352 lines
46 KiB
XML
352 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="D9F991D8F679906F626A11A1F0F7C1AD" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFB8FFE99BFDFB6EFB61BDAA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gorgyra bibulus Riley 1929" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="A63081946D068A2F1917928E9EE04C57" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="ACC65C8D9F560A0D777DF369854C510D">
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<mods:title id="E8CC97C730E31A3BDB1B05195F08ADF8">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B2BE8318FF844E56AA23DD6F9CFD3CA7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5C11E02BCE6404A34B7A9BCC6DBED8ED">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0A0D855079857A14555148A593D625BD">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="70256121499488E2B3A4DABA431B77BA">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3B436BE207C53E70DEE0FB6ACA43DE95" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E03D9FDBACA75E4647B1DB631E860E45">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1109E7F7B5A0632CA13081BA3534F2E6">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="668F5BEFB1A4526F687E0D7F1DCD0254" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="24F19C6366BA2C7FD691A67596E85BDF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B3FD58BFA1FF007B04923F9B83E03B09">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F57B844A3A73FA8A3C66BC050DD073E5">
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<mods:date id="E754EDFC5AB3E044D0BFDEFBE8E807BF">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BF38B7DB8D936F6CA3F3F1653BEA16F6">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BC5BE382E8614939E737A12BCF2C4CCD">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="DD179DD748E5553417205E80F675F354">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A32875D8CE9B09FFFE998630319C9C3D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFB8FFE99BFDFB6EFB61BDAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268085" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199910999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268085" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFB8FFE99BFDFB6EFB61BDAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFB8FFE99BFDFB6EFB61BDAA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFB8FFE69BFDFB6EFCABBF8A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB8FFE69BFDFB6EFCE9BF59" blockId="6.[151,828,1279,1305]" box="[151,828,1279,1305]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFB8FFE69BFDFB6EFCE9BF59" bold="true" box="[151,828,1279,1305]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69BFDFB6EFCE9BF59" bold="true" box="[151,828,1279,1305]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69BFDFB6EFE38BF59" ID-CoL="6KPY2" authority="Riley, 1929" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,493,1279,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69BFDFB6EFE88BF59" bold="true" box="[151,349,1279,1305]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gorgyra bibulus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69A0EFB6EFE38BF59" author="Riley" box="[356,493,1279,1305]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref45309" refString="Riley, N. D. (1929) See Eltringham et al. (1929)." type="book" year="1929">Riley, 1929</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69977FB6EFCE1BF59" author="Eltringham" box="[541,820,1279,1305]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Eltringham" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="475 - 506" refId="ref42084" refString="Eltringham, H., Poulton, E. B., Riley, N. D., & Talbot, G. (1929) African Rhopalocera: description and notes. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 77 (2), 475 - 506, plates XXX - XXXI. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1929. tb 00695. x" type="journal article" year="1929">
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Eltringham
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE699DCFB6EFD3CBF59" bold="true" box="[694,745,1279,1305]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
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. 1929
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB8FFE69BFDFAD4FCABBF8A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1349,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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This localised species was described from the slopes of Mt
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB8FFE6982DFAD7FC45BF1E" box="[839,912,1350,1374]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE698CAFAD4FB73BF1E" author="Eltringham" box="[928,1190,1349,1374]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Eltringham" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="475 - 506" refId="ref42084" refString="Eltringham, H., Poulton, E. B., Riley, N. D., & Talbot, G. (1929) African Rhopalocera: description and notes. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 77 (2), 475 - 506, plates XXX - XXXI. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1929. tb 00695. x" type="journal article" year="1929">
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Eltringham
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69F40FAD7FB88BF1E" box="[1066,1117,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
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. 1929
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and is also found in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB8FFE69BFDFAF8FF29BFC2" box="[151,252,1385,1410]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69A64FAF8FE61BFC2" author="Kielland" box="[270,436,1385,1410]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB8FFE69A93FAF8FD85BFC2" box="[505,592,1385,1410]" name="Uganda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69909FAF8FD3ABFC2" author="Evans" box="[611,751,1385,1410]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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). However, the specimens reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB8FFE69FB8FAF8FAF3BFC2" box="[1234,1318,1385,1410]" name="Nigeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69E3DFAFBFF34BFE6" author="Evans" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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are from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB8FFE69A32FA1CFE19BFE6" box="[344,460,1421,1446]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69AB4FA1CFDA6BFE6" author="Larsen" box="[478,627,1421,1446]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). It is found in forests, highland forests and forest margins and adults settle on low vegetation and flowers according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE699AFFA20FCAFBF8A" author="Kielland" box="[709,890,1457,1482]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFB8FFE99BFDFA68FB61BDAA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB8FFE69BFDFA68FECBBC52" blockId="6.[151,1436,1529,1842]" box="[151,286,1529,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69BFDFA68FECBBC52" box="[151,286,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB8FFE69BFDF98FFD6ABD72" blockId="6.[151,1436,1529,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69BFDF98FFEABBC76" author="Van Someren" box="[151,382,1565,1590]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="315 - 331" refId="ref46242" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded the food plant as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE699C4F98FFCAABC76" box="[686,895,1565,1590]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" genus="Drypetes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerrardii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE699C4F98FFCAABC76" box="[686,895,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Drypetes gerrardii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in East Africa; at that time
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69FDEF98FFACCBC75" box="[1204,1305,1566,1589]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" genus="Drypetes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69FDEF98FFACCBC75" box="[1204,1305,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Drypetes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was placed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69BDFF9D0FE8BBC1A" box="[181,350,1601,1626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
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, but it is now placed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE6991AF9D0FCCCBC1A" box="[624,793,1601,1626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Putranjivaceae</taxonomicName>
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. This record is repeated by subsequent authors (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69E51F9D0FF2FBC3E" author="Heath" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69EE2F9D3FF78BC3E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
), or simplified to
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69AA4F9F7FDE6BC3D" box="[462,563,1638,1661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" genus="Drypetes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69AA4F9F7FDE6BC3D" box="[462,563,1638,1661]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Drypetes</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE6992EF9F4FCC1BC3E" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[580,788,1637,1662]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">Sevastopulo 1975</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69848F9F7FC66BC3E" author="Larsen" box="[802,947,1637,1662]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE698A8F9F4FB75BC3E" author="Ackery" box="[962,1184,1637,1662]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69F75F9F7FB87BC3E" box="[1055,1106,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In the 1990s, ABRI collectors discovered that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69AD5F91BFCE4BCE2" box="[447,817,1673,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69AD5F91BFD53BCE2" box="[447,646,1673,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rourea thomsonii</emphasis>
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(Connaraceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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is a food plant in Gatamayu Forest,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB8FFE69FB8F91BFACEBCE2" box="[1234,1307,1674,1698]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB8FFE69E41F918FA59BCE2" box="[1323,1420,1673,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1555,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-289@8.[151,1436,375,1533]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rourea thomsonii, a food plant of Gorgyra bibulus with feeding and leaf shelters (arrows), Gatamayu Forest, Kenya, 4 Jul 1998; 98/201M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267845/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the early stages that MJWC collected there with an ABRI collector on
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFFB8FFE69887F93CFBB0BC86" box="[1005,1125,1709,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1998-07-04">4 Jul 1998</date>
|
||
(98/201) are described and illustrated below. Probably, this ABRI food plant record is the origin of the record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69F09F943FB24BCAA" box="[1123,1265,1745,1770]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69F09F943FB24BCAA" box="[1123,1265,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">R. thomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE69E72F940FF30BD4E" author="Heath" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69E09F943FA40BCAA" box="[1379,1429,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The record from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB8FFE69AC6F967FDA8BD4E" box="[428,637,1781,1806]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" genus="Drypetes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerrardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69AC6F967FDA8BD4E" box="[428,637,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Drypetes gerrardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been repeated since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB8FFE698D6F967FB73BD4E" author="Van Someren" box="[956,1190,1781,1806]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="315 - 331" refId="ref46242" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the possibility of a misidentification or error cannot be discounted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB8FFE69BFDF8F0FEF2BD3A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1889,2022]" box="[151,295,1889,1914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB8FFE69BFDF8F0FEF2BD3A" box="[151,295,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB8FFE69BFDF814FE0ABDA6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1889,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The stage 1 and stage 2 shelters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB8FFE69965F814FDAEBDDE" box="[527,635,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1555,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-289@8.[151,1436,375,1533]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rourea thomsonii, a food plant of Gorgyra bibulus with feeding and leaf shelters (arrows), Gatamayu Forest, Kenya, 4 Jul 1998; 98/201M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267845/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 5</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB8FFE699DEF814FD0DBDDE" box="[692,728,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,207,796]" captionTargetId="figure-246@9.[151,1436,195,796]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Leaf shelters of Gorgyra bibulus on Rourea thomsonii, collected 4 Jul 1998, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; the lines in the background are 8mm apart. 1, stage 1 shelter on left, 98/201E; stage 2 shelter on right, 98/201F; 2, stage 3 shelter, 98/201C; 3, pupal shelter, 98/201A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267847/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.1</figureCitation>
|
||
) are two-cut shelters from edge of the leaf; the shelter lids are broad, the two cuts being at right angles to the leaf edge, so that the bridge is as wide as the shelter, and the resultant flap is folded under.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB9FFE79BFDFBD4FE12BE3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267843/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,249,1093,1115]" targetBox="[151,1436,297,1072]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB9FFE79BFDFBD4FE12BE3A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1093,1146]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB9FFE79BFDFBD4FEC7BE1B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1093,1115]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB9FFE79AE4FBD4FDE0BE1B" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[398,565,1093,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB9FFE79AE4FBD4FDE0BE1B" box="[398,565,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gorgyra bibulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as final instar caterpillar 4 Jul 1998 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB9FFE79F43FBD7FA4DBE1B" authority=", Gatamayu Forest" authorityName="Gatamayu Forest" box="[1065,1432,1093,1115]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB9FFE79F43FBD7FB09BE1B" box="[1065,1244,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rourea thomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
, Gatamayu Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya; adult 28 Jul, 98/201B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB9FFE79BADFB30FA48BF42" blockId="7.[151,1437,1185,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
One stage 2 shelter measured 20 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79938FB33FD5EBEF9" box="[594,651,1186,1209]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.0">7mm</quantity>
|
||
with a
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE7998AFB30FCFDBEFA" box="[736,808,1185,1210]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="13.0">13mm</quantity>
|
||
penultimate instar (98/201D); the shelter lid was raised from the leaf by pulling the two narrow ends together with silk. Another stage 2 shelter contained a
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79E3EFB54FA49BE9E" box="[1364,1436,1221,1246]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="14.0">14mm</quantity>
|
||
penultimate instar caterpillar ready to moult (98/201E;
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB9FFE79997FB78FCA7BF42" box="[765,882,1257,1282]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,207,796]" captionTargetId="figure-246@9.[151,1436,195,796]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Leaf shelters of Gorgyra bibulus on Rourea thomsonii, collected 4 Jul 1998, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; the lines in the background are 8mm apart. 1, stage 1 shelter on left, 98/201E; stage 2 shelter on right, 98/201F; 2, stage 3 shelter, 98/201C; 3, pupal shelter, 98/201A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267847/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6.1</figureCitation>
|
||
); one end of the shelter was closed but not sealed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB9FFE79BADFA9FFD7CBFBE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1185,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Two final instar caterpillars were field collected. The smaller
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE798F2FA9CFC35BF66" box="[920,992,1293,1318]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="19.0">19mm</quantity>
|
||
caterpillar (97/201C) was in a shelter made on a
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79A7AFAA0FEB0BF0A" box="[272,357,1329,1354]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="100.0">100mm</quantity>
|
||
leaf using the distal half, a large flap having been folded under; most of the feeding was basal to the shelter and the midrib was completely bare for
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE799BBFAC4FCCCBF2E" box="[721,793,1365,1390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
|
||
immediately basal to the shelter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB9FFE79FF8FAC4FADEBF2E" box="[1170,1291,1365,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,207,796]" captionTargetId="figure-246@9.[151,1436,195,796]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Leaf shelters of Gorgyra bibulus on Rourea thomsonii, collected 4 Jul 1998, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; the lines in the background are 8mm apart. 1, stage 1 shelter on left, 98/201E; stage 2 shelter on right, 98/201F; 2, stage 3 shelter, 98/201C; 3, pupal shelter, 98/201A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267847/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6.2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shelter of the larger,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79A47FAE8FEA0BFD2" box="[301,373,1401,1426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
caterpillar (98/201B) was clearly an earlier version of the pupal shelter described below. On a leaf of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79B8CFA0CFEE4BFF6" box="[230,305,1437,1462]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="65.0">65mm</quantity>
|
||
, the basal
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79ACDFA0CFE3BBFF6" box="[423,494,1437,1462]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="27.0">27mm</quantity>
|
||
had been folded over upwards, and most of the leaf distal to this had been eaten (or cut off). The caterpillar pupated on 12 July, eight days after collection, so this shelter seems to have been constructed during the final instar for pupation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB9FFE79BADF998FF3ABD02" blockId="7.[151,1437,1185,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
A pupal shelter found in the field (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB9FFE79932F998FD06BC62" box="[600,723,1545,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,207,796]" captionTargetId="figure-246@9.[151,1436,195,796]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Leaf shelters of Gorgyra bibulus on Rourea thomsonii, collected 4 Jul 1998, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; the lines in the background are 8mm apart. 1, stage 1 shelter on left, 98/201E; stage 2 shelter on right, 98/201F; 2, stage 3 shelter, 98/201C; 3, pupal shelter, 98/201A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267847/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6.3</figureCitation>
|
||
, 98/201A) was formed in a leaf originally
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79FA9F998FADEBC62" box="[1219,1291,1545,1570]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="45.0">45mm</quantity>
|
||
long, which had become dead and brown because of the caterpillar’s feeding. The distal half of the leaf was eaten (or cut off) except for the midrib and a few scraps; the basal half was folded over upwards along one side of the midrib until flat, forming a shelter
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79AFCF9E4FE0BBCCE" box="[406,478,1653,1678]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="22.0">22mm</quantity>
|
||
long; the portion along the midrib formed a tube; strands of tough brown silk along the edge of this tube held the shelter together; the basal end of the tube was sealed shut, and the distal end had a round exit hole lined with silk; the inside of the tube was lined with silk and covered with white waxy powder which was also on the pupa; an adjacent leaf was also heavily eaten or cut back, dead and brown, and the remaining 25 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB9FFE79A26F894FE41BD5E" box="[332,404,1797,1822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
|
||
portion dangled alongside the pupal shelter, but this may have been fortuitous rather than normal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB9FFE79BFDF8E3FF0FBDC9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1906,2038]" box="[151,218,1906,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB9FFE79BFDF8E3FF0FBDC9" box="[151,218,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB9FFE89BFDF804FB2ABB00" blockId="7.[151,1436,1906,2038]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Oviposition is concentrated on the youngest red-green flush leaves. At this stage the leaves are still folded in half along the midrib, and the ova are inserted between the two halves of the leaf, some at the margin, but others well inside. The ovum is stuck to one half of the leaf by its base, and to the other at the micropyle. Several ova can be found close together. Hence, for example, one clump of about ten flush leaves on a regenerating cut branch had nine caterpillars in stage 1 shelters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB6FFE89953FF2DFD48BA95" box="[569,669,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1555,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-289@8.[151,1436,375,1533]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rourea thomsonii, a food plant of Gorgyra bibulus with feeding and leaf shelters (arrows), Gatamayu Forest, Kenya, 4 Jul 1998; 98/201M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ovum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB6FFE89856FF2DFC75BA95" box="[828,928,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1549,1571]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,950,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-250@9.[151,1436,950,1527]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ovum of Gorgyra bibulus, on leaf of Rourea thomsonii, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya, 4 Jul 1998, 98/201K. 1, as laid in a folded very young leaf; 2, dorsal view with part of the facing leaf surface adhering on top." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267849/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) is white, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE89F0CFF2DFB17BA95" box="[1126,1218,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.77">0.77mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=4) in diameter,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE89BFDFF4EFF26BAB8" box="[151,243,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.41">0.41mm</quantity>
|
||
high (n=2), it is flattened dorsally and widest a little above the base. It is finely sculptured with horizontal rows of adjacent polygonal pits extending almost to the micropyle, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE8989EFE95FBE4BB5D" box="[1012,1073,260,285]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="50.0">50 in</quantity>
|
||
total around the circumference where the ovum is widest. About half the shell of the ovum is eaten by the newly hatched caterpillar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB6FFE89BFDF982FE15BC07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,249,1555,1577]" targetBox="[151,1436,375,1533]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB6FFE89BFDF982FE15BC07" blockId="8.[151,1436,1555,1607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB6FFE89BFDF982FEC3BC69" bold="true" box="[151,278,1555,1577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB6FFE89A75F985FE03BC69" box="[287,470,1555,1577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB6FFE89A75F985FE03BC69" box="[287,470,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rourea thomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB6FFE899E6F982FCE2BC69" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[652,823,1555,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB6FFE899E6F982FCE2BC69" box="[652,823,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gorgyra bibulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with feeding and leaf shelters (arrows), Gatamayu Forest, Kenya, 4 Jul 1998; 98/201M.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB6FFE89BFDF9FEFEC0BCC8" blockId="8.[151,1436,1647,2032]" box="[151,277,1647,1672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB6FFE89BFDF9FEFEC0BCC8" box="[151,277,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB6FFE89BFDF902FBF1BD7C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1647,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The first instars are green with a black head, 1.04 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE89998F902FC9ABCEC" box="[754,847,1683,1708]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.96">0.96mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=6) in instar n-2. In the penultimate instar (98/201D,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB6FFE89A3EF926FE67BC90" box="[340,434,1719,1744]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,249,571,593]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,185,549]" captionTargetId="figure-124@10.[151,1436,185,549]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Gorgyra bibulus, collected 4 Jul 1998 on Rourea thomsonii, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; photographed 4 Jul; 13mm; 98/201D. 1, dorsal view; 2, detail of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267851/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) the head is blackish, rugose, oval, slightly wider basally, slightly indented at vertex, 1.63 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE89BC5F94AFEDEBCB4" box="[175,267,1755,1780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.46">1.46mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3); T1 concolorous; body green with diffuse pale subdorsal lines; faint brown semicircular mark on anal plate; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; legs concolorous. The newly moulted penultimate instar measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE89A63F8B2FE96BD7C" box="[265,323,1827,1852]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="8.0">8mm</quantity>
|
||
(98/201J), and a premoult caterpillar (98/201E) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE898BFF8B2FBF5BD7C" box="[981,1056,1827,1852]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="14.0">14mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB6FFE89BADF8D6FDDFBDB0" blockId="8.[151,1436,1647,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar is similar to earlier instars. Based on individual 98/201B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB6FFE89FF9F8D6FB22BD20" box="[1171,1271,1863,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1273,1295]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,667,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-128@10.[151,1436,667,1252]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. Final instar caterpillar of Gorgyra bibulus, collected 4 Jul 1998 on Rourea thomsonii, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; photographed 4 Jul. 1, dorsal view, pupated 13 Jul; 19mm; 98/201C; 2, detail of head, 4 Jul; pupated 12 Jul; 20mm; 98/201B; 3, dorsal view, as 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267853/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE89E65F8D6FA8FBD20" box="[1295,1370,1863,1888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
; head oval with slight indentation at vertex, 2.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB6FFE899E9F8FAFD0ABDC4" box="[643,735,1899,1924]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.71">2.71mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=1), brown, posterior margin black, rugose; T1 concolorous; body yellow-green, more yellow in transverse folds at posterior of each segment, darker green dorsal line; T1–T2 more slender than following segments; anal plate with weak quadrate reddish mark; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; legs concolorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB7FFE99BFDFCA0FE4BB9C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267847" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267847/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,249,817,839]" targetBox="[159,1428,207,796]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB7FFE99BFDFCA0FE4BB9C5" blockId="9.[151,1436,817,901]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99BFDFCA0FEC7B907" bold="true" box="[151,274,817,839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB7FFE99AD7FCA0FDB0B907" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[445,613,817,839]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99AD7FCA0FDB0B907" box="[445,613,817,839]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gorgyra bibulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB7FFE999E0FCA3FCEBB907" box="[650,830,817,839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE999E0FCA3FCEBB907" box="[650,830,817,839]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rourea thomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected 4 Jul 1998, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; the lines in the background are 8mm apart.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99ABDFCC1FE36B926" bold="true" box="[471,483,848,870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1</emphasis>
|
||
, stage 1 shelter on left, 98/201E; stage 2 shelter on right, 98/201F;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99FE3FCC1FB40B926" bold="true" box="[1161,1173,848,870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2</emphasis>
|
||
, stage 3 shelter, 98/201C;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99BFDFCFEFF71B9C5" bold="true" box="[151,164,879,901]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</emphasis>
|
||
, pupal shelter, 98/201A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB7FFE99BFDF99CFB86BC02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267849" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267849/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,249,1549,1571]" targetBox="[151,1436,950,1527]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB7FFE99BFDF99CFB86BC02" blockId="9.[151,1436,1549,1602]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99BFDF99CFEC6BC63" bold="true" box="[151,275,1549,1571]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB7FFE99A11F99CFDF6BC63" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[379,547,1549,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99A11F99CFDF6BC63" box="[379,547,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gorgyra bibulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on leaf of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB7FFE999F2F99FFBDFBC63" authority=", Gatamayu Forest" authorityName="Gatamayu Forest" box="[664,1034,1549,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE999F2F99FFC98BC63" box="[664,845,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rourea thomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
, Gatamayu Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya, 4 Jul 1998, 98/201K.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99E2AF99CFA98BC63" bold="true" box="[1344,1357,1549,1571]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1</emphasis>
|
||
, as laid in a folded very young leaf; 2, dorsal view with part of the facing leaf surface adhering on top.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB7FFE99BFDF9FBFF07BCC1" blockId="9.[151,1436,1642,1810]" box="[151,210,1642,1665]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99BFDF9FBFF07BCC1" box="[151,210,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB7FFE99BFDF91CFD09BD52" blockId="9.[151,1436,1642,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB7FFE99A67F91CFEA9BCE6" box="[269,380,1677,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1401,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-131@10.[151,1435,1401,1961]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupa of Gorgyra bibulus, collected 4 Jul 1998 on Rourea thomsonii, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; photographed 4 Jul; parasitized; 18mm; 98/201A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267855/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) is supported by the cremaster and a weak, vestigial silk girdle;
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB7FFE99F2FF91CFB58BCE6" box="[1093,1165,1677,1702]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="18.0">18mm</quantity>
|
||
long; matt, dark brownblack; wing cases brown; a bifurcate frontal projection; proboscis extends
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB7FFE99883F920FBEDBC8A" box="[1001,1080,1713,1738]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond wing cases (98/201D); pupa covered with very short, pale setae, which are longer on the anterior and posterior parts of the eye. A male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB7FFE99BF4F968FED5BD52" box="[158,256,1785,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1093,1115]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,297,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-460@7.[151,1436,193,1072]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Adult male Gorgyra bibulus, collected as final instar caterpillar 4 Jul 1998 on Rourea thomsonii, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; adult 28 Jul, 98/201B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267843/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, 98/201B) completed pupation in 16 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB7FFE99BFDF8D0FE9ABD19" blockId="9.[151,1436,1857,2026]" box="[151,335,1857,1882]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB7FFE99BFDF8D0FE9ABD19" box="[151,335,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB7FFE99BFDF8F4FB61BDAA" blockId="9.[151,1436,1857,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
A
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB7FFE99BD9F8F7FF38BD3D" box="[179,237,1894,1917]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="7.0">7mm</quantity>
|
||
n-2 instar caterpillar in a stage 2 shelter (98/201H) was dead, together with four euplectine larvae, which had become black naked pupae by 11 July and adults emerged 16 July. The field collected pupa (98/201A) was parasitized by a large (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB7FFE99AF3F83CFE3EBD86" box="[409,491,1965,1990]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6mm</quantity>
|
||
) ichneumonid (predominantly yellow, abdomen brown; head, forecoxa, and central dorsal part of thorax black; hind tarsi dark) which emerged on 22 Jul, 18 days after collection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |