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<document id="AA1BBE16366A10D9B9E398989DF49815" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF99F67789653C8CFA18FC33" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus tuberculatus Peters 1869" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="151" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="151" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="1BDA89C935BB10586434A8F0E1041D1F">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="48A935794271B7F033E51E343F3E333E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E6C0E541524C77FF2372899A01C4CFD">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EF569C403F8C949AF808784FDBA73236">Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789653C8CFF6FF725" box="[123,202,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789653C8CFF6FF725" blockId="93.[117,1104,2192,2322]" box="[123,202,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="D0F38180FF99F67789653C8CFF6FF725" box="[123,202,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF99F67789653C8CFF6FF725" box="[123,202,2192,2238]" captionStart="Plate 10: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="91.[102,132,3363,3388]" captionTargetBox="[12,2743,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="161. New Britain Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus capistratus), 162. New Ireland Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus ennisae), 163. New Caledonia Flying Fox (Pteropus vetula), 164. Common Samoan Flying Fox (Pteropus samoensis), 165. Banks Flying Fox (Pteropus fundatus), 166. Vanuatu Flying Fox (Pleropus anetianus), 167. Vanikoro Flying Fox (Pleropus tuberculatus), 168. Temotu Flying Fox (Pteropus nitendiensis), 169. Solomons Flying Fox (Pteropus rayneri), 170. Makira Flying Fox (Pteropus cognatus), 171. Rennell Flying Fox (Pteropus rennelli), 172. Temmincks Flying Fox (Pteropus temminckui), 173. Gray-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448901/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">167.</figureCitation>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789C63C8CFD24F725" box="[216,641,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789C63C8CFD24F725" blockId="93.[117,1104,2192,2322]" box="[216,641,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="D0F38180FF99F67789C63C8CFD24F725" box="[216,641,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF99F67789C63C8CFD24F725" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[216,641,2192,2238]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">Vanikoro Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778BDA3C8CFBE1F725" box="[708,1092,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778BDA3C8CFBE1F725" blockId="93.[117,1104,2192,2322]" box="[708,1092,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="D0F38180FF99F6778BDA3C8CFBE1F725" box="[708,1092,2192,2238]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778BDA3C8CFBE1F725" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[708,1092,2192,2238]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778BDA3C8CFBE1F725" box="[708,1092,2192,2238]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Pteropus tuberculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789693CCCFD91F697" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789693CCCFBF5F77E" blockId="93.[117,1104,2192,2322]" box="[119,1104,2256,2277]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="D0F38180FF99F67789693CCCFBF5F77E" box="[119,1104,2256,2277]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789693CCCFF66F77E" bold="true" box="[119,195,2256,2277]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF99F67789D33CCCFE0EF77E" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[205,427,2256,2277]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">Roussette de Vanikoro</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67788A13CCCFDBCF77E" bold="true" box="[447,537,2256,2277]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF99F6778B3E3CCCFD7DF77E" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[544,728,2256,2277]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">Vanikoro-Flughund</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778BF03CCCFCECF77E" bold="true" box="[750,841,2256,2277]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF99F6778A4C3CCCFBF5F77E" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[850,1104,2256,2277]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">Zorro volador de Vanikoro</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789683CEBFD91F697" blockId="93.[117,1104,2192,2322]" box="[118,564,2295,2316]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="D0F38180FF99F67789683CEBFD91F697" box="[118,564,2295,2316]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789683CEBFECBF697" bold="true" box="[118,366,2295,2316]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF99F67788693CEBFD91F697" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[375,564,2295,2316]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">Samoan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778BC53D26FC81F618" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778BC53D26FC81F618" blockId="93.[730,1324,2362,2790]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778BC53D26FCD1F6C0" bold="true" box="[731,884,2362,2395]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778A8B3D26FCBAF618" ID-CoL="4Q348" authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">Pteropus tuberculatus Peters, 1869</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778A2F3D7EFA8FF649" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778A2F3D7EFA8FF649" blockId="93.[730,1324,2362,2790]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF99F6778A2F3D7EFA8FF649" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391398" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
type locality not given. Restricted by E. Le G. Troughton in 1927 to “Vanikoro Island, Santa Cruz Group,”
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF99F6778D213DA5FA83F649" box="[1087,1318,2489,2514]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778BC23DC4FCD3F5BA" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778BC23DC4FCD3F5BA" blockId="93.[730,1324,2362,2790]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
Classified in the
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778AC63DC4FBF7F662" box="[984,1106,2520,2553]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
species group. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778BC53E30FA8FF5EB" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="multiple">
<caption id="DF7B6664FF99F6778BC53E30FA8FF5EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803878" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803878/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" startId="93.[731,898,2604,2633]" targetBox="[116,707,2373,2787]" targetPageId="93">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778BC53E30FA8FF5EB" blockId="93.[730,1324,2362,2790]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778BC53E30FC23F5D2" bold="true" box="[731,902,2604,2633]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF99F6778A8D3E30FC58F5D2" box="[915,1021,2604,2633]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Temotu" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Temotu</collectingRegion>
(= Santa Cruz) Is on Vanikoro (= Vanikolo) and Teanu (= Tevai).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778BC53E6AFA8CF2C6" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778BC53E6AFA8CF2C6" blockId="93.[730,1324,2362,2790]" lastBlockId="93.[117,1326,2796,3461]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778BC53E6AFC57F50C" bold="true" box="[731,1010,2678,2711]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body
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(tailless), ear
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, hindfoot
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, forearm
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; weight
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(mean). The Vanikoro Flying Fox is dark brown, with strong dentition. Muzzle is short and narrow, and rhinarium is black, with shortly tubular nostrils. Eyes are mediumsized, with reddish brown irises. Ears are medium-sized, partly concealed in fur, and wide at bases. Fur is rather short and woolly. Head has grizzled blackish brown cheeks, and crown is brownish tawny-olive. Mantle is mummy brown, darker than crown and back, and tinged with dark brown. Color of mantle continues around sides to undersurface of neck. Neck glands on males have ocherous tawny tufts of hairs. Back is tawny sepia, tinged with russet and sprinkled with long silvery hairs. Tibia is furred on upper side for proximal one-half to two-thirds. Chest and belly are sepia, grizzled with shining buff and russet hairs. Sides of belly and undersurface of arms are dark wood brown. Wing membranes are dark brown, with sparse light auburn hairs on undersurface along proximal one-half of forearm and outward to a line between elbow and knee. Skull is typical pteropine, with pointed rostrum, long postorbital processes, and wide zygomatic arches. Mandible is strongly built. I, is very large (4-5 times the bulk of I). Cingula of upperincisors and upper and lower canines are strongly developed. C' is large, with small cusp-like projection on hinder trenchant margin at about the middle of the tooth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789683974FA8CF21E" box="[118,1321,3432,3461]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789683974FA8CF21E" blockId="93.[117,1326,2796,3461]" box="[118,1321,3432,3461]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789683974FF47F21E" bold="true" box="[118,226,3432,3461]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Habitat.</emphasis>
[Lowland forests and agroforests at sea level (full elevational range is unknown).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778C6A3513F9D6FEE4" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778C6A3513F9D6FEE4" blockId="93.[1394,2605,271,938]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778C6A3513F9DAFEAB" bold="true" box="[1396,1663,271,304]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
In April, Vanikoro Flying Foxes were feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F67780513513F67EFEAB" box="[2383,2523,271,304]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
altilis (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778C9F3527F9A8FEC3" box="[1409,1549,315,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
) in the early afternoon; in September, coconut inflorescence formed a major part of diet.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778C6A3599F94FFE3D" box="[1396,1770,389,422]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778C6A3599F94FFE3D" blockId="93.[1394,2605,271,938]" box="[1396,1770,389,422]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778C6A3599FA5EFE3D" bold="true" box="[1396,1531,389,422]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Breeding.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778C6D35B0F58CFD87" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778C6D35B0F58CFD87" blockId="93.[1394,2605,271,938]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778C6D35B0F9F3FE56" bold="true" box="[1395,1622,428,461]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Vanikoro Flying Fox is partly crepuscular; activity in April peaked between 16:00 h and 18:00 h, presumably to avoid competition with the sympatric Pacific Flying Fox (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778F0B35E7F90EFD87" box="[1557,1707,507,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Elaeocarpaceae" genus="Elaeocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonganus">P. tonganus</taxonomicName>
). The Vanikoro Flying Fox roosts among foliage in lower canopies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778C6A363BF9AFFDF0" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778C6A363BF9AFFDF0" blockId="93.[1394,2605,271,938]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778C6A363BF79CFDDF" bold="true" box="[1396,2105,551,580]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Vanikoro Flying Foxes roost alone Or In pairs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778C6B366EF8B0FCC3" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778C6B366EF8B0FCC3" blockId="93.[1394,2605,271,938]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778C6B366EF972FD08" bold="true" box="[1397,1751,626,659]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population of the Vanikoro Flying Fox is likely small, and Vanikoro Island is only
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF99F6778F2136DDF93BFD79" box="[1599,1694,705,738]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" unit="km" value="189.0">189 km</quantity>
®. Vanikoro was extensively logged in the 1950s and 1960s, and logging is again occurring on parts of the island. Because there were no records of the Vanikoro Flying Fox after the 1930s, it was presumed to be extinct, but it was recently detected (2014) on Vanikoro.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F6778C6B3777FA18FC33" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F6778C6B3777FA18FC33" blockId="93.[1394,2605,271,938]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F6778C6B3777F9ABFC1B" bold="true" box="[1397,1550,875,896]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Andersen (1912b), Flannery (1995a), Leary, Hamilton &amp; James (2008b), Pierce (2014), Troughton (1927).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>