520 lines
66 KiB
XML
520 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="50518E550452F5213EBBB270572D74AF" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFA7FFFD9BFDFD8BFD10B8E8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Acleros mackenii subsp. instabilis Mabille 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="736DA7F5416D122DBC4BFCD48ADC28C5">
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<mods:title id="8AF2DB4CDFEB99A33952333D9AD5FF15">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5C4C26C1B7A3217F44F7CA32938327E2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D17D52DBEB62F1316A0C5898032782AA">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="75C68090A40E72C5C0FDC486400A1FDE">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CB858942CF63F762746E8CDE3E7B4A90" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="202A4A6AC5B1DA51D251F1C5F606690E">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D03BF73B30E0C2AD0D13AED81FB8FA7">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8E3F8C26BF23993F56E97A8D75877FBF" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B1670AA6279A6978ECF4E39717449574">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C84D527F1DBAA9289E72123F3693C9CE">
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<mods:date id="C9F83AE2D58B1DC9B6CE316628312FC1">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3F9E6DFD5094C75F8DC69E06FC0DEE78">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="138CC7EE2D3F30573E1EA1D6A284A243">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="6649ACCF843F1203C38EEFFDFE2D160C">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFA7FFFD9BFDFD8BFD10B8E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044042" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044042" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFA7FFFD9BFDFD8BFD10B8E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFA7FFFD9BFDFD8BFD10B8E8" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFA7FFF99BFDFD8BFD5FB874" box="[151,650,538,564]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BFDFD8BFD5FB874" blockId="25.[151,650,538,564]" box="[151,650,538,564]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFA7FFF99BFDFD8BFD5FB874" bold="true" box="[151,650,538,564]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF99BFDFD8BFD5FB874" ID-CoL="7J6VL" authority="Mabille, 1890" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,650,538,564]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mackenii" subSpecies="instabilis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99BFDFD8BFD5FB874" bold="true" box="[151,650,538,564]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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Acleros mackenii instabilis
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99A89FD8BFD5FB874" author="Mabille" box="[483,650,538,564]" firstAuthor="Mabille" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="167 - 169" refId="ref44388" refString="Mabille, P. (1890) Lepidopteres (Hesperides) nouveaux (3 e partie). Bulletin des Seances et bulletin bibliographique de la Societe entomologique de France, 5, 167 - 169." type="journal article" year="1890">Mabille, 1890</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFA7FFF99BFDFDF3FED7B9A2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BFDFDF3FED7B9A2" blockId="25.[151,1436,609,1102]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99BFDFDF3FEF9B83A" author="Evans" box="[151,300,609,634]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised six different forms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF999CEFDF0FBD7B83A" authority="Trimen, 1868" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[676,1026,609,634]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF999CEFDF0FCB1B83A" box="[676,868,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acleros mackenii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99801FDF0FBD7B83A" author="Trimen" box="[875,1026,609,634]" firstAuthor="Trimen" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="69 - 96" refId="ref45887" refString="Trimen, R. (1868) On some undescribed species of South-African butterflies, including a new genus of Lycaenidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1868, 69 - 96, plates V - VI. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1868. tb 00615. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Trimen, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFFA7FFF99F7AFDF0FB97B83A" box="[1040,1090,609,634]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
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locality Durban,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA7FFF99E69FDF0FA41B83A" box="[1283,1428,609,634]" name="South Africa" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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) from throughout sub-Saharan Africa, some geographic and some seasonal. The dry season form from East Africa he referred to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF99A5EFD38FDD8B882" authority="Plotz, 1884" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1884" box="[308,525,681,706]" form="olaus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="form">
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f.
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99A21FD38FE52B882" box="[331,391,681,706]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">olaus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99AE4FD38FDD8B882" author="Plotz" box="[398,525,681,706]" firstAuthor="Plotz" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="151 - 166" refId="ref44913" refString="Plotz, C. (1884) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Apaustus Hub. und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, 45, 151 - 166." type="journal article" year="1884">Plötz, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFFA7FFF99976FD38FD9BB882" box="[540,590,681,706]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
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locality Loanga, [
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA7FFF9987DFD38FC61B882" box="[791,948,681,706]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
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]) which has upper surface markings in both sexes and the hind wing under surface with pale markings, and the wet season form as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF99F17FD5CFB28B8A6" box="[1149,1277,717,742]" form="instabilis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="form">
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f.
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99FFCFD5CFB28B8A6" box="[1174,1277,717,742]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">instabilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFFA7FFF99E67FD5CFAEAB8A6" box="[1293,1343,717,742]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
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locality
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA7FFF99BFDFD60FF29B94A" box="[151,252,753,778]" name="Tanzania" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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) with the male upper surface unmarked, and the hind wing under surface dark.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99FC7FD60FA49B94A" author="Ackery" box="[1197,1436,753,778]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99E60FD63FAEAB94A" box="[1290,1343,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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suggest that
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99A42FC84FEB0B96E" box="[296,357,789,814]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">olaus</emphasis>
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may be a distinct West African species.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99828FC87FC36B96E" author="Larsen" box="[834,995,789,814]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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summarises the unpublished views of L.A. Berger that there are three species involved, which Larsen treats as subspecies:
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99FEBFCA8FB6BB912" box="[1153,1214,825,850]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">olaus</emphasis>
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from West Africa,
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99BFDFCCCFF2BB936" box="[151,254,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">instabilis</emphasis>
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from central to East Africa and the nominate
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF99866FCCCFCA4B936" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[780,881,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99866FCCCFCA4B936" box="[780,881,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">mackenii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from southern Africa. Pending further study, we follow this treatment here. However, we are not convinced that dry season and wet season forms explains the variation seen in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA7FFF99A0CFC37FE67B9FE" box="[358,434,934,958]" name="Kenya" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, and further careful collecting, rearing and study are needed to clarify the causes of variation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFA7FFFD9BADFC7FFD10B8E8" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BADFC7FFAEBBE0E" blockId="25.[151,1436,609,1102]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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It is widespread in forested situations more or less throughout
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA7FFF998EDFC7FFC06BE46" box="[903,979,1006,1030]" name="Kenya" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, including the Chyulu Hills where it can be very common ‘frequenting the undergrowth of Acanthaceae’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99819FB80FB99BE6A" author="Van Someren" box="[883,1100,1041,1066]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="130 - 151" refId="ref46187" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article" year="1939">Van Someren 1939</bibRefCitation>
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) and Shimba Hills where it is uncommon (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99A49FBA4FE24BE0E" author="Sevastopulo" box="[291,497,1077,1102]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
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). Generally, this is one of the common forest species everywhere in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA7FFF99F87FBA7FAEFBE0E" box="[1261,1338,1078,1102]" name="Kenya" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BFDFBECFE99BED6" blockId="25.[151,1436,1149,1426]" box="[151,332,1149,1174]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99BFDFBECFE99BED6" box="[151,332,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BFDFB30FB86BF65" blockId="25.[151,1436,1149,1426]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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The males (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA7FFF99A76FB30FE74BEFA" box="[284,417,1185,1210]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1474,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-497@25.[151,1436,1474,1958]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 29. Adults of Acleros mackenii instabilis. 1, male sunbathing, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 20 Nov 1988; 2, female showing underside, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12 Nov 1989." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267898/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 29.1</figureCitation>
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) defend territories. Walking along the tracks of Ngong Forest, Nairobi, often every sunlit patch beside the track will have one or
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<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FFA7FFF99926FB57FD6BBE9E" box="[588,702,1221,1246]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
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perched on vegetation at
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA7FFF998B4FB54FBEFBE9D" box="[990,1082,1221,1246]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.0">1–2.5 m</quantity>
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above the ground. These males will rise to attack other butterflies, and indulge in fast swirling combat with other males, before returning to one of a few select perch sites. In flight often only the white tip of the abdomen can be seen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BADFAA0FBF8BFD2" blockId="25.[151,1436,1149,1426]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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MJWC has also noted that on hot days, both sexes (but perhaps the female more than the male) will perch on low vegetation (<
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA7FFF99A0AFAC4FE71BF2E" box="[352,420,1365,1390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="0.3">0.3 m</quantity>
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) or the ground in shady portions of the forest (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA7FFF998AFFAC4FB9ABF2E" box="[965,1103,1365,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1474,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-497@25.[151,1436,1474,1958]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 29. Adults of Acleros mackenii instabilis. 1, male sunbathing, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 20 Nov 1988; 2, female showing underside, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12 Nov 1989." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267898/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 29.2</figureCitation>
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). Both sexes come readily to flowers such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF99A20FAEBFE35BFD2" box="[330,480,1401,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99A20FAEBFE35BFD2" box="[330,480,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA7FFF99A84FAE8FD46BFD2" author="Gifford" box="[494,659,1401,1426]" firstAuthor="Gifford" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref42451" refString="Gifford, D. (1965) A list of the butterflies of Malawi. The Society of Malawi (Historical and Scientific), Blantyre, Malawi, 151 pp." type="book" year="1965">Gifford (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that it is ‘gregarious at night’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA7FFF99BFDF82FFD0EBDB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267898" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267898/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,249,1982,2004]" targetBox="[151,1436,1474,1958]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA7FFF99BFDF82FFD0EBDB3" blockId="25.[151,1436,1982,2035]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99BFDF82FFEF1BD94" bold="true" box="[151,292,1982,2004]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA7FFF99AF1F82FFD60BD94" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1890" box="[411,693,1982,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mackenii" subSpecies="instabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99AF1F82FFD60BD94" box="[411,693,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acleros mackenii instabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF999AFF82FFD04BD94" bold="true" box="[709,721,1982,2004]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">1</emphasis>
|
||
, male sunbathing, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 20 Nov 1988;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA7FFF99E50F82FFA93BD94" bold="true" box="[1338,1350,1982,2004]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">2</emphasis>
|
||
, female showing underside, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12 Nov 1989.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA4FFFA9BFDFF06FECBBAF0" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,429]" box="[151,286,151,176]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9BFDFF06FECBBAF0" box="[151,286,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Food plants</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA4FFFA9BFDFF2DFCECBBED" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA4FFFA9BD3FF2DFED0BA94" box="[185,261,188,212]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, MJWC’s experience suggests the normal food plants are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA98C5FF2DFBC2BA95" box="[943,1047,188,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
vines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9F05FF2DFAD6BA95" author="Larsen" box="[1135,1283,188,213]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), particularly species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9A64FF71FE9ABAB7" box="[270,335,224,247]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9A64FF71FE9ABAB7" box="[270,335,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Vigna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the Shimba Hills (by the bridge on the Marere Waterworks track), the food plant was a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9E31FF71FF62BB5B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9E31FF71FA49BAB7" box="[1371,1436,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Vigna</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with tripetiolate leaves, which sprawled over low vegetation on sandy soil (90/50); at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFFA4FFFA9F17FE95FB66BB5D" box="[1149,1203,260,285]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kisii</collectingRegion>
|
||
it was a similar vine with yellow flowers. In Ngong Forest, in spite of repeated searches, MJWC found only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FFA4FFFA9F12FEB9FB04BB00" box="[1144,1233,296,320]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA4FFFA9F8AFEB6FA9ABB00" box="[1248,1359,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,479,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-367@26.[151,1436,479,1520]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 30. Ovum of Acleros mackenii instabilis, collected 11 Nov 1990 on Vigna schimperi, photographed 13 Nov 1990; did not eclose; 90/103." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267900" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267900/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 30</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a shelter (similar to those described below), which were on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9877FEDCFC73BB25" box="[797,934,332,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9877FEDCFC73BB25" box="[797,934,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">V. schimperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MJWC 101), a species with purple flowers. At Thika, MJWC found caterpillars on a similar, non-flowering vine (98/203).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9F40FEE1FB07BBC8" author="Murray" box="[1066,1234,367,392]" firstAuthor="Murray" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="219 - 227" refId="ref44540" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported the food plant as “a small leguminous climber” in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA4FFFA99CBFE05FCE0BBED" box="[673,821,404,429]" name="South Africa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA4FFFA9BFDF994FE82BC7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267900" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267900" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267900/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[151,249,1541,1563]" targetBox="[151,1436,479,1520]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA4FFFA9BFDF994FE82BC7A" blockId="26.[151,1435,1541,1594]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9BFDF994FECABC5B" bold="true" box="[151,287,1541,1563]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9AEFF994FD40BC5B" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1890" box="[389,661,1541,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mackenii" subSpecies="instabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9AEFF994FD40BC5B" box="[389,661,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Acleros mackenii instabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected 11 Nov 1990 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA98C0F997FB9BBC5B" box="[938,1102,1541,1563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA98C0F997FB9BBC5B" box="[938,1102,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Vigna schimperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, photographed 13 Nov 1990; did not eclose; 90/103.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA4FFFB9BADF9F3FD47BB23" blockId="26.[151,1436,1633,2018]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In contrast to MJWC’s experience,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA99E7F9F3FC59BC3A" author="Van Someren" box="[653,908,1633,1658]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="315 - 331" refId="ref46242" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA988DF9F0FAB5BC3A" authority="' (Anacardiacae)" baseAuthorityName="Anacardiacae" box="[999,1376,1633,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriacius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA988DF9F0FB4FBC39" box="[999,1178,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhus coriacius</emphasis>
|
||
’ (Anacardiacae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9BCAF914FE6FBCDE" box="[160,442,1669,1694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9BCAF914FE6FBCDE" box="[160,442,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Acridocarpus longifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?)’ (Malphigiaceae), which are repeated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA98ABF914FB48BCDE" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[961,1181,1669,1694]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as genera only. ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9E0EF914FF2ABC81" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriacius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9E0EF914FF2ABC81" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhus coriacius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is not a published name, but has been applied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9842F93BFC76BC81" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[808,931,1706,1729]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9842F93BFC76BC81" box="[808,931,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. coriaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a southern European tree, whose dried fruits are used as a spice in the Middle East. There are six species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA98EAF95CFC6DBCA6" box="[896,952,1741,1766]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA98EAF95CFC6DBCA6" box="[896,952,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA4FFFA9888F95FFBFEBCA6" box="[994,1067,1742,1766]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9F56F95CFB0CBCA6" author="Beentje" box="[1084,1241,1741,1766]" firstAuthor="Beentje" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref41273" refString="Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 722 pp." type="book" year="1994">Beentje 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but no obvious equivalent. Van Someren included the annotation ‘(?)’ after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9830F960FBA3BD4A" box="[858,1142,1777,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9830F960FBA3BD4A" box="[858,1142,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Acridocarpus longifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so was uncertain of the record or species name.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9AC4F884FD1DBD6E" box="[430,712,1813,1838]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9AC4F884FD1DBD6E" box="[430,712,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Acridocarpus longifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a West African species, and the nearest equivalent in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA4FFFA9E39F887FA49BD6E" box="[1363,1436,1814,1838]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
would be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9A6EF8ABFE64BD12" box="[260,433,1849,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zanzibaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9A6EF8ABFE64BD12" box="[260,433,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. zanzibaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is restricted to the coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9875F8A8FC6CBD12" author="Beentje" box="[799,953,1849,1874]" firstAuthor="Beentje" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref41273" refString="Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 722 pp." type="book" year="1994">Beentje 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These records are repeated by subsequent authors:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9B92F8CCFE79BD36" author="Kielland" box="[248,428,1885,1910]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9AD2F8CCFD4BBD36" author="Ackery" box="[440,670,1885,1910]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA997BF8CFFD97BD36" box="[529,578,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA99C3F8CCFC45BD36" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[681,912,1885,1910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA987BF8CFFC97BD36" box="[785,834,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA98DCF8CFFBE9BD35" box="[950,1084,1886,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA98DCF8CFFBE9BD35" box="[950,1084,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. coriarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9F18F8CFFAF5BD36" box="[1138,1312,1885,1910]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="smeathmanii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9F18F8CFFAF5BD36" box="[1138,1312,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. smeathmanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the later a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9A49F813FE6FBDDA" box="[291,442,1921,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9A49F813FE6FBDDA" box="[291,442,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A. longifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9AB7F810FD57BDDA" author="Tropicos" box="[477,642,1921,1946]" firstAuthor="Tropicos" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref46107" refString="Tropicos (2012) Tropicos. org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http: // www. tropicos. org / (Accessed 2 Sept. 2013)" type="url" year="2012">Tropicos 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA99FFF813FCE0BDDA" author="Larsen" box="[661,821,1921,1946]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA982BF810FBD7BDDA" author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." box="[833,1026,1921,1946]" journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9F66F810FAE4BDDA" author="Willis & Woodhall" box="[1036,1329,1921,1946]" firstAuthor="Willis" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref46965" refString="Willis, C. K. & Woodhall, S. E. (2010) Butterflies of South Africa's National Botanical Gardens. An illustrated checklist. SANBI" type="book" year="2010">Willis & Woodhall (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state that caterpillars ‘feed on species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA9A93F837FD98BDFD" box="[505,589,1958,1981]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Searsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA9A93F837FD98BDFD" box="[505,589,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Searsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA4FFFA99A2F834FCD5BDFE" box="[712,768,1957,1982]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA4FFFA99A2F834FCD5BDFE" box="[712,768,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)’, but this may simply reflect recent taxonomic changes in the southern Africa flora, rather than local knowledge of the food plants. Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA4FFFA9F16F858FA46BDA2" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[1148,1427,1993,2018]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref41976" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) illustrates the life history in detail, but the text of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA5FFFB99A4FF06FC39BAF0" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[718,1004,151,176]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref41976" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not mention the food plants; the illustrations include part of a food plant leaf, but this is not distinctive enough to suggest an identity.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA5FFFB9F94FF2DFA49BA95" author="Larsen" box="[1278,1436,188,213]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9B96FF4EFEE1BAB8" box="[252,308,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9B96FF4EFEE1BAB8" box="[252,308,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9A04FF4EFDD2BAB8" box="[366,519,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9A04FF4EFDD2BAB8" box="[366,519,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acridocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an element of doubt.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA5FFFB9856FF4EFBC1BAB8" author="Heath" box="[828,1044,223,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB98EDFF70FC6CBAB8" box="[903,953,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list the food plants as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9E73FF4EFF00BB5D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molle">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9E73FF4EFF00BB5D" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Combretum molle</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9B89FE95FE88BB5D" box="[227,349,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9B89FE95FE88BB5D" box="[227,349,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9A00FE95FE36BB5D" box="[362,483,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9A00FE95FE36BB5D" box="[362,483,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Quisqualis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9A9BFE95FD12BB5D" box="[497,711,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Bridelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9A9BFE95FD12BB5D" box="[497,711,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bridelia micrantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB99BEFE95FC39BB5D" box="[724,1004,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB99BEFE95FC39BB5D" box="[724,1004,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acridocarpus longifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but do not include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9FA0FE95FAD7BB5D" box="[1226,1282,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9FA0FE95FAD7BB5D" box="[1226,1282,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the first four do not seem to have been mentioned elsewhere, and given the overlap with the food plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9FC6FEB6FA49BB7F" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[1196,1436,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9FC6FEB6FA49BB7F" box="[1196,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Parosmodes morantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(above), could represent a transcription error.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA5FFFB9BADFEFEFAD8BB90" blockId="27.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Given that neither
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9AF4FEFEFE03BBC8" box="[414,470,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9AF4FEFEFE03BBC8" box="[414,470,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9967FEFEFD70BBC8" box="[525,677,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9967FEFEFD70BBC8" box="[525,677,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acridocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to have been directly confirmed by subsequent workers, it could be that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA5FFFB9A47FE05FDF0BBED" author="Van Someren's" box="[301,549,404,429]" firstAuthor="Van Someren's" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="315 - 331" refId="ref46242" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren’s (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records are in error. However, given the possibility that there are more than one species grouped together under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9902FE29FD39BB90" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[616,748,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9902FE29FD39BB90" box="[616,748,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. mackenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is possible that they use different food plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA5FFFB9BFDFA9FFA5DBF03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267902" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267902/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[151,249,1294,1316]" targetBox="[298,1294,511,1264]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA5FFFB9BFDFA9FFA5DBF03" blockId="27.[151,1435,1294,1347]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9BFDFA9FFEF4BF64" bold="true" box="[151,289,1294,1316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||
Nearly complete pupal shelter of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB99ECFA9FFCE3BF64" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[646,822,1294,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB99ECFA9FFCE3BF64" box="[646,822,1294,1316]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acleros mackenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB980AFA9EFC17BF64" box="[864,962,1295,1316]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB980AFA9EFC4EBF64" box="[864,923,1295,1316]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Vigna</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as caterpillars on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9F81FA9EFA9EBF64" box="[1259,1355,1295,1316]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9F81FA9EFAF3BF64" box="[1259,1318,1295,1316]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Vigna</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
15 Apr 1990, Shimba Hills, Kenya; diagrams prepared 3 May; pupated 4 May; Approximately 3.2 x life size.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9FC8FABCFB61BF03" bold="true" box="[1186,1204,1325,1347]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A</emphasis>
|
||
, 90/50A,
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9E73FABCFAFFBF03" bold="true" box="[1305,1322,1325,1347]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">B</emphasis>
|
||
, 90/50B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA5FFFB9BFDFAFAFF0FBFC2" blockId="27.[151,1436,1387,1591]" box="[151,218,1387,1410]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9BFDFAFAFF0FBFC2" box="[151,218,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA5FFFB9BFDFA1FFD12BC76" blockId="27.[151,1436,1387,1591]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The ovum MJWC located in Ngong Forest is (by elimination, comparison to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9F0BFA1FFA94BFE6" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[1121,1345,1422,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9F0BFA1FFA94BFE6" box="[1121,1345,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Andronymus caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA5FFFB9E3BFA1FFF62BF8B" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="37.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,943,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-85@37.[151,1436,943,1870]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 42. Ovum of Andronymus caesar philander collected on unidentified sapling, Lower Meru Forest, 2 Apr 1990; photographed 4 Apr; 90/32." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267924/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 42</figureCitation>
|
||
), and comparison with Clark’s (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA5FFFB995CFA23FCE8BF8B" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[566,829,1458,1483]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref41976" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) illustration) almost certainly that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA5FFFB9FB6FA23FA49BF8B" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[1244,1436,1458,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9FB6FA23FA49BF8B" box="[1244,1436,1458,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acleros mackenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA5FFFB9BF4FA47FEC5BFAF" box="[158,272,1494,1519]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,479,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-367@26.[151,1436,479,1520]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 30. Ovum of Acleros mackenii instabilis, collected 11 Nov 1990 on Vigna schimperi, photographed 13 Nov 1990; did not eclose; 90/103." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267900" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267900/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 30</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it failed to hatch. This and another ovum were found in the middle of the leaf under surface. The egg was 0.95 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA5FFFB9A32FA6BFE61BC53" box="[344,436,1530,1555]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at base x high; hemispherical; 19 ribs rising to about 2/3 height, above which additional finer ribs run closer to reticulated apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA5FFFB9BFDF9F7FEF2BC3F" blockId="27.[151,1436,1638,1987]" box="[151,295,1638,1663]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA5FFFB9BFDF9F7FEF2BC3F" box="[151,295,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA5FFFB9BFDF91BFE1BBD83" blockId="27.[151,1436,1638,1987]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Shelters used by the n-2 and penultimate instar caterpillars are made by folding a flap under from the edge of the leaf without making any cuts. Feeding is distal to the shelter. The leaf shelters are formed on leaves well within the canopy, and are far from easy to find; it is necessary to trace likely looking shoots of the vine back through the vegetation through which it has grown. The final pupal shelter is prepared by the fifth instar caterpillar from a single leaf of the host plant. Firstly, the leaf is securely attached to the plant (or the rearing container) with silk to strengthen the petiole; then the caterpillar cuts through the mid-rib just short of the apex, and cuts an irregular arc from the apex to rejoin the mid-rib towards the base of the leaf (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA5FFFB981AF8F3FC37BD3B" box="[880,994,1890,1915]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="27.[151,249,1294,1316]" captionTargetBox="[298,1294,511,1264]" captionTargetId="figure-479@27.[286,1310,511,1279]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 31. Nearly complete pupal shelter of Acleros mackenii on Vigna sp., collected as caterpillars on Vigna sp. 15 Apr 1990, Shimba Hills, Kenya; diagrams prepared 3 May; pupated 4 May; Approximately 3.2 x life size. A, 90/50A, B, 90/50B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267902/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 31</figureCitation>
|
||
); the shelter then hangs from the bared mid-rib, and the pupa which is formed with the head to the distal end of the shelter is exposed between the two irregular flaps on each side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA2FFFC9BFDFF06FEC0BAF0" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[151,277,151,176]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9BFDFF06FEC0BAF0" box="[151,277,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA2FFFC9BFDFF2DFBA0BB25" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The penultimate instar caterpillar is dull green with a black head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA2FFFC98E5FF2DFBD6BA95" box="[911,1027,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="28.[151,249,889,911]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,403,873]" captionTargetId="figure-407@28.[340,1247,403,873]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 32. Fourth instar caterpillar of Acleros mackenii instabilis collected on Vigna sp., Shimba Hills, Kenya, 15 Apr 1990; photographed 17 Apr, 12mm; moulted to final instar 23 Apr; 90/50A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267904/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figure 32</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head 1.36 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA2FFFC9FC4FF2DFADFBA95" box="[1198,1290,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.44">1.44mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3), widest near base; sides relatively straight, slightly indent at vertex; T1 concolorous; body dull green with extensive subdorsal and dorsolateral area whitish with translucent dull green speckles; there are just apparent traces of dorsolateral diagonal lines which will be much more developed in the final instar; pale tracheal lateral line; spiracles pale, inconspicuous, except that of A8 more conspicuous; all legs concolorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA2FFFC9BFDFCE8FC82B9ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267904" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267904/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[151,249,889,911]" targetBox="[340,1247,403,873]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA2FFFC9BFDFCE8FC82B9ED" blockId="28.[151,1436,889,941]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9BFDFCE8FECAB9CF" bold="true" box="[151,287,889,911]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
Fourth instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA2FFFC995EFCE8FC90B9CF" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1890" box="[564,837,889,911]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mackenii" subSpecies="instabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC995EFCE8FC90B9CF" box="[564,837,889,911]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acleros mackenii instabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA2FFFC98A6FCEBFBF9B9CE" box="[972,1068,889,911]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC98A6FCEBFBD2B9CF" box="[972,1031,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vigna</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 15 Apr 1990; photographed 17 Apr, 12mm; moulted to final instar 23 Apr; 90/50A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA2FFFC9BFDFA56FE55BC61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267906" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267906" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267906/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[151,249,1479,1501]" targetBox="[151,1436,983,1463]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA2FFFC9BFDFA56FE55BC61" blockId="28.[151,1436,1479,1569]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9BFDFA56FEF5BF9D" bold="true" box="[151,288,1479,1501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA2FFFC9940FA56FCE9BF9D" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1890" box="[554,828,1479,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mackenii" subSpecies="instabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9940FA56FCE9BF9D" box="[554,828,1479,1501]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acleros mackenii instabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as penultimate instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA2FFFC9FCFFA59FAD0BF9C" box="[1189,1285,1479,1501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9FCFFA59FB35BF9D" box="[1189,1248,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Vigna</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 15 Apr 1990; moulted to final instar 22 Apr; photographed 25 Apr, 18mm; pupa 4 May.; 90/50B.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9FA1FA79FB0DBFBE" bold="true" box="[1227,1240,1512,1534]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</emphasis>
|
||
, anterodorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA2FFFC9BBFF99AFF34BC61" bold="true" box="[213,225,1547,1569]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA2FFFD9BADF9C3FDA3BB00" blockId="28.[151,1436,1617,2038]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
It is only in the final instar that the striking markings of the head become apparent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA2FFFC9F0EF9C0FB39BC2A" box="[1124,1260,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="28.[151,249,1479,1501]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,983,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-411@28.[151,1436,983,1463]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 33. Final instar caterpillar of Acleros mackenii instabilis, collected as penultimate instar on Vigna sp., Shimba Hills, Kenya, 15 Apr 1990; moulted to final instar 22 Apr; photographed 25 Apr, 18mm; pupa 4 May.; 90/50B. 1, anterodorsolateral view; 2, detail of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267906" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267906/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figure 33.2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The following description was made from caterpillar 90/50B when
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA2FFFC9988F9E4FCFCBCCE" box="[738,809,1653,1678]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="18.0">18mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA2FFFC981BF9E4FC37BCCE" box="[881,994,1653,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="28.[151,249,1479,1501]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,983,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-411@28.[151,1436,983,1463]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 33. Final instar caterpillar of Acleros mackenii instabilis, collected as penultimate instar on Vigna sp., Shimba Hills, Kenya, 15 Apr 1990; moulted to final instar 22 Apr; photographed 25 Apr, 18mm; pupa 4 May.; 90/50B. 1, anterodorsolateral view; 2, detail of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267906" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267906/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figure 33</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head relatively small, 2.12 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA2FFFC9E55F9E4FA4EBCCE" box="[1343,1435,1653,1678]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="2.17">2.17mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2,3); rounded, widest in basal half, indent at vertex; epicranium face white, with narrow dark redbrown border along sutures and laterally; within this white area, a horizontal red-brown line at about one third from bottom (this line is dull green in a caterpillar collected at Thika 98/203); the upper part of the white area divided by an angled dull green line from near adfrontal, but stopping short of the dark red-brown border; adfrontals, clypeus and frons dull green; a diffuse dark spot on inner margin of adfrontal just below horizontal line; posterior part of head dull green with irregular white subdorsal, lateral and ventrolateral blotches; posterior margin darker. T1 dull green, dorsal plate concolorous. Body marked with a ‘herring bone’ effect due to dull green ground colour overlaid with whitish yellow, which in turn is speckled with the ground colour especially laterally, and gaps in the yellowwhite overlay make narrow lines of ground colour: a dorsal line; a series of diagonal lines running from the dorsal line to the level of the spiracles; the first running from the anterior margin of A1 to the posterior margin of A2, and the seventh from mid A7 to mid A8; the anterior six of these lines expand dorsolaterally to form a spot from which two small lines radiate, one posteriorly and one posterodorsally; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; all legs concolorous; anal plate pointed posteriorly, almost triangular, with strong white setae. Wax glands develop as a contiguous patch on the underside of A7–8, apart from a narrow ventral line as the caterpillar prepares for pupation. The fifth instar lasts 13–14 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA3FFFD9BFDFEE0FF07BBC8" blockId="29.[151,1436,369,501]" box="[151,210,369,392]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA3FFFD9BFDFEE0FF07BBC8" box="[151,210,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA3FFFD9BFDFE05FC88BBB5" blockId="29.[151,1436,369,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA3FFFD9A74FE05FE41BBED" box="[286,404,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,725,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-260@29.[151,1436,725,1718]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 34. Pupa Acleros mackenii instabilis collected as penultimate instar on Vigna sp., Shimba Hills, Kenya, 15 Apr 1990; pupa 4 May; photographed 7 May, 16mm; adult 18 May; 90/50B, anterodorsolateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267908/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 34</figureCitation>
|
||
) is cryptically coloured, which reflects the fact that it is substantially visible in the camouflaged shelter. No written description was prepared. There is a coating of wax particles inside the pupal shelter, but not on the pupa. The pupal stage lasted 14–16 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA3FFFD9BFDFDB5FE9AB87C" blockId="29.[151,1436,548,680]" box="[151,335,548,573]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA3FFFD9BFDFDB5FE9AB87C" box="[151,335,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA3FFFD9BFDFDD6FD10B8E8" blockId="29.[151,1436,548,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B442201FFA3FFFD9BFDFDD6FD15B8E8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3897581302" collectingDate="1989-01-06" collectionCode="MJWC" location="Forest" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kakamega">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DB099FFA3FFFD9BFDFDD6FF3DB820" box="[151,232,583,608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
collected a mummified penultimate instar caterpillar
|
||
<collectedFrom id="38306BA1FFA3FFFD982CFDD9FBB2B820" box="[838,1127,583,608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA3FFFD9800FDD6FBB2B820" box="[874,1127,583,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Desmodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repandum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA3FFFD9800FDD6FBB2B820" box="[874,1127,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Desmodium repandum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFFA3FFFD9FE7FDD6FAD1B820" box="[1165,1284,583,608]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8EF37E87FFA3FFFD9E66FDD9FA81B81F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFA7FFFD9BFDFD8BFD10B8E8:8EF37E87FFA3FFFD9E66FDD9FA81B81F" box="[1292,1364,584,607]" name="Forest" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Kakamega">Forest</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFFA3FFFD9E0BFDD6FF1AB8C5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1989-01-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD6F774FFA3FFFD9E0BFDD6FF1AB8C5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1989-01-06">6 Jan 1989</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(89/5) which in view of the associated feeding and shelter constructed was most probably this species or the next. An adult ichneumonid emerged 9 days later
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |