236 lines
27 KiB
XML
236 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="5E3903E70CF5539278C7A7C8736062F0" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF88F66689AE3716F82AFEC7" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Acerodon celebensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="134" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="134" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="23ED03FC48363B4D74347FE78850F804">
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<mods:title id="3E4FD6185E4BEFF781C287BF53ABCC33">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A39C1C9E64B6B13C9099D44FCAFF5BDC" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CD49344DFC6FC590B7747E871F909F82">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="493C384691924B47B99B007DB6203121">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9E4A81A50B2F106CBBC812D5453090CA">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="AD25158988B5202E56B08A7B8F737EF2">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="E5A4B5D1BDF3179FA24BA989B334E884" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="22D49CEDBAD4B815905666C26C7F600E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="CFBB1489F6FE51C57B7525E8FB99142F">
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<mods:placeTerm id="DE294D20F603E1EB47DF9DD81131D676">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="FFC2E6A25E9732C58532CDA7B3948B05">
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<mods:title id="00093B8DDC2A18F4CA76B5065EAB14AD">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3EAEEC72EE858E05B99A29DAF6A48342">
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<mods:start id="36E669ED506DE7A2237440D9D5542AA7">16</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="060F500A72885CA468C8B765732D61FB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="53BC1E2AF228BB17FDD7C9C385C87757" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF88F66689AE3716F82AFEC7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449032" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379459" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449032" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF88F66689AE3716F82AFEC7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF88F66689AE3716F82AFEC7" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689AE3716FEA5FCA3" box="[176,256,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689AE3716FEA5FCA3" blockId="76.[171,1163,778,904]" box="[176,256,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF88F66689AE3716FEA5FCA3" box="[176,256,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF88F66689AE3716FEA5FCA3" box="[176,256,778,824]" captionStart="Plate 8: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="75.[98,128,3361,3386]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,16,3662]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="127. Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium wallacei), 128. Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis), 129. Small-toothed Fruit Bat (Neopteryx frosti), 130. Sulawesi Flying Fox (Acerodon celebensis), 131. Talaud Flying Fox (Acerodon humilis), 132. Golden-capped Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), 133. Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis), 134. Sunda Flying Fox (Acerodon macklotii), 135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus personatus), 136. Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensus), 137. Little Red Flying Fox (Pteropus scapulatus), 138. Big-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus macrotis), 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox (Pteropus gilliardorum), 140. Sanborn’s Flying Fox (Pleropus mahaganus), 141. Dwarf Flying Fox (Pteropus woodfordi), 142. Pohnpei Flying Fox (Pteropus molossinus), 143. Chuuk Flying Fox (Pteropus pelagicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448883/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">130.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F666880C3716FD03FCA3" box="[274,678,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F666880C3716FD03FCA3" blockId="76.[171,1163,778,904]" box="[274,678,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF88F666880C3716FD03FCA3" box="[274,678,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF88F666880C3716FD03FCA3" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[274,678,778,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F666880C3716FE1AFCA3" box="[274,447,778,824]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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Flying Fox
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668BF43716FB9EFCA3" box="[746,1083,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668BF43716FB9EFCA3" blockId="76.[171,1163,778,904]" box="[746,1083,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FF88F6668BF43716FB9EFCA3" box="[746,1083,778,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668BF43716FB9EFCA3" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[746,1083,778,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F6668BF43716FB9EFCA3" box="[746,1083,778,824]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Acerodon celebensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689B33756FC8AFC1C" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689B33756FB2FFCC4" blockId="76.[171,1163,778,904]" box="[173,1162,842,863]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF88F66689B33756FB2FFCC4" box="[173,1162,842,863]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689B33756FF5CFCC4" bold="true" box="[173,249,842,863]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF88F666881E3756FE44FCC4" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[256,481,842,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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Acérodon de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F66688973756FE44FCC4" box="[393,481,842,863]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66688E83756FDF4FCC4" bold="true" box="[502,593,842,863]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF88F6668B443756FCB3FCC4" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[602,790,842,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sulawesi-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F6668A353756FC23FCC4" bold="true" box="[811,902,842,863]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF88F6668A913756FB2FFCC4" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[911,1162,842,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668D243756FB2FFCC4" box="[1082,1162,842,863]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Célebes</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689B3376EFC8AFC1C" blockId="76.[171,1163,778,904]" box="[173,815,882,903]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF88F66689B3376EFC8AFC1C" box="[173,815,882,903]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689B3376EFE01FC1C" bold="true" box="[173,420,882,903]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF88F66688B0376EFDCBFC1C" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[430,622,882,903]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F66688B0376EFDA0FC1C" box="[430,517,882,903]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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Acerodon
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF88F6668B62376EFC8AFC1C" ID-CoL="94ZD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[636,815,882,903]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668B62376EFD71FC1C" box="[636,724,882,903]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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Fruit Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668A0C37A5FAC5FC4D" box="[786,1376,953,982]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668A0C37A5FAC5FC4D" blockId="76.[786,1380,953,1376]" box="[786,1376,953,982]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F6668A0C37A5FC08FC4D" bold="true" box="[786,941,953,982]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668AA537A5FAFEFC4D" ID-CoL="4Q2YX" authority="Peters, 1867" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[955,1371,953,982]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Pteropus celebensis Peters, 1867</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668A0D37F8FB55FC66" box="[787,1264,996,1021]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668A0D37F8FB55FC66" blockId="76.[786,1380,953,1376]" box="[787,1264,996,1021]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF88F6668A0D37F8FB55FC66" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391337" box="[787,1264,996,1021]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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“
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668A0037F8FC2EFC66" box="[798,907,996,1021]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Celebes</collectingRegion>
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[=
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668AA337F8FB94FC66" box="[957,1073,996,1021]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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],”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF88F6668D4137F8FB49FC66" box="[1119,1260,996,1021]" name="Indonesia" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668A0C301FFABAFBE8" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668A0C301FFABAFBE8" blockId="76.[786,1380,953,1376]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668A0C301FFBBCFBBF" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[786,1049,1027,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Acerodon celebensis</taxonomicName>
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includes Sulawesian specimens formerly identified as Pteropus arquatus and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668AD5304EFBD6FBE8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[971,1139,1106,1139]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="argentatus">P. argentatus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668A0C3061FB66FA8A" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FF88F6668A0C3061FB66FA8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803840/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" startId="76.[786,958,1149,1178]" targetBox="[171,762,960,1373]" targetPageId="76">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668A0C3061FB66FA8A" blockId="76.[786,1380,953,1376]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F6668A0C3061FC66FB01" bold="true" box="[786,963,1149,1178]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
Endemic to
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668D693061FB4EFB01" box="[1143,1259,1149,1178]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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(including nearby Sangihe, Siau, Togian, Buton, and Selayar Is), Banggai Is (Peleng), and Sula Is (Mangole and Sanana).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668A0C310BFDB5F68E" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668A0C310BFDB5F68E" blockId="76.[786,1380,953,1376]" lastBlockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F6668A0C310BFB89FAA3" bold="true" box="[786,1068,1303,1336]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F6668C3D310BFC2EFAFB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.075" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="207.5" valueMax="225.0" valueMin="190.0">190- 225 mm</quantity>
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||
(tailless), ear
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F6668D79315FFAA6FAFB" box="[1127,1283,1347,1376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="32.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="30.0">30-34 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F66689E8317AFE34FA1C" box="[246,401,1382,1415]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="40.5" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="37.0">37-44 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F6668B35317AFD42FA1C" box="[555,743,1382,1415]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="137.5" valueMax="145.0" valueMin="130.0">130-145 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F6668A74317AFC1FFA1C" box="[874,954,1382,1415]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.7399999999999998" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="g" value="374.0">374 g</quantity>
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||
(mean). Greatest lengths of skulls are
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F666885C3192FE79FA34" box="[322,476,1422,1455]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="62.0">62-63 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Males are larger than females and have glandular neck tufts with strong musk that are rich tawny at base and produce thick ocherous orange band around shoulder. Muzzle of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668B9D31C1FD5DFA65" box="[643,760,1501,1534]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is short and narrow, rhinarium is black with large nostrils, and philtrum has side furrow. Eyes are large, with brown irises. Ears are longer than muzzle from front of eye to tip of nose, wide at base, and pointed. Pelage on crown, mantle, and underside is generally golden or yellowish buffy, with chocolate-brown backside and small patch of brown fur on throat with sprinkles of longer silvery whitish hairs. Belly is slightly lighter. Fur is short and thin around crown and mantle to expose buffy and brown head and muzzle. Sides of head are sprinkled with long whitish silvery hairs. Golden buffy tips of fur generally hide brown bases. Tibia is dark and not furred; femur is furred. Fur is woollier on underside of lateral membrane between humerus and femur. Genitals are black and concealed in fur. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Wing membranes are black and originate from sides of body,slightly above medial plane. Skull is typical pteropine and moderately robust, with short narrow rostrum, small orbits, low and broad sagittal crest, and rather thick mandible. Dental formula for most species of Acerodonis 12/2, C1/1,P3/3,M2/3 (x2) =34.1, and last lower molars are small, and P' is early deciduous. Canine cingula and posterior basal ledges on premolars and molars are strong, especially compared with congeners. Caninesare slightly larger in males. Dentition is weak in general; P? lacks posterointernal cusp. Anterointernal basal tubercle is more sharply obvious in M, than in P,, and there is no distinct anterointernal cusp in P,. Basal ledge of P,, M,, and M, do not extend as far forward on innerside ofteeth as in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F66688883CE8FDA8F68E" box="[406,525,2292,2325]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acerodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689B13D06FC59F6F8" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689B13D06FC59F6F8" blockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689B13D06FEBBF6A0" bold="true" box="[175,286,2330,2363]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Coastal mangrove forests on offshore islands and villages and bamboo on coast and inland from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF88F6668A953D5EFC5DF6F8" box="[907,1016,2370,2403]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689B13D75FCBFF5CA" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689B13D75FCBFF5CA" blockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689B13D75FE1FF611" bold="true" box="[175,442,2409,2442]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668B123D75FD25F611" box="[524,640,2409,2442]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox eats fruits of native and introduced species. Fruits in diets include multiple native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668A0D3D8CFBD7F62A" box="[787,1138,2448,2481]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Ficus species (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668D9C3D8CFAAFF62A" box="[1154,1290,2448,2481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" genus="Duabanga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Duabanga</taxonomicName>
|
||
moluccana (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F666881B3DA0FE02F642" box="[261,423,2492,2521]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lythraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668B1F3DA0FC20F642" box="[513,901,2492,2521]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Palaquium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Palaquium sp. (Sapotaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has also been observed visiting durian flowers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F666888C3DC3FE7BF59B" box="[402,478,2527,2560]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Durio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Durio</taxonomicName>
|
||
zibethinus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F6668B663DC3FCB5F59B" box="[632,784,2527,2560]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Recent studies suggest it is a key pollinator and seed disperser. Diet is not as broad as that of co-occurring species of flying foxes, but it does contain more native fruits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689AE3E49FE65F55C" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689AE3E49FE65F55C" blockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689AE3E49FE92F5ED" bold="true" box="[176,311,2645,2678]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductive cycle of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668BD53E49FC9AF5ED" box="[715,831,2645,2678]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is probably seasonal, with births occurring in February-March. Females have been seen with dependent young in August-October.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689B13ED0FAE3F4A7" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689B13ED0FAE3F4A7" blockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689B13ED0FE3AF576" bold="true" box="[175,415,2764,2797]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F66688AE3ED0FD81F576" box="[432,548,2764,2797]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Foxes are nocturnal and remain in roosts during the day. They engage in typical behaviors such as fanning their wings and territorial defense. Colonies leave roosts a little before dusk (c.19:00 h) to go to foraging sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689AF3F5EFE28F3B1" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689AF3F5EFE28F3B1" blockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689AF3F5EFCCCF4F8" bold="true" box="[177,873,2882,2915]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668AAA3F5EFB8DF4F8" box="[948,1064,2882,2915]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts in large colonies in mangroves with low levels of disturbance. Individuals and small groups have been found in areas with higher levels of disturbance (e.g. nearvillages or roadsides), but it is unclearif these roosts are temporary or not. It often co-roosts with other species offlying foxes, particularly the Black Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF88F66689A33811FEDFF3B1" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[189,378,3085,3114]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alecto">Pteropus alecto</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F66689AC3833FAC0F210" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F66689AC3833FAC0F210" blockId="76.[173,1388,1382,3467]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F66689AC3833FDB3F3CB" bold="true" box="[178,534,3119,3152]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668875384AFE7AF3EC" box="[363,479,3158,3191]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is endemic and increasingly pressured by hunting for bushmeat. It has been locally extirpated from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF88F6668A2F3862FBA0F304" box="[817,1029,3198,3231]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">North Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where bushmeattrade is centralized, with hunting causing an inferred population reduction greater than 30% in the past three generations. Known colonies are under constantly threat of being extirpated, but there are no legal protections. Mangrove forests have declined due to conversion for shrimp aquaculture. As mangroves disappear, large roosting colonies will probably decrease because they are some of the only habitats left with low levels of human disturbance. Deforestation and logging also threaten stability of foraging sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF88F6668CB73507F82AFEC7" pageId="76" pageNumber="134" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF88F6668CB73507F82AFEC7" blockId="76.[1448,2653,283,353]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF88F6668CB73507F9E7FEAF" bold="true" box="[1449,1602,283,308]" pageId="76" pageNumber="134">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1912b), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Musser et al. (1982), Tsang & Sheherazade (2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |