227 lines
28 KiB
XML
227 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="79F0386572A1E2DDDEF9C6B74DF9EAE2">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EC02DCA68CBD50D3014CAE105F6BE148">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="826912E2F769C62992678BDE0F5F96B9" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="658429395C6C87ABC34042E0A62B3A3B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="DEA8C2D44D509CC291D02F106E618962">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="E3B7C60FCAF6D815B39123A693DE2BD3" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="6706A0F0F54C9A8AFC625501A24F448F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="E00E97C7C60557D6F207856920DFC651">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="E92FB94AE9CDD9BC479559889235574C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF90F67E89B437B8FB5AF212" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6795008" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6795008" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF90F67E89B437B8FB5AF212" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF90F67E89B437B8FB5AF212" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B437B8FF5FFC49" box="[170,250,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B437B8FF5FFC49" blockId="84.[165,1169,932,1061]" box="[170,250,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E89B437B8FF5FFC49" box="[170,250,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF90F67E89B437B8FF5FFC49" box="[170,250,932,978]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">147.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E881737B8FC91FC49" box="[265,820,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E881737B8FC91FC49" blockId="84.[165,1169,932,1061]" box="[265,820,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E881737B8FC91FC49" box="[265,820,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E881737B8FC91FC49" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[265,820,932,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Wallacean Gray Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8A6937B8FB34FC49" box="[887,1169,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8A6937B8FB34FC49" blockId="84.[165,1169,932,1061]" box="[887,1169,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E8A6937B8FB34FC49" box="[887,1169,932,978]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8A6937B8FB34FC49" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[887,1169,932,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8A6937B8FB34FC49" box="[887,1169,932,978]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Pteropus griseus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B937F8FDE5FBBA" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B937F8FB98FC62" blockId="84.[165,1169,932,1061]" box="[167,1085,996,1017]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E89B937F8FB98FC62" box="[167,1085,996,1017]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B937F8FF56FC62" bold="true" box="[167,243,996,1017]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E89E337F8FE32FC62" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[253,407,996,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Roussette grise</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E88B337F8FDA2FC62" bold="true" box="[429,519,996,1017]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E8B0E37F8FCB3FC62" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[528,790,996,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Grauer Wallacea-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8A3537F8FC23FC62" bold="true" box="[811,902,996,1017]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E8A9137F8FB98FC62" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[911,1085,996,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Zorro volador gris</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83010FDE5FBBA" blockId="84.[165,1169,932,1061]" box="[166,576,1036,1057]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF90F67E89B83010FDE5FBBA" box="[166,576,1036,1057]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B83010FE3BFBBA" bold="true" box="[166,414,1036,1057]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF90F67E88B93010FDE5FBBA" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[423,576,1036,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Gray Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8A153052FBA8FB0C" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8A153052FBA8FB0C" blockId="84.[778,1374,1102,1530]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8A153052FC07FBF4" bold="true" box="[779,930,1102,1135]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8AA13052FBACFB0C" ID-CoL="6WM4Z" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Pteropus griseus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8D063066FB49FB0C" box="[1048,1260,1146,1175]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8D063066FB49FB0C" blockId="84.[778,1374,1102,1530]" box="[1048,1260,1146,1175]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF90F67E8D063066FB49FB0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391409" box="[1048,1260,1146,1175]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">“L’1le de Timor.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8A153081FBE7FAC7" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8A153081FBE7FAC7" blockId="84.[778,1374,1102,1530]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8A153081FC7BFB25" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[779,990,1181,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">Pteropus griseus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8D8C3081FB43FB25" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1170,1254,1181,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
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species group. It has often been misidentified due to morphological similarities with
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8DC030F0FC97FAAE" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanotus">P. melanotus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8A583108FBAEFAAE" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" box="[838,1035,1300,1333]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8D7F3108FB51FAAE" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[1121,1268,1300,1333]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speciosus">P. speciosus</taxonomicName>
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. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E8A15317FFC23F9EB" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF90F67E8A15317FFC23F9EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803261/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" startId="84.[779,930,1379,1412]" targetBox="[164,755,1113,1526]" targetPageId="84">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8A15317FFB36FA1F" blockId="84.[778,1374,1102,1530]" box="[779,1171,1379,1412]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E8A15317FFB36FA1F" bold="true" box="[779,1171,1379,1412]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E8A15319AFBB6FA61" blockId="84.[778,1374,1102,1530]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8A15319AFBB6FA61" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseus" subSpecies="griseus">P.g.griseusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—ELesserSundas(Flores,Alor,Wetar,Ti-mor,andBabarIs).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B8321CFA92F9D2" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E89B8321CFA92F9D2" authority="K. Andersen, 1908" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseus" subSpecies="mimus">P.g.mimusK.Andersen,1908—currentlyonlyonMantaluDaka,Peleng,andSelayarIs,offSulawesi;formerlyalsoinSSulawesi,andapparentlyonSangiheandTalaudIs.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83253FC23F9EB" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" box="[166,902,1615,1648]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E89B83253FD93F9EB" authority="Temminck, 1825" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1825" box="[166,566,1615,1648]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseus" subSpecies="pallidus">P. g. pallidus Temminck, 1825</taxonomicName>
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— S
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF90F67E8B6E3253FD55F9EB" box="[624,752,1615,1648]" name="Indonesia" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
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(Banda I).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B83267FBDDF6C4" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83267FBDDF6C4" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B83267FE01F903" bold="true" box="[166,420,1659,1688]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—-body
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(tailless), ear
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, hindfoot
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||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E88BF3282FDFCF924" box="[417,601,1694,1727]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.215" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.13" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="121.5" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="113.0">113-130 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8BC83282FCCCF924" box="[726,873,1694,1727]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="g" value="300.0" valueMax="370.0" valueMin="230.0">230-370 g</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8C343282FEAFF97C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="57.5" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="52.0">52— 63 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Size and color vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but size does not vary between sexes. Eyes are moderately large, with chestnut-brown irises. Ears are somewhat broad, with bluntly pointed tips. Crown and head are light buffy to mousegray. Body is smoke-gray to brown, with flecks of gray hair throughout and at times russet tinge; contrasting mantle is usually russet. Base of fur is brown, fur is closely adpressed and silky, and mantle of males is coarse. Mantle produces “mold-like” musk. Rump and legs are ocherous or buffy. Underparts from posterior to collar are buffy to sepia, with gray hairs mixed in. Subspecies mimus is generally larger and darker on back and belly; subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8B383C1EFDD9F7B8" box="[550,636,2050,2083]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is palest and grayest. Tibia is naked. Skull has welldeveloped postorbital processes; temporal ridges form well-developed sagittal crest. Orbits are rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Palate ridges are 5 + 5+ 3, with no traces of additional ridges between ninth and tenth, and eleventh to thirteen. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines, and I,is usually twice the size of I. C' and C,are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around base. P' is reduced and minute, at times being lost in adults. Posterior basal ledge of P” is short and distinctly marked from main cusp compared with ledge of P* thatis less distinct and results in less distinction from main cusp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B83D76FAE3F635" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83D76FAE3F635" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B83D76FEB0F61C" bold="true" box="[166,277,2410,2439]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and secondary lowland forests, coastal forests (Timor), and mangroves surrounded by spiny forests from sea level up to known elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E8DF83D91FAE7F635" box="[1254,1346,2445,2478]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="m" value="190.0">190 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B83DA9FAFCF5BE" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83DA9FAFCF5BE" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B83DA9FE09F64D" bold="true" box="[166,428,2485,2518]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Post-meal remnants and guano of Wallacean Gray Flying Foxes include figs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E88253DC0FE19F666" box="[315,444,2524,2557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E88D23DC0FDFEF666" box="[460,603,2524,2557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). On Timor, it forages in the same area with other pteropodids, primarily on figs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8B143E18FDF7F5BE" box="[522,594,2564,2597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8B753E18FC4DF5BE" box="[619,1000,2564,2597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Muntingiaceae" genus="Muntingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Muntingia (Muntingiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8D2B3E18FAF1F5BE" box="[1077,1364,2564,2597]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Borassus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Borassus (Arecaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B83E37FD2CF5EF" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83E37FD2CF5EF" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B83E37FE89F5D7" bold="true" box="[166,300,2603,2636]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
On Timor, adult Wallacean Gray Flying Foxes did not have embryos and were not lactating in March-April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89BA3E66FAE0F559" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89BA3E66FAE0F559" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89BA3E66FE2FF500" bold="true" box="[164,394,2682,2715]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Wallacean Gray Flying Foxes are crepuscular and nocturnal. They usually leave roosts around dusk to forage. In day roosts, they rest, vocalize, and wing flap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B83ED5FE29F465" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B83ED5FE29F465" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B83ED5FCCAF571" bold="true" box="[166,879,2761,2794]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Wallacean Gray Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall trees with low levels of disturbance; in the Lesser Sundas,it roosts singly or in small groups. Individuals from the colony on Mantalu
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E88473F23FE05F4FB" box="[345,416,2879,2912]" country="Bangladesh" name="Dhaka" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Daka</collectingRegion>
|
||
fly
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF90F67E88C53F23FDCEF4FB" box="[475,619,2879,2912]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" unit="km" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20-30 km</quantity>
|
||
/night to forage in primary and secondary montane forests on mainland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E88D33F7BFDE1F413" box="[461,580,2919,2952]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. This colony generally has less than 1000 individuals of both sexes; seasonally, it reaches 1300 individuals. It occasionally roosts with other flying foxes. Vagrants have been recorded roosting in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8A983FA6FB3AF44C" box="[902,1183,3002,3031]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Corypha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Corypha (Arecaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF90F67E8DF03FA6FAF8F44C" box="[1262,1373,3002,3031]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Borassus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Borassus</taxonomicName>
|
||
palms on Timor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B93819FC57F2A1" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B93819FC57F2A1" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B93819FDA4F3BD" bold="true" box="[167,513,3077,3110]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Although information is very limited, the Wallacean Gray Flying Fox might be best classified as Endangered given that a single large roost exists in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E8DB83848FABFF3EE" box="[1190,1306,3156,3189]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
and large colonies have not been found elsewhere. It also generally occurs in mangroves on small islands, putting it at risk from global sea level rise. Deforestation has reduced foraging areas throughout its distribution. It is hunted for the bushmeat market in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E89B938EDFEBBF289" box="[167,286,3313,3346]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Progress is currently underway to create local protection for the last known colony in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E882C393DFE0DF2A1" box="[306,424,3361,3386]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, located in Mantalu
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF90F67E8BD5393DFCB7F2A1" box="[715,786,3361,3386]" country="Bangladesh" name="Dhaka" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Daka</collectingRegion>
|
||
offshore island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF90F67E89B93955FB5AF212" pageId="84" pageNumber="142" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF90F67E89B93955FB5AF212" blockId="84.[164,1376,1536,3465]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF90F67E89B93955FEE5F2F9" bold="true" box="[167,320,3401,3426]" pageId="84" pageNumber="142">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis, Rosell-Ambal & Helgen (2008), Goodwin (1979), Kitchener & Maryanto (1995), Sheherazade & Tsang (2018), Simmons (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |