229 lines
28 KiB
XML
229 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="3F252A6394886B009BF66E4CDA4985B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFE2F60C89B23E5BF7CBF5EE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Nanonycteris veldkampii" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="96" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="0623965A925B8E6F19FF55D1616D9716" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1B4DB08CD981969AC6A9C08DCA2036A5">
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<mods:title id="5B07343525CA7EADC752FF01A21F2DA8">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9A39ECA557C63773106F1B6BC3C2D129" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FCF5135F1054B73ACC86D6EAA1A070B5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="69BB7BCF0E3EEEEFCAE3D8C74AC415A8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="51BBDAA7E4AC1E770B43037796C78F57">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E086FBD628B52F2AFA458E3466446962">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="467EB96F86E5E1D02AE8238623B9BEA1">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="E722A9C2DF5C00D54E644CC9F91CDE3C" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="9EE984E3A160655C33B76E9FAB370D2D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="511BADD392FAE6C0226B586C1BA2559B">
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<mods:placeTerm id="C7C4D1BFCB4C9A2D16F72E83CEA1884D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CD286E61C70149E41D6D1335485B8EB1">
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<mods:title id="2E39B5751DFD7CDF79BA913C2186C61B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8EAB662398C891552E2FB624C7154566">
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<mods:start id="53A05609E7432CDA726AC721029A67BE">16</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="35E6BAF15E9615CE691CECAD04B1BBAB" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFE2F60C89B23E5BF7CBF5EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448959" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379413" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448959" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFE2F60C89B23E5BF7CBF5EE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFE2F60C89B23E5BF7CBF5EE" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C89B23E5BFF40F5EE" box="[172,229,2631,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C89B23E5BFF40F5EE" blockId="38.[169,1275,2631,2797]" box="[172,229,2631,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE2F60C89B23E5BFF40F5EE" box="[172,229,2631,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFE2F60C89B23E5BFF40F5EE" box="[172,229,2631,2677]" captionStart="Plate 4: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="33.[122,152,3248,3269]" captionTargetBox="[14,2755,18,3663]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="50. Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus azagnyi), 51. Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus woermanni), 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis), 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata), 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala), 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon), 56. Bergmans’s Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta), 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae), 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 59. Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi), 61. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampr), 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus), 63. Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus erypturus), 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus), 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor), 67. Ansell’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus anselli), 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), 69. Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsonu), 70. Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grands), 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus), 72. Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448849/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">61.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C89ED3E5BFC38F5EE" box="[243,925,2631,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C89ED3E5BFC38F5EE" blockId="38.[169,1275,2631,2797]" box="[243,925,2631,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE2F60C89ED3E5BFC38F5EE" box="[243,925,2631,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE2F60C89ED3E5BFC38F5EE" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[243,925,2631,2677]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C89B53E73FDDDF506" box="[171,632,2671,2717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C89B53E73FDDDF506" blockId="38.[169,1275,2631,2797]" box="[171,632,2671,2717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE2F60C89B53E73FDDDF506" box="[171,632,2671,2717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE2F60C89B53E73FDDDF506" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[171,632,2671,2717]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C89B53E73FDDDF506" box="[171,632,2671,2717]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Nanonycteris veldkampii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C89B43EB3FC8FF570" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C89B43EB3FB5CF55F" blockId="38.[169,1275,2631,2797]" box="[170,1273,2735,2756]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE2F60C89B43EB3FB5CF55F" box="[170,1273,2735,2756]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C89B43EB3FF53F55F" bold="true" box="[170,246,2735,2756]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE2F60C881E3EB3FDA0F55F" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[256,517,2735,2756]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">Nanonyctére de Veldkamp</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8B043EB3FDD1F55F" bold="true" box="[538,628,2735,2756]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE2F60C8B653EB3FCDEF55F" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[635,891,2735,2756]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">Veldkamp-Zwergflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8A8E3EB3FC49F55F" bold="true" box="[912,1004,2735,2756]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE2F60C8AE83EB3FB5CF55F" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[1014,1273,2735,2756]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">Nanonicterio de Veldkamp</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C89B43ECAFC8FF570" blockId="38.[169,1275,2631,2797]" box="[170,810,2774,2795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE2F60C89B43ECAFC8FF570" box="[170,810,2774,2795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C89B43ECAFE07F570" bold="true" box="[170,418,2774,2795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE2F60C88B63ECAFC8FF570" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[424,810,2774,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">
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\
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE2F60C88AE3ECAFC8FF570" ID-CoL="45N3Z" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[432,810,2774,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">eldkamp’s Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8A113F02FC75F4F9" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8A113F02FC75F4F9" blockId="38.[778,1378,2846,3268]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8A113F02FC0FF4A0" bold="true" box="[783,938,2846,2875]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE2F60C8AF23F02FC69F4F9" authority="Jentink, 1888" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampu">Epomophorus veldkampu Jentink, 1888</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8AC53F55FCDFF412" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8AC53F55FCDFF412" blockId="38.[778,1378,2846,3268]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFE2F60C8AC53F55FCDFF412" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391481" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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“Buluma, Fisherman Lake,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8A0E3F74FCD3F412" box="[784,886,2920,2953]" name="Liberia" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8A0E3F93FC08F3D5" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8A0E3F93FC08F3D5" blockId="38.[778,1378,2846,3268]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE2F60C8A0E3F93FBF7F42B" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[784,1106,2959,2992]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veldkampii">Nanonycteris veldkampii</taxonomicName>
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was originally assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE2F60C8A893FABFBE7F443" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1836" box="[919,1090,2999,3032]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epomophorus</taxonomicName>
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and subsequently to its subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE2F60C8ADA3FC2FBCCF464" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" box="[964,1129,3038,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanonycteris</taxonomicName>
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, which was raised to full genus by K. Andersen in 1912. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8A113845FC52F35F" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFE2F60C8A113845FC52F35F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803708" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803708/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" startId="38.[783,955,3161,3190]" targetBox="[168,760,2845,3260]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8A113845FC52F35F" blockId="38.[778,1378,2846,3268]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8A113845FC1AF3ED" bold="true" box="[783,959,3161,3190]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Distribution.</emphasis>
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W Africa from
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8D863845FB5BF3ED" box="[1176,1278,3161,3190]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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to C & SW
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8A543860FC7BF306" box="[842,990,3196,3229]" name="Cameroon" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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and S
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8D553860FCC3F35F" name="Central African Republic" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFE2F60C8A6038BFFC4CF35F" box="[894,1001,3235,3268]" country="Central African Republic" name="Bangui" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Bangui</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C89B438D7F993FBEA" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C89B438D7F993FBEA" blockId="38.[170,1376,3275,3466]" lastBlockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C89B438D7FE08F377" bold="true" box="[170,429,3275,3308]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8B6838D7FCB5F377" box="[630,784,3275,3308]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="74.5" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="69.0">69-80 mm</quantity>
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(males) and
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8AF938D7FB24F377" box="[999,1153,3275,3308]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="8.7" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="81.0" valueMax="87.0" valueMin="75.0">75-87 mm</quantity>
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||
(females), tail
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C89B338E7FEBAF28F" box="[173,287,3323,3348]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1-4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C887638E7FE5EF28F" box="[360,507,3323,3348]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14-18 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8B9638E7FCB9F28F" box="[648,796,3323,3348]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="49.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="46.0">46-52 mm</quantity>
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(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8AC338E7FBD4F28F" box="[989,1137,3323,3348]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="50.5" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="47.0">47-54 mm</quantity>
|
||
(females), hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C89EC3902FE20F2A0" box="[242,389,3358,3387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="12.0">12-16 mm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8B4F3902FD46F2A0" box="[593,739,3358,3387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="13.0">13-16 mm</quantity>
|
||
(females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8AE53902FBC2F2A0" box="[1019,1127,3358,3387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="g" value="21.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="16.0">16-27 g</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8C2F3902FF43F2F9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="g" value="27.5" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="19.0">19- 36 g</quantity>
|
||
(females). Males average slightly smaller in body and skull measurements than females. Muzzle is moderately short, slender, and tapering; lips are slightly expansible; long hairs cover cheek and chin; and short white hairs surround nostrils. Eyes are large; irises are chestnut-brown. Ears are dark brown, naked, relatively long and narrow, and attenuated at tips, with anterior and posterior basal white ear patches. White or yellowish epaulettes occur on adult males and soft off-white hairs on shoulders of females. Dorsum is pale to medium brown, reddish brown, or grayish brown; pelage is dense, soft, and mid-dorsally
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8ED235FDF79AFE61" box="[1996,2111,481,506]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6-7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, extending over two-thirds of forearm and densely covering legs, major part of uropatagium, and posterior part of wing between fifth digit and foot. Venter is noticeably paler than dorsum; hairs are pale buffy gray to whitish. Wings have claw on second digits, membranes are brown and noticeably reticulated, fur covers about half of forearm, and wings emerge from sides of body and insert to second toes. Skull is short and delicate, rostrum is thin and tapering, orbit is very large, zygomatic arches are slender, and braincase is rounded and deflected. Post-dental palate is almost as wide as distance between posterior upper molars, with slight convexly curving sides. Mandible is very thin, and processes of ramus are reduced. There are 9-13 palatal ridges, of which five are interdental; ridges 1-3 are very thick and undivided, although exceptionally third can be notched or narrowly divided; ridges 4-8 (or 9) are thick in their central part, where there is also a small gap, and their anterior edge is notched and their lateral arms are serrated; and final ridges are thin and serrated, becoming weaker and less curved. Dental formula is12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 28. Dentition is relatively weak; upper tooth row is short, not reaching edge of orbit; and exceptionally an additional upper premolar 1s present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB6306BF8AFFAAD" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB6306BF8AFFAAD" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB6306BF9B2FB03" bold="true" box="[1448,1559,1143,1176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Rainforest biotic zone in secondary forests and cultivated areas such as farmland, small plantations, and gardens and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8EF43082F7F5FB24" box="[2026,2128,1182,1215]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
Savanna and Rainforest-Savanna Mosaic biotic zones in coastal and montane forests, mangroves, gallery forests, isolated forests patches, and exceptionally in undisturbed lowland rainforest from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8F873109F8A3FAAD" box="[1689,1798,1301,1334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB93120F72AFA67" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB93120F72AFA67" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB93120F90EFAC6" bold="true" box="[1447,1707,1340,1373]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat forages near the ground and close to vegetation, where it feeds throughout the night on figs, fruits, nectar, and pollen. Fruits and flower products are eaten from at least 13 genera in ten families. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C83063193FA52FA4F" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there are three small activity peaks at ¢.20:00 h, 23:00 h, and 01:00 h, but in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8CB731FFF9ADFA67" box="[1449,1544,1507,1532]" name="Ghana" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it 1s most active between 22:00 h and 02:30 h.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB9321EF704F973" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB9321EF704F973" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB9321EF98BF9B8" bold="true" box="[1447,1582,1538,1571]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Litter size of Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat is one. Reproductive chronology is unknown, but it might be aseasonal or extended seasonal polyestry in West Africa where females do not appear to be in close reproductive synchrony. Seventy-five percent of captured females were pregnant in November—-December and 55% in May; almost 50% were pregnant, lactating, or both in July-August. At Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFE2F60C80BF3283F5A5F95B" box="[2465,2560,1695,1728]" country="Liberia" name="Nimba" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Nimba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C83083283FA77F973" name="Liberia" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), males were sexually active in October-December.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB832F2F820F84E" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB832F2F820F84E" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB832F2F932F894" bold="true" box="[1446,1687,1774,1807]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat is nocturnal. Day roosts are unknown, but Mano tribesmen (Mount Nimba area) indicated it inhabits old woodpecker and barbet holes. Males are suspected to call during the night to attract females because high-pitched repetitive sounds are often heard in gallery forests and relict forests in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFE2F60C8F2E3390F930F836" box="[1584,1685,1932,1965]" country="Ivory Coast" name="Comoe" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Comoé</collectingRegion>
|
||
National Park (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C8E683390F7BFF836" box="[1910,2074,1932,1965]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Individuals seemed widely spaced when they utter their monotonous calls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB933C7F838F61D" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB933C7F838F61D" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB933C7F7DCF867" bold="true" box="[1447,2169,2011,2044]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat shows some migratory patterns with both sexes moving between forests in dry season (October-February) and more northerly rainforest-savanna mosaic habitats at onset of wet season (March—June) or even further to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C814A3C4EF71CF7E8" box="[2132,2233,2130,2163]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
savanna (April-July) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C832B3C4EFA79F701" name="Sudan" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
savanna (April-August), returning to rainforest-savanna habitats in August—January. These round-trips are
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE2F60C8E353CBDF84EF759" box="[1835,2027,2209,2242]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="700.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="300.0">300-1100 km</quantity>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE2F60C81353CBDF72CF759" box="[2091,2185,2209,2242]" name="Ghana" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a smaller migration might take place because individuals move southward from forest to Accra plains during wet season (March-September). During this migration, there might be some partial segregation of sexes, with females returning to rainforest zone c.1 month later than males. In the Guinean Mount Nimba region, Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bats seemed to be present during dry and wet seasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB63D91F5FCF5BE" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB63D91F5FCF5BE" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB63D91F8A7F635" bold="true" box="[1448,1794,2445,2478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population. It is unlikely to be declining fast enough to be assigned to a higher category. It faces no major threats, but habitat degradation might be a problem in parts of its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE2F60C8CB63E25F7CBF5EE" pageId="38" pageNumber="96" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE2F60C8CB63E25F7CBF5EE" blockId="38.[1446,2657,276,2677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE2F60C8CB63E25F9E4F5D5" bold="true" box="[1448,1601,2617,2638]" pageId="38" pageNumber="96">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (1989), Coe (1975), Denys et al. (2013), Fahr (2013a), Monadjem, Fahr, Hutson et al. (2017d), Rosevear (1965), Wolton etal. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |