, thin, and strongly curved outward; and upper incisors are very reduced, project slightly forward, and are separated from one each other and canines by small gaps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN =
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF6048C0D3322FAFFF8C4" box="[1299,1370,1854,1887]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="in" value="60.0">60 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFEAF60489B8337AFE89F81C" box="[166,300,1894,1927]" name="Thailand" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B83391FE8EF7BE" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B83391FE8EF7BE" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B83391FEB0F835" bold="true" box="[166,277,1933,1966]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Various evergreen forests including primary and secondary montane and lowland forests, often found in dipterocarp forests, mangrove swamps, and plantations (commonly banana and cashew plantations) from sea level up to elevations of c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF60489A73C18FE82F7BE" box="[185,295,2052,2085]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B83C37FC16F6FB" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B83C37FC16F6FB" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B83C37FE13F7D7" bold="true" box="[166,438,2091,2124]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats are nectarivorous, feeding on a large variety of plants, and are considered primary pollinators of some of them. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering near it and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen from plants they have foraged on. Wild and cultivated bananas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048B653CD1FD50F771" box="[635,757,2253,2282]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Musa sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048A1B3CD1FC2AF771" box="[773,911,2253,2282]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Musaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) seem to be preferred, but other cultivated and wild flowering trees are used. They have also been recorded around durian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF60489EB3D00FEE4F6A2" box="[245,321,2332,2361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Durio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Durio</taxonomicName>
|
||
zibethinus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF60488C43D00FDC9F6A2" box="[474,620,2332,2361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and cashew (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048A253D00FBD5F6A2" box="[827,1136,2332,2361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">Anacardium occidentale</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFEAF6048D613D00FAEBF6A2" box="[1151,1358,2332,2361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) plantations. It probably occasionally feeds on soft fruits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B93D7BFE72F64C" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B93D7BFE72F64C" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B93D7BFE88F613" bold="true" box="[167,301,2407,2440]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats have been captured in August and March-April in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFEAF6048B073D92FD36F634" box="[537,659,2446,2479]" name="Vietnam" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, suggesting bimodal polyestry. Females have one young per pregnancy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489BB3DFDFEA9F5D5" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489BB3DFDFEA9F5D5" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489BB3DFDFE35F665" bold="true" box="[165,400,2529,2558]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat is nocturnal. It roosts under large leaves of various trees, including banana and palm leaves, and under roofs of houses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B93E4FFA91F558" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B93E4FFA91F558" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B93E4FFC26F5EF" bold="true" box="[167,899,2643,2676]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats roost alone, in mother-young pairs, or in small spaced-out groups of 5-10 individuals. Home ranges are probably small, and they probably move c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFEAF6048D773EBEFB6BF558" box="[1129,1230,2722,2755]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" unit="km" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 km</quantity>
|
||
/night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B63ED6FDA5F411" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B63ED6FDA5F411" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B63ED6FDABF570" bold="true" box="[168,526,2762,2795]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major threats currently facing the Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat. It is relatively common throughoutits wide distribution, although it might be threatened locally by habitat loss through deforestation for agricultural expansion and bamboo extraction in South Asia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFEAF60489B63F84FCEFF39B" pageId="46" pageNumber="104" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFEAF60489B63F84FCEFF39B" blockId="46.[164,1375,945,3072]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFEAF60489B63F84FEE4F42A" bold="true" box="[168,321,2968,2993]" pageId="46" pageNumber="104">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bates & Harrison (1997), Corbet & Hill (1992), Feng Qing et al. (2007), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Hood et al. (1988), Hutson, Suyanto, Kingston, Bates et al. (2008), Itino et al. (1991), Kruskop (2013a), Matveev (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Thomas et al. (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |