152 lines
17 KiB
XML
152 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="C1AE1680475392809DFB150CCB2853E1" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFAEFFF19BFDF977FEF8B939" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gorgyra subflavidus Holland 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="831F907E89254F7AA1D48981CA238161" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="02A958A6C467A67E51771540CEFD2C6C">
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<mods:title id="E18740198DF7D2EE023375728C9861EA">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="52009836E8BA5FBB2B1ADA48DD307C25" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B036923103D51FDC07E4F8F70D869FD6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2BB61D338D5777FB95EDD5D69DA6A4E9">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F7984EF6E22E28299EBAD835131BE0D6">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="751523ED73B142411351AE833C5E3A16" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="FB7B755366D659547CACB864B5B8691D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FAA5E738641CE68908D735787C6AEB5E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="75681FCC4AD4D30435E630031D289EC1">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="310E81965C8EAD860C7F0416D02281B2">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FF311BF72861D053E228AD0BA8B15AFF" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8163BD4FCF86C6FF87514D9B753A8311">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="08A88FC9FD53248781F5FECBF9F58C3A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A2E71418BDEA18A8F450773FBB45F74A">
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<mods:date id="458906213F7F1D5AFB71D9AC3390E37B">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="12F3CB26A07D027BA65CE53D5DB9CA1D">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="366B2FA2F738DEEC4094EEA4F53CD02F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="60F4BF202D71521C639DAC58A98EB398">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1A313F692C44537FFC4ED76D95CD6E86">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B8C77A7FD33EC810821BD374B9F5F71C">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="D168A755E7CADA2D209110556EA713CC">85</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="987803E9522D204256C822968CAB5849">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="9CDFFE4A18902A02F507B0D12ACC212C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7C1154F72EC10D35A3527493C4ABA6FE" type="CLB-Dataset">134452</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FB6024B64E810564E4B97114C8FD2387" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C952A0973427F4A19F01F77446776128" type="Zenodo-Dep">5267833</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFAEFFF19BFDF977FEF8B939" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044028" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199910996" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044028" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFAEFFF19BFDF977FEF8B939" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFAEFFF19BFDF977FEF8B939" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFAEFFF09BFDF977FD67BDF0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAEFFF09BFDF977FD96BD40" blockId="16.[151,579,1766,1792]" box="[151,579,1766,1792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFAEFFF09BFDF977FD96BD40" bold="true" box="[151,579,1766,1792]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAEFFF09BFDF977FD96BD40" ID-CoL="3H3BG" authority="Holland, 1896" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,579,1766,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subflavidus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAEFFF09BFDF977FD96BD40" bold="true" box="[151,579,1766,1792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAEFFF09BFDF977FE58BD40" bold="true" box="[151,397,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gorgyra subflavidus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAEFFF09AFFF977FD96BD40" author="Holland" box="[405,579,1766,1792]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref43303" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="journal article" year="1896">
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF09AFFF977FE2FBD40" box="[405,506,1766,1792]" name="Netherlands" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Holland</collectingCountry>
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, 1896
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</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAEFFF09BFDF8BDFD67BDF0" blockId="16.[151,1436,1836,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Although described from Usagara,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF09975F8BDFD51BD05" box="[543,644,1836,1861]" name="Tanzania" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAEFFF099F8F8BDFCE4BD05" author="Holland" box="[658,817,1836,1861]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref43303" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="journal article" year="1896">
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF099F8F8BDFD3BBD05" box="[658,750,1836,1861]" name="Netherlands" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Holland</collectingCountry>
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1896
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</bibRefCitation>
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), this rare species is also known from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF09FB3F8BDFAB8BD05" box="[1241,1389,1836,1861]" name="Mozambique" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF09BFDF8C0FF31BD29" box="[151,228,1873,1897]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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. In
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF09A79F8C1FEAFBD29" box="[275,378,1872,1897]" name="Tanzania" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAEFFF09AE2F8C1FDE8BD29" author="Kielland" box="[392,573,1872,1897]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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associated it with riverine vegetation from sea level to
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFAEFFF09FA3F8C1FAF1BD28" box="[1225,1316,1872,1897]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
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. Although quite widespread in eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF09ABCF8E4FDEBBDCE" box="[470,574,1909,1934]" name="Tanzania" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, it seems rare and localised in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAEFFF098CAF8E4FC39BDCD" box="[928,1004,1909,1933]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAEFFF09F40F8E4FAD3BDCE" author="Sevastopulo" box="[1066,1286,1909,1934]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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records very occasional specimens around Makardara Forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFAFFFF19BFDFF06FEF8B939" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFF06FECBBAF0" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,429]" box="[151,286,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF19BFDFF06FECBBAF0" box="[151,286,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFF2DFF39BBED" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Sevastopulo (unpublished) reared this species from
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<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFFAFFFF199B4FF2DFCF2BA95" box="[734,807,188,213]" country="Kenya" name="Kwale" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Kwale</collectingRegion>
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(Shimba Hills,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAFFFF198B0FF2DFBF0BA95" box="[986,1061,188,213]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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) but unfortunately did not record the food plant which presumably he was unable to identify. His photographs suggest a plant with small rounded leaves of about
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFAFFFF19A3AFE95FE4EBB5D" box="[336,411,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="30.0">30mm</quantity>
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. TCEC found this species (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFAFFFF199B3FE95FC81BB5D" box="[729,852,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="16.[151,249,745,767]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,724]" captionTargetId="figure-143@16.[151,1436,187,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 18. Final instar caterpillar of Gorgyra subflavidus, dorsal view, collected on Entandrophragma sp., Sanje, Tanzania, 1 Feb 2000, TCEC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267873/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figures 18</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFAFFFF198FAFE95FC78BB5D" box="[912,941,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="16.[151,249,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,842,1611]" captionTargetId="figure-147@16.[151,1436,842,1611]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 19. Pupa of Gorgyra subflavidus collected as caterpillars on?Khaya sp., Sanje, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, c. 1000m, Tanzania, 1 Feb 2000, TCEC. 1, dorsal view, 15 Feb 2000; 2, dorsolateral view, 10 Feb 2000; 3, lateral view, as #2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">19</figureCitation>
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) on what has been provisionally identified from a small sapling of sterile material of a
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAFFFF199F8FEB6FC48BB00" authority="(Sapindales)" baseAuthorityName="Sapindales" box="[658,925,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Meliaceae (Sapindales)</taxonomicName>
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, initially identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAFFFF19FF4FEB6FA42BB7F" box="[1182,1431,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Entandrophragma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF19FF4FEB6FAB9BB00" box="[1182,1388,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Entandrophragma</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, but now thought to be a
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAFFFF19AC0FEDDFDC8BB23" box="[426,541,332,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Khaya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF19AC0FEDDFE26BB25" box="[426,499,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Khaya</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, at Sanje, at the eastern end of the Udzungwa Mountains,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAFFFF19FC4FEDDFAC2BB25" box="[1198,1303,332,357]" name="Tanzania" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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. As is often the case with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAFFFF19A44FEFEFE62BBC8" box="[302,439,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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, and noted above for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAFFFF199CFFEE1FCC0BBC8" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[677,789,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF199CFFEE1FCC0BBC8" box="[677,789,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">G. bibulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the caterpillars feed on soft new growth, ignoring mature foliage.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFE47FEF2BBAF" blockId="17.[151,306,470,531]" box="[151,295,470,495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF19BFDFE47FEF2BBAF" box="[151,295,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFE6BFEE7B853" blockId="17.[151,306,470,531]" box="[151,306,506,531]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A folded leaf.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFDD3FEC0B81B" blockId="17.[151,1436,578,678]" box="[151,277,578,603]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF19BFDFDD3FEC0B81B" box="[151,277,578,603]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Caterpillar</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFDF8FCA1B8E6" blockId="17.[151,1436,578,678]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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“Head dark purplish red. Body green, traces of a darker green dorsal line. Anal flap flattened and rounded. 1
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<superScript id="7C598514FFAFFFF19EF8FDF7FA49B834" attach="right" box="[1426,1436,614,628]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">st</superScript>
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somite [T1] narrow, forming a neck.” (Sevastopulo unpublished).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFD40FF07B8A8" blockId="17.[151,1436,721,889]" box="[151,210,721,744]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAFFFF19BFDFD40FF07B8A8" box="[151,210,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pupa</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAFFFF19BFDFD65FEF8B939" blockId="17.[151,1436,721,889]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">“Pupa formed in the larval cell, with a curtain of whitish silk blocking the front and lightly coated with a white waxy powder. Pale green, the head, thorax and wing-cases more yellow. Head with a central, bifid, forwardpointing, brownish process. Pro-thoracic spiracle large and reddish in colour.” (Sevastopulo unpublished). Pupation took 10 days.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |