254 lines
29 KiB
XML
254 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="767AAFFCAF760B1C7B92D89F3B7E94C0" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFDAF6358CBB3313FEF3FB7E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rousettus obliviosus Kock 1978" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="88" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="9CD3B8CE33C8ABDA10AA3C2AE9ADF763" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1FD050B446174CFD4A5051BD331E3946">
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<mods:title id="42FFFF1020BFBDFEC1B6E662E141C968">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7C1A03E42C799E5D57493757677A3DD8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="36981E06F6494B953018AA212E5EED6E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CEE58B0E2DF2017FC2D7732C12E037B3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E8BDB832100F39B71112A8BC1FB38DC4">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D396E5AD2742129CD69DB3224922D4E6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="CA5AEF506F18ECAFAB8CF439699CE5EF">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="0DB475D3714518D515A492A84BF573D9" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="FAABC61C0DAA0EFC8691B3A746BDEF1B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="F594524C13D3E5449ADAAF67179C644D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E8F059594A843E2A76B7F4B0EE044A66">
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<mods:title id="5E992D9341DE01DCD2C9DC2667B30A72">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="457E27537F2143482D834D9E8E83A3E4">
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<mods:start id="12CB0844A525EF3FD056B3E8295058AB">16</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="0A4F7EC14A61EAF6568C37EA28B414C4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AFF18391BEA4C09FB1EFE0334C15309E" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFDAF6358CBB3313FEF3FB7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448931" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379292" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448931" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFDAF6358CBB3313FEF3FB7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFDAF6358CBB3313FEF3FB7E" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBB3313FA7AF8A2" box="[1445,1503,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBB3313FA7AF8A2" blockId="30.[1443,2450,1807,1928]" box="[1445,1503,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF6348CBB3313FA7AF8A2" box="[1445,1503,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFDAF6348CBB3313FA7AF8A2" box="[1445,1503,1807,1849]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">48.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CEE3313F8C5F8A2" box="[1520,1888,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CEE3313F8C5F8A2" blockId="30.[1443,2450,1807,1928]" box="[1520,1888,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF6348CEE3313F8C5F8A2" box="[1520,1888,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348CEE3313F8C5F8A2" ID-CoL="4THCY" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[1520,1888,1807,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">Comoro Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348EB83313F6A8F8A2" box="[1958,2317,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348EB83313F6A8F8A2" blockId="30.[1443,2450,1807,1928]" box="[1958,2317,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF6348EB83313F6A8F8A2" box="[1958,2317,1807,1849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348EB83313F6A8F8A2" ID-CoL="4THCY" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[1958,2317,1807,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348EB83313F6A8F8A2" box="[1958,2317,1807,1849]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Rousettus obliviosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBB3357F8C4F813" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBB3357F634F8FB" blockId="30.[1443,2450,1807,1928]" box="[1445,2449,1867,1888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF6348CBB3357F634F8FB" box="[1445,2449,1867,1888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBB3357FA55F8FB" bold="true" box="[1445,1520,1867,1888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348CE43357F94EF8FB" ID-CoL="4THCY" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[1530,1771,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">
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Roussette des
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348F8F3357F94EF8FB" box="[1681,1771,1867,1888]" name="Comoros" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Comores</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348E1E3357F8FEF8FB" bold="true" box="[1792,1883,1867,1888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348E7B3357F787F8FB" ID-CoL="4THCY" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[1893,2082,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">Komoren-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63481293357F736F8FB" bold="true" box="[2103,2195,1867,1888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF63481833357F634F8FB" ID-CoL="4THCY" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[2205,2449,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">
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Rosetus de las
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63480263357F634F8FB" box="[2360,2449,1867,1888]" name="Comoros" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Comoras</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBA336FF8C4F813" blockId="30.[1443,2450,1807,1928]" box="[1444,1889,1907,1928]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF6348CBA336FF8C4F813" box="[1444,1889,1907,1928]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBA336FF93EF813" bold="true" box="[1444,1691,1907,1928]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348FBB336FF8C4F813" ID-CoL="4THCY" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[1701,1889,1907,1928]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348FBB336FF95AF813" box="[1701,1791,1907,1928]" name="Comoros" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Comoros</collectingCountry>
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Rousette
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF634811733A5F5FCF84D" box="[2057,2649,1977,2006]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF634811733A5F5FCF84D" blockId="30.[2057,2653,1977,2401]" box="[2057,2649,1977,2006]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF634811733A5F700F84D" bold="true" box="[2057,2213,1977,2006]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63481AF33A5F5F1F84D" ID-CoL="4THCY" authority="Kock, 1978" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[2225,2644,1977,2006]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">Rousettus obliviosus Kock, 1978</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF634811433FCF755F7BE" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF634811433FCF755F7BE" blockId="30.[2057,2653,1977,2401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFDAF634811433FCF755F7BE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391353" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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near Bomboni,
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF63481E433FCF6FCF866" box="[2298,2393,2016,2045]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="640.0">640 m</quantity>
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, Grand
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63480C133FCF5F6F866" box="[2527,2643,2016,2045]" name="Comoros" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Comore</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63481143C18F749F7BE" box="[2058,2284,2052,2085]" name="Comoros" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Comoro Islands</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63481143C37F63BF758" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63481143C37F63BF758" blockId="30.[2057,2653,1977,2401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63481143C37F6ABF7D7" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[2058,2318,2091,2124]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">Rousettus obliviosus</taxonomicName>
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is not a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63481153C4BF6ABF7EF" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[2059,2318,2135,2164]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">R. madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
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as once thought; genetic studies have shown a clear separation between the two. Monotypic.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63481173CD1F60DF689" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFDAF63481173CD1F60DF689" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803682" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803682/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" startId="30.[2057,2229,2253,2282]" targetBox="[1442,2034,1982,2398]" targetPageId="30">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63481173CD1F60DF689" blockId="30.[2057,2653,1977,2401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63481173CD1F71FF771" bold="true" box="[2057,2234,2253,2282]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63481CB3CD1F6F0F771" box="[2261,2389,2253,2282]" name="Comoros" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
Is (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDAF63480B63CD1F7F3F689" country="Comoros" name="Grande Comore" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Grande Comore</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDAF63481793CE9F768F689" box="[2151,2253,2293,2322]" country="Comoros" name="Moheli" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Mohéli</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDAF63480073CE9F63FF689" box="[2329,2458,2293,2322]" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Anjouan</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63481143D05F606F506" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63481143D05F606F506" blockId="30.[2057,2653,1977,2401]" lastBlockId="30.[1444,2655,2412,3467]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63481143D05F686F6A1" bold="true" box="[2058,2339,2329,2362]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head-body
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF63483023D05F726F6FA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.315" metricValueMax="1.42" metricValueMin="1.21" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="131.5" valueMax="142.0" valueMin="121.0">121- 142 mm</quantity>
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||
, tail
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF63481CD3D54F6CEF6FA" box="[2259,2411,2376,2401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="14.0">14-25 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF63480A33D54F5F1F6FA" box="[2493,2644,2376,2401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15-18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348F2E3D70F963F612" box="[1584,1734,2412,2441]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="13.0">13-17 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348E453D70F856F612" box="[1883,2035,2412,2441]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="74.0" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="70.0">70-78 mm</quantity>
|
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; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF634816F3D70F746F612" box="[2161,2275,2412,2441]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="g" value="57.5" valueMax="73.0" valueMin="42.0">42-73 g</quantity>
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||
. The Comoro Rousette is smaller than the Egyptian Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348EB43D93F7C6F62B" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1962,2147,2447,2480]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">R. aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and similar in size to the Malagasy Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348F273DABF8E2F643" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[1593,1863,2487,2520]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">R. madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but it has a more robust skull and strongly deflected braincase, with alveolar line projected backward passing through occiput above foramen magnum. Fur color is dull gray-brown, and dorsal side oftibia is naked. Postorbital width is usually larger than interorbital width, supra-occipital crest is well developed, and premaxillae are not co-ossified. Palatal ridge pattern is normally 4 + 3 + 1. Cheekteeth have typical rousettine proportions, and P' is relatively large.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBB3EB8F8F6F48F" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBB3EB8F8F6F48F" blockId="30.[1444,2655,2412,3467]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBB3EB8F9B1F55E" bold="true" box="[1445,1556,2724,2757]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Widely distributed in now limited tropical moist forest and agricultural land from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348EB73ED7F7BEF577" box="[1961,2075,2763,2796]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="1750.0">1750 m</quantity>
|
||
. Comoro Rousettes are very tolerant of human-dominated landscapes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBB3F06F94EF3CB" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBB3F06F94EF3CB" blockId="30.[1444,2655,2412,3467]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBB3F06F90DF4A0" bold="true" box="[1445,1704,2842,2875]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Fruits have been identified as food sources of the Comoro Rousette based on regurgitated pellets, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348EFC3F5EF770F4F8" box="[2018,2261,2882,2915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Gambeya (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63480713F5EF5B1F4F8" box="[2415,2580,2882,2915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63483333F5EF804F411" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" genus="Anthocleista" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">Anthocleista grandiflora (Gentianaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and introduced species such as papaya (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63483183F75F5F9F411" box="[2566,2652,2921,2954]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carica</taxonomicName>
|
||
papaya,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348F083F89F911F429" box="[1558,1716,2965,2994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caricaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), jackfruit (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348E403F89F849F429" box="[1886,2028,2965,2994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
integrifolia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF634818B3F89F680F429" box="[2197,2341,2965,2994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), banana (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63480DD3F89F5F0F429" box="[2499,2645,2965,2994]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Musa spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348CB83FA0F993F442" box="[1446,1590,3004,3033]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Musaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348F8F3FA0F971F442" box="[1681,1748,3004,3033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
|
||
pentandra (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348E683FA0F7B5F442" box="[1910,2064,3004,3033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They also use flowers inferred by pollen on facial fur and visits to flowering plants. Use of leaves was inferred from small pellets. Comoro Rousettes forage in agricultural fields, degraded or intact forests, and understory plantations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBB384AF763F28E" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBB384AF763F28E" blockId="30.[1444,2655,2412,3467]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBB384AF989F3EC" bold="true" box="[1445,1580,3158,3191]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Lactating and pregnant Comoro Rousettes were captured in July, and nonreproductive young were captured in July-August on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDAF63481B53861F682F305" box="[2219,2343,3197,3230]" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Anjouan</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Pregnant and lactating females and reproductive males were captured in November on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDAF634807238B9F5F0F35D" box="[2412,2645,3237,3270]" country="Comoros" name="Grande Comore" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Grande Comore</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Based on these observations, the Comoro Rousette probably is seasonally monoestrous, with reproduction in wet seasons (October—April).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6358CBA3907FA97FE6C" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6358CBA3907FA97FE6C" blockId="30.[1444,2655,2412,3467]" lastBlockId="31.[126,1335,273,1256]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBA3907F936F2A7" bold="true" box="[1444,1683,3355,3388]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Comoro Rousettes are strictly nocturnal, usually leaving roostsites around sunset and circling outside rock shelters before departing in large swarms. They return to caves gradually, swarming and circling entrances until sunrise. They have been seen flying above, at, or below canopy levels. They are very maneuverable and can hover briefly. They roost in caves formed by lava tubes and rock shelters (shallow caves), overhanging above watercourses and cascades. Caves are occupied beyond twilight zones, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDBF63588A73593FDB5FE33" box="[441,528,399,424]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="89" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
from entrances. Roost sites were found in densely forested, isolated areas on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDBF63588C535B2FD98FE54" box="[475,573,430,463]" country="Comoros" name="Moheli" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Mohéli</collectingRegion>
|
||
and in large caves surrounded by agricultural fields on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDBF63589B035CAFE33FE6C" box="[174,406,470,503]" country="Comoros" name="Grande Comore" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Grande Comore</collectingRegion>
|
||
, although cave entrances were always covered by thick vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDBF635896135E1FC2AFD78" pageId="31" pageNumber="89" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDBF635896135E1FC2AFD78" blockId="31.[126,1335,273,1256]" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDBF635896135E1FCE7FD85" bold="true" box="[127,834,509,542]" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Comoro Rousettes cluster in small (50 individuals) to large colonies (3000-4000 individuals). A genetic study based on cytochrome-b and six microsatellite loci showed no interisland genetic structure, indicating that distances of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDBF63588F43664FDD4FD0E" box="[490,625,632,661]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="89" unit="km" value="60.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="40.0">40-80 km</quantity>
|
||
between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDBF6358BE53664FCDEFD0E" box="[763,891,632,661]" name="Comoros" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
Islands are not enough to stop dispersal of Comoro Rousettes across islands. Nevertheless, they are absent from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDBF6358DEA3687FF10FD78" name="Mayotte" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
|
||
probably because of lack of adequate roosting sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDBF635899E36F6FDD7FB0D" pageId="31" pageNumber="89" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDBF635899E36F6FDD7FB0D" blockId="31.[126,1335,273,1256]" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDBF635899E36F6FE7BFC90" bold="true" box="[128,478,746,779]" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Conservation status of the Comoro Rousette is due to scarcity of roosts, physical instability of caves, and rapid deforestation in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDBF6358B313724FD0BFCC2" box="[559,686,824,857]" name="Comoros" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
Islands in recent years, despite its adaptability to disturbed habitat. The Comoro Rousette receives the highest level of legal protection available in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDBF63588B2379BFD52FC33" box="[428,759,903,936]" name="Comoros" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Union of the Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It was listed as an “integrally-protected species” in 2001, which prohibits capture or detention of individuals without a permit. The national Conservation Action Plan for Livingstone’s Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDBF6358D5237CAFB1FFC6C" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1100,1210,982,1015]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
livingstonit), another threatened pteropodid from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDBF6358BFB37E2FCC2FB84" box="[741,871,1022,1055]" name="Comoros" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
, includes an appendix with recommendations for conservation of the Comoro Rousette. These recommendations focus on protection of roost caves, discouraging hunting through environmental education, and population monitoring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDBF635899E30B8FEF3FB7E" pageId="31" pageNumber="89" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDBF635899E30B8FEF3FB7E" blockId="31.[126,1335,273,1256]" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDBF635899E30B8FEBCFB26" bold="true" box="[128,281,1188,1213]" pageId="31" pageNumber="89">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans (1994), Goodman, Chan et al. (2010), Goodman, Weyeneth et al. (2010), Sewall (2016), Sewall et al. (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |