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<mods:title id="46A77883E5275818FA8E233F584A9D5A">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DB50C37B15C29C8F19A59BDA400A12E0">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0A7838F214AF93CD06B1D4F7F5076C97">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="70B6B5C38CD0A360B68911EBEF20628C">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="057B0BEA3A2290B08BFCE56C36583D60">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA3FFFD9BFDF8D6FE2DBD21" blockId="29.[151,504,1863,1889]" box="[151,504,1863,1889]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="D0DB9F30FFA3FFFD9BFDF8D6FE2DBD21" bold="true" box="[151,504,1863,1889]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA3FFFD9BFDF8D6FE2DBD21" ID-CoL="9D3J" authority="Mabille, 1890" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,504,1863,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA3FFFD9BFDF8D6FE2DBD21" bold="true" box="[151,504,1863,1889]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA3FFFD9BFDF8D6FE92BD21" bold="true" box="[151,327,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Acleros ploetzi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA3FFFD9A25F8D6FE2DBD21" author="Mabille" box="[335,504,1863,1889]" firstAuthor="Mabille" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="167 - 169" refId="ref44388" refString="Mabille, P. (1890) Lepidopteres (Hesperides) nouveaux (3 e partie). Bulletin des Seances et bulletin bibliographique de la Societe entomologique de France, 5, 167 - 169." type="journal article" year="1890">Mabille, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA3FFFD9BFDF81CFDCBBDAE" blockId="29.[151,1436,1933,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
This species was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA3FFFD991CF81FFC7EBDE6" authority="Plotz" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" box="[630,939,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucopygus">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA3FFFD991CF81FFCB3BDE6" box="[630,870,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apaustus leucopygus</emphasis>
Plötz
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA3FFFD989DF81CFBAFBDE6" box="[1015,1146,1933,1958]" name="Cameroon" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cameroons</collectingCountry>
, but since the name was preoccupied, Mabille provided the replacement name used. The range of the species extends from West Africa to
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA3FFFD9BFDF847FF36BDAE" box="[151,227,2006,2030]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, and South to
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA3FFFD9AE9F844FDCFBDAE" box="[387,538,2005,2030]" name="Mozambique" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA0FFFE9BADFF09FAA3BAB8" blockId="30.[151,1438,151,573]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
In
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA0FFFE9B8DFF09FEE6BAF0" box="[231,307,152,176]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, this species, like the last, is restricted to the rain forests of the West and the Shimba Hills, where according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE9A41FF2DFDD2BA95" author="Sevastopulo" box="[299,519,188,213]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
it is not uncommon in the Makardara Forest. In these localities it is not rare, but not usually as common as
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9AD5FF71FD96BAB8" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[447,579,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA0FFFE9AD5FF71FD96BAB8" box="[447,579,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. mackenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The adults come readily to flowers, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9F57FF71FB01BAB8" box="[1085,1236,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA0FFFE9F57FF71FB01BAB8" box="[1085,1236,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Justicia flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA0FFFE9F88FF4EFABFBAB8" box="[1250,1386,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="30.[151,249,1201,1223]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,621,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-455@30.[151,1436,621,1186]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 35. Adult Acleros ploetzi Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 1, 14 Oct 2010 (A.D. Warren); 2, feeding at Justicia flava, 15 Jun 1991." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267910/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figure 35.2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA0FFFE9BADFE95FE30BBED" blockId="30.[151,1438,151,573]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
We have not reared this species, but Sevastapulo (unpublished) has done so from caterpillars on “an unidentified twiner (
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9A11FEB6FDC9BB00" box="[379,540,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Papilionaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Papilionaceae</taxonomicName>
)” in the Shimba Hills,
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA0FFFE9876FEB9FCBDBB00" box="[796,872,296,320]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, although he did not publish this food plant record (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE9BF4FEDDFEBBBB25" author="Sevastopulo" box="[158,366,332,357]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE9A16FEDDFE62BB25" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[380,439,332,357]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE9AAFFEDDFDD4BB25" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." box="[453,513,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="48 - 55" refId="ref45650" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1981) A second list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 40, 48 - 55." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE997DFEDDFD62BB25" author="Larsen" box="[535,695,332,357]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE999EFEDDFC35BB25" author="Ackery" box="[756,992,332,357]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA0FFFE983AFEDCFC51BB25" box="[848,900,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (1995)
</bibRefCitation>
give the food plant as an unidentified
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9BFDFEFEFED6BBC8" box="[151,259,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA0FFFE9A7DFEE1FE0CBBC8" author="Vuattoux" box="[279,473,367,392]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
reared
<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FFA0FFFE992BFEE1FD30BBC8" box="[577,741,367,392]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
from caterpillars collected on cultivated cowpea,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9E31FEE1FEC8BBED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vigna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA0FFFE9E31FEE1FEC8BBED" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vigna unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA0FFFE9A2DFE05FE34BBED" box="[327,481,404,429]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Côte dIvoire</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA0FFFE9BADFE26FD0BB87C" blockId="30.[151,1438,151,573]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Checking Sevastopulos (unpublished) illustrations and descriptions we can see no significant difference from MJWCs observations on
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9AD0FE4DFDEABBB5" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[442,575,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA0FFFE9AD0FE4DFDEABBB5" box="[442,575,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. mackenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(above). Sevastopulo (unpublished) stated that the pupa is formed “between two spun-together leaves”, but his photographs show a shelter similar to that described below for
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA0FFFE9E67FD91FA40B858" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1868" box="[1293,1429,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackenii">
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA0FFFE9E67FD91FA40B858" box="[1293,1429,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. mackenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except that the distal part of the leaf is not cut away.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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