179 lines
20 KiB
XML
179 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="3AEA6427E88898D7F2D0AD1F34B4BC7D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F28508DB34497A6370B12AA921DBA37E">
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<mods:title id="9AAC7B1721C2BD8AD7DD0DB62FC071D4">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A44C09C10031CAC3D1381380318A55E2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EC448EE3AA73472733ACA13C1D1542BE">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6571F13789D2EDC17217A68D27FF3FA3">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="346439912ADEA08E57C46BB5A15F74FE">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="27A99BCF532BD9912A9760DD24C76C67">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="6FEFBD229D5D3B73F5C99875F2ABBE73">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="2D6384AFDFECAF05481EF63E52274758" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFCDF62389673D2AF930FAA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6795066" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6795066" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFCDF62389673D2AF930FAA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFCDF62389673D2AF930FAA7" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF62389673D2AFF3FF6FF" box="[121,154,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF62389673D2AFF3FF6FF" blockId="9.[119,1215,2358,2483]" box="[121,154,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF62389673D2AFF3FF6FF" box="[121,154,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFCDF62389673D2AFF3FF6FF" box="[121,154,2358,2404]" captionStart="Plate 1: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="5.[121,151,3364,3389]" captionTargetBox="[16,2802,17,3663]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="1. Temminck’s Tailless Fruit Bat (Megaerops ecaudatus), 2. Javan Tailless Fruit Bat (Megaerops kusnotoi), 3. Ratanaworabhan’s Tailless Fruit Bat (Megaerops niphanae), 4. White-collared Fruit Bat (Megaerops albicollis), 5. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx), 6. Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), 7. Horsfield’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus horsfieldui), 8. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynoplerus luzoniensis), 9. Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus minutus), 10. Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus nusatenggara), 11. Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynoplerus titthaecheilus), 12. Lesser Musky Fruit Bat (Ptenochirus minor), 13. Greater Musky Fruit Bat (Plenochirus jagorn), 14. Mindanao Fruit Bat (Ptenochirus wetmorei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448829/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">9.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF62389B43D2AFCB5F6FF" box="[170,784,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF62389B43D2AFCB5F6FF" blockId="9.[119,1215,2358,2483]" box="[170,784,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF62389B43D2AFCB5F6FF" box="[170,784,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF62389B43D2AFCB5F6FF" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[170,784,2358,2404]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238A583D2AFB1BF6FF" box="[838,1214,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238A583D2AFB1BF6FF" blockId="9.[119,1215,2358,2483]" box="[838,1214,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF6238A583D2AFB1BF6FF" box="[838,1214,2358,2404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238A583D2AFB1BF6FF" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[838,1214,2358,2404]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238A583D2AFB1BF6FF" box="[838,1214,2358,2404]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Cynopterus minutus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF62389673D6AFCE7F628" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF62389673D6AFB82F610" blockId="9.[119,1215,2358,2483]" box="[121,1063,2422,2443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF62389673D6AFB82F610" box="[121,1063,2422,2443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF62389673D6AFF61F610" bold="true" box="[121,196,2422,2443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF62389D03D6AFEC2F610" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[206,359,2422,2443]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Petit Cynoptere</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF62388633D6AFE72F610" bold="true" box="[381,471,2422,2443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF62388FE3D6AFD43F610" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[480,742,2422,2443]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Zwerg-Kurznasenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238BE23D6AFCF2F610" bold="true" box="[764,855,2422,2443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF6238A7F3D6AFB82F610" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[865,1063,2422,2443]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Cynéptero pequefo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF62389663D82FCE7F628" blockId="9.[119,1215,2358,2483]" box="[120,834,2462,2483]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCDF62389663D82FCE7F628" box="[120,834,2462,2483]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF62389663D82FECAF628" bold="true" box="[120,367,2462,2483]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF62388643D82FD36F628" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[378,659,2462,2483]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCDF6238BBC3D82FCE7F628" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[674,834,2462,2483]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Minute Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238BC23DFEFC83F5B0" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238BC23DFEFC83F5B0" blockId="9.[731,1325,2530,2957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238BC23DFEFCDDF598" bold="true" box="[732,888,2530,2563]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238A983DFEFC84F5B0" ID-CoL="6C7YK" authority="G. S. Miller, 1906" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Cynopterus minutus G. S. Miller, 1906</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238A2F3E12FBFCF5B0" box="[817,1113,2574,2603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238A2F3E12FBFCF5B0" blockId="9.[731,1325,2530,2957]" box="[817,1113,2574,2603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFCDF6238A2F3E12FBFCF5B0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391382" box="[817,1113,2574,2603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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Nias Island,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF6238AC03E12FBF0F5B0" box="[990,1109,2574,2603]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238BFE3E2DFB75F53A" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238BFE3E2DFB75F53A" blockId="9.[731,1325,2530,2957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238BFE3E2DFC74F5C9" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" box="[736,977,2609,2642]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">Cynopterus minutus</taxonomicName>
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was previously considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238AB43E45FBE5F5E1" box="[938,1088,2649,2682]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyotis">C. brachyotis</taxonomicName>
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, and it might represent a species complex. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238BC23EB3FBFCF574" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFCDF6238BC23EB3FBFCF574" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803115" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803115/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" startId="9.[732,904,2735,2760]" targetBox="[117,708,2537,2950]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238BC23EB3FBFCF574" blockId="9.[731,1325,2530,2957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238BC23EB3FC29F553" bold="true" box="[732,908,2735,2760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF6238ABF3EB3FBB2F553" box="[929,1047,2735,2760]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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, including Nias I, Borneo,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF6238A4F3ECAFC2AF574" box="[849,911,2774,2799]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Java</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCDF6238AC03ECAFBF0F574" box="[990,1109,2774,2799]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238BC53EEAF7DCFDED" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238BC53EEAF7DCFDED" blockId="9.[731,1325,2530,2957]" lastBlockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238BC53EEAFC73F48C" bold="true" box="[731,982,2806,2839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 76-83 mm, tail 10-12 mm, ear 14-1-15-1 mm, forearm 54-3-59-1 mm; weight 19-24.3 g. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is small, with white ear rims and wing fingers. Muzzle is very short, with short tubular nostrils; philtrum ends in two pads; and two large triangular pads occur on lower lip. Eyes are large; iris is brown. Ears are long and dark gray, points are slightly attenuated, and rims are white and thin. Head pelage is short and gray and extends onto nape and dorsum. Ruff is yellowish brown, extending on sides of neck and up to ear bases. Chest, belly, and flanks are gray. Uropatagium and tail are well developed, and calcar is short. Wing membranes are dark gray, index claw is present, wings originate on sides of body and attach to first toe, and metacarpals and phalanges are dorsally paler than membrane but not shiny white as in other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCDF6238BDE38D3FCEEF36B" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" box="[704,843,3279,3312]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynopterus</taxonomicName>
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. Laterally, skull has no basicranial deflection, rostrum is very short and relatively delicate, forehead gently slopes, orbit is large, braincase is rounded, zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is well developed and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing postorbital foramina; postorbital process is thin, directed posterolaterally; braincase is oval; temporal lines are faint; and nuchalcrest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, palate is flat, post-dental extension is long and converging, palatine spine is joined to sphenoidal crest, and ectotympanic small and wide anteriorly. Mandible is relatively weak, coronoid is thin and sloping, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is round off and salient. Upper incisors are small; C! is small and straight; P' is minute; and first posterior cheekteeth (P*) are well developed and triangular, following teeth low with main cusp blunt and outline rectangular. Lower incisors are small; Cis small, slightly decurved; P| has triangular cusp; posterior cheekteeth are tall and decrease posteriorly; and M, is small.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C653661F819FD5F" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C653661F819FD5F" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C653661FA4FFD05" bold="true" box="[1403,1514,637,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary lowland rainforest and secondary forest. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat uses understory and subcanopy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6536CCF667FD76" box="[1403,2498,720,749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6536CCF667FD76" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" box="[1403,2498,720,749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6536CCF924FD76" bold="true" box="[1403,1665,720,749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6436EFF7DBFB9B" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6436EFF7DBFB9B" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6436EFF9A4FC8F" bold="true" box="[1402,1537,755,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproduction of the Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is seasonal, with continuous bimodal polyestry and postpartum estrus. Gestation lasts 5-6 months, with embryonic development delayed in early stages. Litter size one. Two birth peaks occur 5-7 months apart, both centered in two seasons ofless rainfall; lactation occurs in periods of heavy rainfall and greatest fruit production. Both sexes are sexually mature at c.7 months old, and females give birth for the first time at c.12 months of age; thereafter, females continuously reproduce, with two births a year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C66301AF8F6FBBC" box="[1400,1875,1030,1063]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C66301AF8F6FBBC" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" box="[1400,1875,1030,1063]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C66301AF9C1FBBC" bold="true" box="[1400,1636,1030,1063]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C673033F682FBCB" box="[1401,2343,1071,1104]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C673033F682FBCB" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" box="[1401,2343,1071,1104]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C673033F792FBCB" bold="true" box="[1401,2103,1071,1104]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C643047F698FB75" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C643047F698FB75" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C643047F97CFBE3" bold="true" box="[1402,1753,1115,1144]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Nevertheless, the Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is uncommon, and its population appears to be decreasing with its primary forest habitat. It might be a species complex, so taxonomic resolution is needed to define conservation status of different forms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCDF6238C6430E1F930FAA7" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCDF6238C6430E1F930FAA7" blockId="9.[1399,2610,282,1343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCDF6238C6430E1F9B6FA8D" bold="true" box="[1402,1555,1277,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Benda (2010a), Campbell et al. (2007), Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi (1991), Kofron (1997), Ruedas & Suyanto (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |