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<document id="28D3D542A927C4E446932553D1044A94" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF91F67C8C713E00FCC5F4A3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus melanotus Blyth 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="144" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="143" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="5B950742F3F59F0BCE8679DEFBCF0A08">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90E53DD6565194F3721FF7906D27E313">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2F8E7DE9054875AA5BAC9E8170474471">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF91F67C8C713E00FCC5F4A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794724" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF91F67C8C713E00FCC5F4A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF91F67C8C713E00FCC5F4A3" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8C713E00FA1BF5D1" box="[1391,1470,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8C713E00FA1BF5D1" blockId="85.[1386,2449,2588,2717]" box="[1391,1470,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="D0F38180FF91F67F8C713E00FA1BF5D1" box="[1391,1470,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF91F67F8C713E00FA1BF5D1" box="[1391,1470,2588,2634]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">151.</figureCitation>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8CD13E00F80CF5D1" box="[1487,1961,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8CD13E00F80CF5D1" blockId="85.[1386,2449,2588,2717]" box="[1487,1961,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="D0F38180FF91F67F8CD13E00F80CF5D1" box="[1487,1961,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F8CD13E00F80CF5D1" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1487,1961,2588,2634]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Black-eared Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8EF33E00F6EDF5D1" box="[2029,2376,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8EF33E00F6EDF5D1" blockId="85.[1386,2449,2588,2717]" box="[2029,2376,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="D0F38180FF91F67F8EF33E00F6EDF5D1" box="[2029,2376,2588,2634]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8EF33E00F6EDF5D1" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[2029,2376,2588,2634]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8EF33E00F6EDF5D1" box="[2029,2376,2588,2634]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Pteropus melanotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8C723E40F729F502" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8C723E40F635F5EA" blockId="85.[1386,2449,2588,2717]" box="[1388,2448,2652,2673]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="D0F38180FF91F67F8C723E40F635F5EA" box="[1388,2448,2652,2673]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8C723E40FA12F5EA" bold="true" box="[1388,1463,2652,2673]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F8CDF3E40F96CF5EA" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1473,1737,2652,2673]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Roussette a oreilles noires</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8FC03E40F89CF5EA" bold="true" box="[1758,1849,2652,2673]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F8E5C3E40F7ABF5EA" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1858,2062,2652,2673]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Schwarzohrflughund</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F813D3E40F7DAF5EA" bold="true" box="[2083,2175,2652,2673]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F81963E40F635F5EA" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[2184,2448,2652,2673]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Zorro volador de Andaman</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8C753E98F729F502" blockId="85.[1386,2449,2588,2717]" box="[1387,2188,2692,2713]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="D0F38180FF91F67F8C753E98F729F502" box="[1387,2188,2692,2713]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8C753E98F9C7F502" bold="true" box="[1387,1634,2692,2713]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F8F723E98F8BCF502" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1644,1817,2692,2713]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Blyth's Flying Fox</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F8E383E98F729F502" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1830,2188,2692,2713]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F8E383E98F79CF502" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1830,2105,2692,2713]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F8E383E98F869F502" box="[1830,1996,2692,2713]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
Flying Fox
</vernacularName>
(
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF91F67F81563E98F723F502" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[2120,2182,2692,2713]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">natalis</vernacularName>
)
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8ECE3ED3F5BAF573" box="[2000,2591,2767,2792]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8ECE3ED3F5BAF573" blockId="85.[1999,2596,2767,3187]" box="[2000,2591,2767,2792]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8ECE3ED3F7CEF573" bold="true" box="[2000,2155,2767,2792]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F81673ED3F5BEF573" ID-CoL="4Q32V" authority="Blyth, 1863" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[2169,2587,2767,2792]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8ECF3EEAF682F494" box="[2001,2343,2806,2831]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8ECF3EEAF682F494" blockId="85.[1999,2596,2767,3187]" box="[2001,2343,2806,2831]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF91F67F8ECF3EEAF682F494" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391434" box="[2001,2343,2806,2831]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F8EC23EEAF719F494" box="[2012,2236,2806,2831]" name="India" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
,”
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F81C63EEAF686F494" box="[2264,2339,2806,2831]" name="India" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">India</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8ECF3F06F64DF467" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8ECF3F06F64DF467" blockId="85.[1999,2596,2767,3187]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8ECF3F06F76FF4AC" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[2001,2250,2842,2871]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">Pteropus melanotus</taxonomicName>
is in the
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F80433F06F611F4AC" box="[2397,2484,2842,2871]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
species group. Subspecies natalis might represent a separate species, but wider genetic comparisons are needed. Subspecies tytler: is morphometrically similar to some
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F80C93FA8F7FCF467" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
. Five subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F8ECE381EF6ECF28B" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="multiple">
<caption id="DF7B6664FF91F67F8ECE381EF6ECF28B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803267" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803267" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803267/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" startId="85.[2000,2154,3074,3107]" targetBox="[1384,1976,2768,3183]" targetPageId="85">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8ECE381EF6C4F3B8" blockId="85.[1999,2596,2767,3187]" box="[2000,2401,3074,3107]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8ECE381EF6C4F3B8" bold="true" box="[2000,2401,3074,3107]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8ECE3805F65DF3D0" blockId="85.[1999,2596,2767,3187]" box="[2000,2552,3097,3147]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8ECE3805F65DF3D0" authority="Blyth, 1863" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[2000,2552,3097,3147]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanotus" subSpecies="melanotus">P.m.melanotusBlyth,1863—NicobarIs.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8ECF384AF9CCF303" blockId="85.[1999,2596,2767,3187]" lastBlockId="85.[1386,2593,3191,3462]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8ECF384AF9CCF303" authority=": Thomas, 1894" authorityName=": Thomas" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanotus" subSpecies="modigliani">P.m.modigliani:Thomas,1894—EngganoI,offSWSumatra.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8C7538B8F78AF35A" blockId="85.[1386,2593,3191,3462]" box="[1387,2095,3236,3265]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8C7538B8F78AF35A" authority="Thomas, 1887" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1887" box="[1387,2095,3236,3265]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanotus" subSpecies="natalis">P.m.natalisThomas,1887—ChristmasI,Australia.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8C7538D7F722F373" blockId="85.[1386,2593,3191,3462]" box="[1387,2183,3275,3304]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8C7538D7F722F373" authority="G. S. Miller, 1906" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[1387,2183,3275,3304]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanotus" subSpecies="niadicus">P.m.niadicusG.S.Miller,1906—NiasI,offNWSumatra.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F8C7538EFF6ECF28B" blockId="85.[1386,2593,3191,3462]" box="[1387,2377,3315,3344]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF91F67F8C7538EFF914F28B" authority="Mason, 1908" authorityName="Mason" authorityYear="1908" box="[1387,1713,3315,3344]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanotus" subSpecies="tytlern">P. m. tytlern Mason, 1908</taxonomicName>
— Andaman Is (South Andaman and
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF91F67F81DB38EFF69EF28B" box="[2245,2363,3315,3344]" country="United Kingdom" name="Rutland" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Rutland</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67C8C743902FBC4FC4A" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67C8C743902FBC4FC4A" blockId="85.[1386,2593,3191,3462]" lastBlockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F8C743902F9C9F2AC" bold="true" box="[1386,1644,3358,3383]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Tailless, ear
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, hindfoot 37-
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF91F67F81AA3902F6E5F2AC" box="[2228,2368,3358,3383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="5.0">5-52 mm</quantity>
, forearm
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF91F67F80FC3902FA45F2C4" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="1.65" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="137.5" valueMax="165.0" valueMin="110.0">110- 165 mm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF91F67F8F473922F94FF2C4" box="[1625,1770,3390,3423]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" unit="g" value="360.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="220.0">220-500 g</quantity>
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 72-75-
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF91F67F81E33922F6EAF2C4" box="[2301,2383,3390,3423]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
and tibias
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. Claw and tibia lengths of males are only slightly larger than those of females. Subspecies natalis is the smallest, and
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF92F67C8BD6350DFCE2FEA9" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[712,839,273,306]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanotus">melanotus</taxonomicName>
is the largest, suggesting largersize in northern subspecies. Fur is short and adpressed on back. Subspecies modiglianii, tytleri, and natalis are black, with sprinklings of white hairs on belly and mantle; other subspecies have dark brown back and rump, with a few whitish hairs, but mid-chest and belly vary from ocherous buffy to deep tawny, with rufous in areas of body where it meets darker color. Subspecies modiglianii and natalis are longer haired. Head and crown are dark brown to blackish, contrasting with tawny to rufous mantle. Ears are broad and narrowly rounded off at tips. Wing membranes of all subspecies are dark brown and arise near sides of spine. Index claw is present. Tibia is naked. Skull has well-developed postorbital process and temporal ridges fused to form a well-developed sagittal crest. Orbits are rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Palate ridges: 5 + 5 + 3. Teeth of smaller subspecies do not decrease in size as skulls decrease in size. Cingulum of C' is narrow, and posterior basal ledge of P° is short. P' is minute and sometimes missing in adults. Posterior ledge of P, is moderate and short in P,, making both separate posteroexternally from main cusp. Dentition of natalis is slightly different: canine is heavier at base and more recurved, with broad cingulum and slight groove on front face of tooth; P' is larger than in other subspecies; and M* and M, are reduced. Posterior basal ledges of P* and P, are present but shorter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B337CBFCB0FBF4" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B337CBFCB0FBF4" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B337CBFEB9FC63" bold="true" box="[173,284,983,1016]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Habitat.</emphasis>
Semideciduous, evergreen, and mangrove forests mostly near sea level but island habitats go up to elevations of ¢.
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. The Black-eared Flying Fox is a specialist of small islands, roosting primarily in lowland mangrove habitats. It shifts temporarily to inland forests in response to disturbance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B33069FD61FB7E" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B33069FD61FB7E" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B33069FE11FB0D" bold="true" box="[173,436,1141,1174]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Black-eared Flying Fox eats mostly fruit but occasionally flowers and leaves. It eats fruits or flowers of more than 35 species in at least 12 genera and 12 families. It also eats cultivated fruit.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B330F7FE5FF9D2" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B330F7FE5FF9D2" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B330F7FE91FA97" bold="true" box="[173,308,1259,1292]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Breeding.</emphasis>
On
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF92F67C886B30F7FDFBFA97" box="[373,606,1259,1292]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
(natalis), female Black-eared Flying Foxes reach sexual maturity at c.24 months of age; males reach maturity at ¢.27 months. Males are unlikely to be competitive until they achieve full adult body mass and establish mating territories at c.4 years of age. Females give birth to one young per year. Birth peaks vary across its distribution because rainy season is different on each island. On
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF92F67C8D6E3195FAF9FA31" box="[1136,1372,1417,1450]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
, peak mating occurs in June-August and peak birthing occurs in December-February. Mating is polygynous based on male—-male competition. Larger claws help males defend territories and harems, and larger tibias are advantageous for attaining sexual position during mating.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C8EA63122F819FAC0" blockId="86.[1449,2659,706,3462]" box="[1976,1980,1342,1371]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B53252FE7CF8AE" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B53252FE7CF8AE" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B53252FE33F9F4" bold="true" box="[171,406,1614,1647]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Black-eared Flying Fox is crepuscular and nocturnal. Individuals usually leave day roosts around dusk to forage and return before dawn. The
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF92F67C8DC9326AFEA6F925" name="Christmas Island" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
subspecies is somewhat more diurnal. During the day, Black-eared Flying Foxes rest at roosts and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. On
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF92F67C8A5432F0FB83F896" box="[842,1062,1772,1805]" name="India" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
, day roosts are in
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF92F67C8C3F32F0FAC1F896" box="[1313,1380,1772,1805]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Nypa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nypa</taxonomicName>
fruticans (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF92F67C882A3308FE69F8AE" box="[308,460,1812,1845]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B33320FDDAF7B9" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B33320FDDAF7B9" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B33320FCCAF8C6" bold="true" box="[173,879,1852,1885]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
The Black-eared Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall, defoliated trees with low levels of disturbance. It occurs in sympatry with the Nicobar Flying Fox (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF92F67C8AFC3397FBDBF837" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[994,1150,1931,1964]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="faunulus">P. faunulus</taxonomicName>
), and both have been captured in fruit plantations. In areas close to human settlements, colonies have fewer than 200 individuals, but in areas further from human settlements, colonies can have more than 2000 individuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B33C35FD9BF55A" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B33C35FD9BF55A" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B33C35FDB4F7D1" bold="true" box="[173,529,2089,2122]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population declines of Black-eared Flying Foxes of more than 30% are suspected during the next three generations because of habitat loss, hunting, and possibly introduced predators. Continual rises in global sea levels will likely result in loss of essential roosting habitat. On Andaman and Nicobar islands, some hunting occurs near human settlements. Hunters commonly use air guns and catapults. On Nias and Enggano (
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF92F67C885F3D09FE76F6AD" box="[321,467,2325,2358]" name="Indonesia" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
), some hunting occurs. Black-eared Flying Foxes supposedly have medicinal value. Severe weather events have destroyed important mangrove roosts and have forced some colonies to move to inland forests. The
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF92F67C8AC33D78FB62F61E" box="[989,1223,2404,2437]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
subspecies (natalis), which might be a full species after additional taxonomic review, would likely be assessed as Critically Endangered, given population decline of 83% in three generations, with current estimates of ¢.2000 individuals remaining. Habitat loss, severe weather events, and negative effects of introduced carnivores, introduced yellow crazy ants (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF92F67C89E03E35FE36F5D1" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[254,403,2601,2634]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anoplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplolepis</taxonomicName>
gracilipes,
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF92F67C8B3B3E35FD6EF5D1" box="[549,715,2601,2634]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
), insecticide poisoning, disease, and pollution have caused this decline. There have been efforts to reduce feral cat numbers and changes in methods of controlling yellow crazy ants. Captive breeding has been discussed for subspecies natalis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF92F67C89B03ECCFCC5F4A3" pageId="86" pageNumber="144" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF92F67C89B03ECCFCC5F4A3" blockId="86.[168,1385,273,2873]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF92F67C89B03ECCFEE2F572" bold="true" box="[174,327,2768,2793]" pageId="86" pageNumber="144">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aul et al. (2014), Beeton et al. (2010), Churchill (2008), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Director of National Parks (2014), Jackson &amp; Groves (2015), Hutson, Kingston, James etal. (2008), Phalen et al. (2017), Simmons (2005), Todd et al. (2018).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>