217 lines
24 KiB
XML
217 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="BAA8F63FD05FC968DD2283B11C4B6C23" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF90F67F8CB93C51FCE1FBD8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus speciosus K. Andersen 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="143" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="142" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="B48E26965B9AD5F2D0C58EDDCDB80E4F">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B73A569506EEADC07960DB1120BAFE8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E2CE232EDA42CE1A544B65BA4728D908">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A488D61158981FE4F743ED7A9CF6210B">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="98405F015958A21E2D0DEF3E55A2C17C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="CCBC499426835083C02790BE6B94E917">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D9A1C11EDD801ED16EDA978995C117D6">
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<mods:title id="146D7F254DD6FAE3235777298C9CF017">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="5734F51442E55C1ACEB5E7E914520C5F" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF90F67F8CB93C51FCE1FBD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794720" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379384" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794720" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF90F67F8CB93C51FCE1FBD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF90F67F8CB93C51FCE1FBD8" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8CB93C51FA52F7E8" blockId="84.[1443,2563,2125,2206]" box="[1447,1527,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E8CB93C51FA52F7E8" box="[1447,1527,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF90F67E8CB93C51FA52F7E8" box="[1447,1527,2125,2163]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">149.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8F163C51F792F7E8" box="[1544,2103,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8F163C51F792F7E8" blockId="84.[1443,2563,2125,2206]" box="[1544,2103,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E8F163C51F792F7E8" box="[1544,2103,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E8F163C51F792F7E8" ID-CoL="4Q33Y" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[1544,2103,2125,2163]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">Philippine Gray Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E81653C51F619F7E8" box="[2171,2492,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E81653C51F619F7E8" blockId="84.[1443,2563,2125,2206]" box="[2171,2492,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E81653C51F619F7E8" box="[2171,2492,2125,2163]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E81653C51F619F7E8" ID-CoL="4Q33Y" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[2171,2492,2125,2163]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E81653C51F619F7E8" box="[2171,2492,2125,2163]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Pteropus speciosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8CBA3C99F5A7F701" box="[1444,2562,2181,2202]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8CBA3C99F5A7F701" blockId="84.[1443,2563,2125,2206]" box="[1444,2562,2181,2202]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E8CBA3C99F5A7F701" box="[1444,2562,2181,2202]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8CBA3C99FA4AF701" bold="true" box="[1444,1519,2181,2202]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E8CE73C99F95EF701" ID-CoL="4Q33Y" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[1529,1787,2181,2202]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">
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Roussette des
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF90F67E8F8F3C99F95EF701" box="[1681,1787,2181,2202]" name="Philippines" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8E0E3C99F8CEF701" bold="true" box="[1808,1899,2181,2202]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E8E6A3C99F72AF701" ID-CoL="4Q33Y" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[1908,2191,2181,2202]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">Grauer Philippinen-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E81BA3C99F75AF701" bold="true" box="[2212,2303,2181,2202]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E80163C99F5A7F701" ID-CoL="4Q33Y" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[2312,2562,2181,2202]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF90F67E80AA3C99F5A7F701" box="[2484,2562,2181,2202]" name="Philippines" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Filipinas</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E81163CD4F7F7F68A" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E81163CD4F7F7F68A" blockId="84.[2056,2651,2248,2676]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E81163CD4F706F772" bold="true" box="[2056,2211,2248,2281]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E81AF3CD4F7E8F68A" ID-CoL="4Q33Y" authority="K. Andersen, 1908" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">Pteropus speciosus K. Andersen, 1908</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E81403CE4F6D6F6A3" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E81403CE4F6D6F6A3" blockId="84.[2056,2651,2248,2676]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF90F67E81403CE4F6CAF6A3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391473" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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“Malanipa Island, off [west coast of]
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E81173D0BF715F6A3" box="[2057,2224,2327,2360]" country="Philippines" name="Zamboanga" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Zamboanga</collectingRegion>
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,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF90F67E81D03D0BF6CAF6A3" box="[2254,2415,2327,2360]" name="Philippines" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E81163D23F61BF665" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E81163D23F61BF665" blockId="84.[2056,2651,2248,2676]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E81163D23F751F6FB" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[2056,2292,2367,2400]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">Pteropus speciosus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E808C3D23F64DF6FB" box="[2450,2536,2367,2400]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Taxonomic status of mearnsi named by N. Hollister in 1913 requires research to clarify if it is a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E80CD3DA9F7F7F665" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E819E3DFDF6B7F665" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[2176,2322,2529,2558]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="speciosus">P. speciosus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E81163E18F689F558" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF90F67E81163E18F689F558" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803265/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" startId="84.[2056,2228,2564,2597]" targetBox="[1441,2032,2261,2675]" targetPageId="84">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E81163E18F689F558" blockId="84.[2056,2651,2248,2676]" lastBlockId="84.[1442,2652,2686,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E81163E18F71DF5BE" bold="true" box="[2056,2232,2564,2597]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF90F67E81D43E18F6CFF5BE" box="[2250,2410,2564,2597]" name="Philippines" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, in S Mindanao (Mt Matumtum,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E80123E2CF616F5D6" box="[2316,2483,2608,2637]" country="Philippines" name="Zamboanga" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Zamboanga</collectingRegion>
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Peninsula, and Malanipa I) and
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E80453E4FF63CF5EF" box="[2395,2457,2643,2676]" country="Philippines" name="Sulu" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Sulu</collectingRegion>
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Archipelago (
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E8CAE3E62F9B2F500" box="[1456,1559,2686,2715]" country="Philippines" name="Basilan" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Basilan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E8F393E62F915F500" box="[1575,1712,2686,2715]" country="Philippines" name="Tawi-Tawi" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Tawi-Tawi</collectingRegion>
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, Sanga-Sanga, and Sibutu Is), also in Talaud Is (Karakelong), off N Sulawesi, and Masalembu and Mata Siri Is, off S coast of Borneo.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67F8CBD3ED1FD91FECD" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67F8CBD3ED1FD91FECD" blockId="84.[1442,2652,2686,3465]" lastBlockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8CBD3ED1F93BF571" bold="true" box="[1443,1694,2765,2794]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Tailless, ear 25-
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8E9B3ED1F87FF571" box="[1925,2010,2765,2794]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E816D3ED1F6ACF571" box="[2163,2313,2765,2794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="37.0" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="35.0">35-39 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E80823ED1F5F7F571" box="[2460,2642,2765,2794]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="122.5" valueMax="125.0" valueMin="120.0">120-125 mm</quantity>
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||
; weight
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8F123EEDF9F8F489" box="[1548,1629,2801,2834]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="g" value="400.0">400 g</quantity>
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. Greatest lengths of skulls are
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E81003EEDF711F489" box="[2078,2228,2801,2834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="59.0" valueMax="61.0" valueMin="57.0">57-61 mm</quantity>
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||
and tibias
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E80443EEDF664F489" box="[2394,2497,2801,2834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
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||
. The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is very similar to the Island Flying Fox (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E80583F04F5B5F4A2" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" box="[2374,2576,2840,2873]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but smaller, with more gracile skull. Ears are broad and rounded. Back is dark brown to blackish, with flecks of light gray. Chest and belly are orange-yellow to tawny. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base of fur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Dark morph has seal-brown back and rump, with some light gray hairs; mantle is earthy brown that darkens around neck; and throat is blackish. Crown and sides of head are dark brown. Light morph is generally orange-buff; mantle is golden ocherous, with orange or buffy flecks of hair and pale shade of brown or cinnamon-rufous on chest. Light morph can look like a mix of colors of the Island Flying Fox subspecies tomesu and cagayanus, whereas dark morph resembles that of the western Island Flying Fox subspecies geminorum. Rostrum is somewhat laterally compressed and has noticeably smaller medial palate length (28-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8ED638EEF7E8F288" box="[1992,2125,3314,3347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="5.0">5-29 mm</quantity>
|
||
) compared to the Island Flying Fox (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8CAF3902F9E1F2A0" box="[1457,1604,3358,3387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="30.0">30-35 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and smaller mandible (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8EBF3902F791F2A0" box="[1953,2100,3358,3387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="45.5" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="45.0">45-46 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E81783902F75BF2A0" box="[2150,2302,3358,3387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="51.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="48.0">48-55 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Orbits are rather large. Postorbital processes are obvious; temporal ridges are fused to form a well-developed sagittal crest. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctlyrecurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. P' is reduced and minute, at times being lost in adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F896E3540FAB0FE57" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F896E3540FAB0FE57" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F896E3540FF7AFEE6" bold="true" box="[112,223,348,381]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Forests and mangroves. A colony of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes was recently found roosting in a tree in Panglima Sugala on Tawi-Tawi
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F8ABE3594FC53FE3E" box="[928,1014,392,421]" name="Iceland" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, suggesting it is some tolerant of human disturbance. It has also been recorded roosting in coconut palms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F896E35CEFCADFD80" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F896E35CEFCADFD80" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F896E35CEFED2FE68" bold="true" box="[112,375,466,499]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Museum specimens of the Philippine Gray Flying Fox have rather worn-down teeth, suggesting a frugivorous diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F896E3639FE40FDD9" box="[112,485,549,578]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F896E3639FE40FDD9" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" box="[112,485,549,578]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F896E3639FF53FDD9" bold="true" box="[112,246,549,578]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F89703654FC73FDF2" box="[110,982,584,617]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F89703654FC73FDF2" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" box="[110,982,584,617]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F89703654FEFCFDF2" bold="true" box="[110,345,584,617]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F896E366CFCD0FD22" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F896E366CFCD0FD22" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F896E366CFC95FD0A" bold="true" box="[112,816,624,657]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes contain ¢.2300 individuals (recent observations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F896E36A3FB1EFC6F" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F896E36A3FB1EFC6F" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F896E36A3FE6EFD7B" bold="true" box="[112,459,703,736]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is not sought after for bushmeat butis shot occasionally at for sport. Habitat loss is negative impact. It is restricted to very small oceanic islands in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F88BD3729FDE4FCCD" box="[419,577,821,854]" name="Philippines" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F8B993729FCB6FCCD" box="[647,787,821,854]" name="Indonesia" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and it might qualify as Vulnerable. In the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF91F67F89B83741FEE3FCE5" box="[166,326,861,894]" name="Philippines" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act, the National Integrated Protected Areas System, and the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas protect it from hunting in protected areas. Turtle Islands in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF91F67F8A8937B7FB85FC57" box="[919,1056,939,972]" country="Philippines" name="Tawi-Tawi" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Tawi-Tawi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where there have been recent sightings of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes, were protected in 1996.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF91F67F896E301FFCE1FBD8" pageId="85" pageNumber="143" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF91F67F896E301FFCE1FBD8" blockId="85.[110,1322,269,1097]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF91F67F896E301FFEACFB87" bold="true" box="[112,265,1027,1052]" pageId="85" pageNumber="143">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Heaney et al. (1998), Hollister (1913b), Rosell-Ambal, Heaney & Helgen (2008), Simmons (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |