201 lines
18 KiB
XML
201 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" approvalRequired="28" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="28" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFACFFF39BFDF94FFECCBEE2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.10:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Acada biseriata Mabille 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1661955737594" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-10-25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3724</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>85</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5267833</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFACFFF39BFDF94FFECCBEE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFACFFF39BFDF94FFECCBEE2" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection box="[151,515,1758,1784]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[151,515,1758,1784]" box="[151,515,1758,1784]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,515,1758,1784]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mabille, 1893" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,515,1758,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biseriata">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,515,1758,1784]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,338,1758,1784]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acada biseriata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mabille" box="[346,515,1758,1784]" firstAuthor="Mabille" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="50 - 65" refId="ref44458" refString="Mabille, P. (1893) Description de Lepidopteres nouveaux. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 37, 50 - 65." type="journal article" year="1893">Mabille, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[151,1436,1829,2034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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This species is widely distributed in the Miombo woodland belt from
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<collectingCountry box="[967,1052,1829,1854]" name="Angola" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, through
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<collectingCountry box="[1163,1286,1829,1854]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1300,1385,1829,1854]" name="Zambia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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and southern
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<collectingCountry box="[256,314,1865,1890]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">DRC</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[353,441,1865,1890]" name="Malawi" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[454,602,1865,1890]" name="Mozambique" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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and East Africa. In
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<collectingCountry box="[836,936,1865,1890]" name="Tanzania" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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it can expected wherever there is extensive
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<taxonomicName box="[151,299,1901,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[151,299,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brachystegia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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woodland.
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<bibRefCitation author="Sevastopulo" box="[434,655,1901,1926]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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reports it common in Makardara and Marere Forests of the Shimba Hills,
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<collectingCountry box="[220,296,1938,1962]" name="Kenya" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, throughout the year, and
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<bibRefCitation author="Larsen" box="[588,745,1937,1962]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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considers this one of the commonest of coastal skippers (e.g. very long museum series from Rabai), and found inland as far as Kibwezi and the Ukambani Hills. In spite of this, MJWC encountered it just once in more than four years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,501]" box="[151,286,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis box="[151,286,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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The food plant in
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<collectingCountry box="[363,436,188,212]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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was identified as
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<taxonomicName box="[649,839,188,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis box="[649,797,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brachystegia</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[856,964,188,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sevastopulo" box="[989,1196,188,213]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[1210,1269,188,213]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
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, unpublished). The only
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<taxonomicName box="[260,448,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis box="[260,408,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brachystegia</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry box="[485,558,224,248]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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is
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<taxonomicName authority="(Beentje 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Beentje" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[592,927,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
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<emphasis box="[592,749,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Beentje" box="[764,919,223,248]" firstAuthor="Beentje" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref41273" refString="Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 722 pp." type="book" year="1994">Beentje 1994</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is restricted to the coast.
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<bibRefCitation author="Sevastopulo" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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points out that there must be other food plants as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1893" box="[778,919,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biseriatus">
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<emphasis box="[778,919,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. biseriatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in the Makardara Forest in the absence of
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<taxonomicName box="[183,331,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[183,331,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brachystegia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the same applies to the inland populations of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1893" box="[918,1051,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biseriata">
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<emphasis box="[918,1051,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. biseriata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Kibwezi and the Ukambani Hills.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Independently,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pringle" box="[372,599,367,392]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis box="[460,517,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
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(1994)
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</bibRefCitation>
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gave the food plant as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Beentje" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[861,1017,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
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<emphasis box="[861,1017,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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citing R. Paré, and TCEC has reared it from the same food plant in
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<collectingCountry box="[490,591,404,429]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(Mufindi) and
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<collectingCountry box="[762,847,404,429]" name="Zambia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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(Mutinondo). Subsequent authors are assumed to be repeating these published records:
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<bibRefCitation author="Kielland" box="[559,744,439,464]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Larsen" box="[761,926,439,464]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Ackery" box="[942,1186,439,464]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis box="[1036,1090,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Heath" box="[1203,1431,439,464]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis box="[1282,1336,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
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. (2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." box="[151,344,476,501]" journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1435,548,645]" box="[151,295,548,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis box="[151,295,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1435,548,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Two leaflets are spun together to protect the older caterpillars. The final instar larva binds two leaves together, one below the other, the larva living and pupating in the space between. It is thus very difficult to find in the wild.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1436,692,824]" box="[151,277,692,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis box="[151,277,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Caterpillar</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1436,692,824]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">“Head bronzy black, slightly indented above. Body green, a dark dorsal line due to the contents of the gut, otherwise unmarked. Anal flap flattened, the outline rounded. The first somite narrow, forming a neck.” (Sevastopulo unpublished). L5 head dark brown, no markings (ABRI specimens).</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,873,1187]" box="[151,210,873,896]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis box="[151,210,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pupa</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,873,1187]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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“Pupa in a cell formed of two spun-together leaflets. Yellowish, the thorax and wing cases tinged with green. Prothoracic spiracle large, crescent shaped, reddish brown. Proboscis sheath reaching the middle of the 6
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<superScript attach="none" box="[1424,1436,943,957]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">th</superScript>
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abdominal somite ventrad. Cremaster triangular and fringed with a series of long, hooked, purplish spines, which are embedded in a slight silken pad. The pupa is not supported by any girdle.” Pupation took 11 days. (Sevastopulo unpublished).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,873,1187]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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There are three emerged pupae preserved in ABRI. They are 15, 15 and
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<quantity box="[1032,1104,1090,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="16.0">16mm</quantity>
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long; brown; front flattened, and a small bump anterior to each eye; spiracle T1 brown, slightly raised; proboscis projects 1 segment beyond wing cases.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |