289 lines
33 KiB
XML
289 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="78FFA3632A9DC0DA3EE819588EB3CD05" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFF9FFFC39BFDFE29FCE3BAB8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Andronymus caesar subsp. caesar caesar Fabricius 1793" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="BC52D912D7D9837639F15580DD6D67FA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5D736D152EBA90C4B4785D594CD65962">
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<mods:title id="A565A6130CE8C228A1DCCD1F9D4F3985">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D070C8615BFB4F88A358D0F73C5BDEC0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C5B573ABD9764C15CB2A837CDFFA31B5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A8708BA1F76F66227686CD50F348A253">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8962715983A90445B6D403B2090E77F4">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BCF55A3E5EB5C366D75843AD91026AAF" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0ECAF805003E1241129D6A74D97F28A3">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="130A912BDF663CE7C8A27616F2C2A4ED">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7B09D684886B52E4CE54F80B02C66314" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="41BB611CB10F5787923E07EBA8BC7570">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="685A91DA1D85E365152C41F46FF00F44">
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<mods:date id="9C000EBD7CF6E7CA67E279A88445D45D">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9477BF5BC86F949E1E6A902A4C37230C">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="90EF5FA93A58439CC453FBA4B67C2651">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="9DFDE1E0F413FE53584F75445DFAD7DD">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="D02B59E2B8FCCCCD466C91880B7DC605">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FD6CD195D5E7CACCAC62FC293FEE8EFD" type="CLB-Dataset">134452</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3F102D8B2CCE7DB980FE57E9ECBE5590" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0385994AFF9FFFC39BFDFE29FCE3BAB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268118" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268118" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF9FFFC39BFDFE29FCE3BAB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFF9FFFC39BFDFE29FCE3BAB8" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF9FFFC19BFDFE29FECBB857" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFE29FD70BB92" blockId="33.[151,677,440,466]" box="[151,677,440,466]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FF9FFFC19BFDFE29FD70BB92" bold="true" box="[151,677,440,466]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19BFDFE29FD70BB92" ID-CoL="95VTL" authority="caesar Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[151,677,440,466]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDFE29FD70BB92" bold="true" box="[151,677,440,466]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDFE29FE0BBB92" bold="true" box="[151,478,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Andronymus caesar caesar</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF9FFFC19A8FFE29FD70BB92" author="Fabricius" box="[485,677,440,466]" firstAuthor="Fabricius" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref42291" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Christian Gottlieb Proft, Fil. et Soc., Hafniae, 3 (1), [vi] + 1 - 488." type="journal article" year="1793">Fabricius, 1793</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFE6FFECBB857" blockId="33.[151,1436,510,1003]" box="[151,286,510,535]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDFE6FFECBB857" box="[151,286,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF9FFFC39BFDFDB3FCE3BAB8" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFDB3FA94B977" blockId="33.[151,1436,510,1003]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Several food plants were documented in the 1960s:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19981FDB3FB11B87B" box="[747,1220,546,571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Lecaniodiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cupanioides">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19981FDB3FBCEB87B" box="[747,1051,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lecaniodiscus cupanioides</emphasis>
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(Sapindaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9FFFC19F81FDB3FAE1B87B" box="[1259,1332,546,571]" name="Ghana" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF9FFFC19E2FFDB3FF06B81F" author="Forsyth" firstAuthor="Forsyth" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref42428" refString="Forsyth, J. (1966) Agricultural Insects of Ghana. Ghana Universities Press, Accra, Ghana, 163 pp." type="book" year="1966">Forsyth 1966</bibRefCitation>
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), and small numbers of this hesperiid (given as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19996FDD6FC5FB81F" box="[764,906,582,607]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philander">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19996FDD6FC5FB81F" box="[764,906,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. philander</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) were found at Ibadan on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19FD7FDD7FAA8B81F" box="[1213,1405,582,607]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Afrormosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elata">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19FD7FDD7FAA8B81F" box="[1213,1405,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Afrormosia elata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in May, on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19B90FDFBFE67B8C3" box="[250,434,618,643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isoberlinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="doka">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19B90FDFBFE67B8C3" box="[250,434,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Isoberlinia doka</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in October, and on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC199FBFDFAFC70B8C3" box="[657,933,618,643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pterocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mildbraedii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC199FBFDFAFC70B8C3" box="[657,933,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pterocarpus mildbraedii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(all
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC198B3FDFBFB96B8C3" box="[985,1091,618,643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) in November (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF9FFFC19F99FDFBFA5AB8C3" author="Roberts" box="[1267,1423,618,643]" firstAuthor="Roberts" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref45327" refString="Roberts, H. (1969) Forest insects of Nigeria with notes on their biology and distribution. Institute Paper No. 44. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, UK, 206 pp." type="book" year="1969">Roberts 1969</bibRefCitation>
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). Subsequently, in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9FFFC19A33FD1FFE27B8E7" box="[345,498,654,679]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF9FFFC19A94FD1EFD6DB8E7" author="Vuattoux" box="[510,696,654,679]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reared
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<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FF9FFFC19867FD1FFCA2B8E7" box="[781,887,654,679]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="adult">30 adults</specimenCount>
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, 18 from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19F7AFD1FFBAEB8E7" box="[1040,1147,654,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19FEDFD1FFABEB8E7" box="[1159,1387,654,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Berlinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19FEDFD1FFABEB8E7" box="[1159,1387,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Berlinia grandiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19BFDFD22FE41B88B" box="[151,404,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Detarium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegalense">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDFD22FE41B88B" box="[151,404,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Detarium senegalense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and 12 from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19918FD23FCD4B88B" box="[626,769,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC1987AFD23FC0CB88A" box="[784,985,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Blighia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unijugata">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC1987AFD23FC0CB88A" box="[784,985,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Blighia unijugata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19F72FD22FB52B88B" box="[1048,1159,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Blighia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sapida">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19F72FD22FB52B88B" box="[1048,1159,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B. sapida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. MJWC spread and reexamined voucher specimens for his identifications of Vuattoux’s reared
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC198BBFD47FB42B8AE" box="[977,1175,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC198BBFD47FB88B8AF" box="[977,1117,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Andronymus</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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; although the vouchers for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19BA8FD6AFE53B952" authority="caesar" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[194,390,763,786]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BA8FD6AFE53B952" box="[194,390,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. caesar caesar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were correctly identified, one voucher for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC198EAFD6AFC00B953" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[896,981,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC198EAFD6AFC00B953" box="[896,981,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. hero</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, reared from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19F13FD6BFACCB952" box="[1145,1305,762,787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19F13FD6BFB3BB953" box="[1145,1262,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anthonota</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19E41FD6BFA4DB953" box="[1323,1432,762,787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19BFDFC8FFE8EB977" box="[151,347,798,823]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
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), proved to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC1996AFC8EFD6EB976" authority="caesar" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[512,699,799,822]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC1996AFC8EFD6EB976" box="[512,699,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. caesar caesar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, so this is an additional food plant record for this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BADFCD3FDB4B9AB" blockId="33.[151,1436,510,1003]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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MJWC found the early stages on the flush growth of a
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9FFFC19828FCD3FCB2B91B" box="[834,871,834,859]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
sapling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19883FCD3FABDB91B" box="[1001,1384,834,859]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Deinbollia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19883FCD3FB15B91A" box="[1001,1216,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Deinbollia insignis</emphasis>
|
||
(Sapindaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a forest clearing at Ibadan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9FFFC19ADCFCF7FDDFB93F" box="[438,522,870,895]" name="Nigeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(94/111) and (unconfirmed) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC1981FFCF6FC2AB93E" box="[885,1023,871,894]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Blighia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unijugata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC1981FFCF6FC2AB93E" box="[885,1023,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B. unijugata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MJWC318) at Adiopodoumé,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9FFFC19E0DFCF7FF24B9E3" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(89/201). The following observations are mostly based on the last collection, which unfortunately was parasitized, so that its association with this name is based on the close similarity to subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19FB9FC3FFA95B987" box="[1235,1344,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19FB9FC3FFA95B987" box="[1235,1344,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">philander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC19A72FC42FE40B9AA" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[280,405,979,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19A20FC42FE40B9AA" box="[330,405,979,1002]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reared in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9FFFC1996FFC43FD88B9AB" box="[517,605,978,1003]" name="Nigeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFB8AFF0FBE72" blockId="33.[151,1436,1051,1183]" box="[151,218,1051,1074]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDFB8AFF0FBE72" box="[151,218,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFBAFFAE7BEDF" blockId="33.[151,1436,1051,1183]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Ova associated with collection 89/201 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC199C0FBAFFCAFBE16" box="[682,890,1086,1111]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Blighia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unijugata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC199C0FBAFFCAFBE16" box="[682,890,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Blighia unijugata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9FFFC198D8FBAFFB87BE17" box="[946,1106,1086,1111]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
were
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9FFFC19FC1FBAFFB2FBE17" box="[1195,1274,1086,1111]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; hemispherical, slightly indented at micropyle; smooth apart from 36–41 very fine ribs; pink, dark pink at micropyle; eclosed ova are white. They were laid on the leaf upper surface about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9FFFC19F4DFB17FBBBBEDF" box="[1063,1134,1158,1183]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
from the margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFB58FEF2BEA2" blockId="33.[151,1436,1225,1358]" box="[151,295,1225,1250]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDFB58FEF2BEA2" box="[151,295,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDFB7CFC88BF0E" blockId="33.[151,1436,1225,1358]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Caterpillars of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9FFFC19A55FB7CFE64BF46" box="[319,433,1261,1286]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10–13mm</quantity>
|
||
(n-2 and penultimate instars) made simple one or two cut leaf shelters from the edge of a leaf. Of three shelters observed, two had a cut at each end, while the third had a cut at one end only, and two shelter lids were folded upwards, while a third was folded downwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FF9FFFC19BFDF896FBB9BD7C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267916/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[151,249,1799,1821]" targetBox="[154,1436,1406,1780]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDF896FBB9BD7C" blockId="33.[151,1435,1799,1852]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDF896FEF4BD5D" bold="true" box="[151,289,1799,1821]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 38.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC1995AF896FC93BD5D" authority="caesar" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[560,838,1799,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC1995AF896FC93BD5D" box="[560,838,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Andronymus caesar caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9FFFC198B8F896FB3FBD5D" authority=", Ibadan" authorityName="Ibadan" box="[978,1258,1799,1821]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Deinbollia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC198B8F896FB40BD5D" box="[978,1173,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Deinbollia insignis</emphasis>
|
||
, Ibadan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Nigeria, 20 Mar 1994, photographed 22 Mar; 26mm; 94/111B. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, anterolateral view of head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC19BFDF8F8FEC0BDC2" blockId="33.[151,1436,1897,2024]" box="[151,277,1897,1922]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9FFFC19BFDF8F8FEC0BDC2" box="[151,277,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9FFFC29BFDF81DFC07BB17" blockId="33.[151,1436,1897,2024]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1436,151,343]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The n-3 instar head capsule was 0.8 x 1.0mm (n=2) wide x high; widest at base, indent at vertex; dark brown; shiny; faintly reticulate. The n-2 instar caterpillar measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9FFFC19852F83FFC55BD87" box="[824,896,1966,1991]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
at the premoult stage; head 1.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9FFFC19F91F83FFA9FBD87" box="[1275,1354,1966,1991]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2); dark brown as n-3 instar; body shiny, translucent with dark green gut contents visible. The penultimate instar was similar: head 1.8 x 2.0mm (n=1) wide x high; body cuticle was white, more opaque and less shiny; this instar took just 2–3 days. The final instar was not described, but the head capsule was
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9CFFC29F08FF28FB65BA92" box="[1122,1200,185,210]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1mm</quantity>
|
||
high. The caterpillar reared on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9CFFC29A6DFF4BFE08BAB2" box="[263,477,218,243]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Deinbollia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29A6DFF4BFE08BAB2" box="[263,477,218,243]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Deinbollia insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF9CFFC2996BFF4BFD80BAB3" box="[513,597,218,243]" name="Nigeria" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(94/111) was photographed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF9CFFC298F7FF4BFBDBBAB3" box="[925,1038,218,243]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="33.[151,249,1799,1821]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,1406,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-523@33.[154,1439,1406,1780]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 38. Final instar caterpillar of Andronymus caesar caesar collected on Deinbollia insignis, Ibadan, Nigeria, 20 Mar 1994, photographed 22 Mar; 26mm; 94/111B. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, anterolateral view of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267916/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figure 38</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the photographs are out of focus, they are included here as they are sufficient to show that the caterpillar is within the range of variation documented for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9CFFC29A3CFE8FFDE9BB76" box="[342,572,285,310]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="philander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29A3CFE8FFDE9BB76" box="[342,572,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A. caesar philander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(below,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF9CFFC299CEFE8CFCCDBB76" box="[676,792,285,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="39.[151,249,1015,1037]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,990]" captionTargetId="figure-481@39.[151,1436,189,990]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 44. Final instar caterpillar of Andronymus caesar. 1–2, collected on Deinbollia borbonica, 1–2 Apr 1990 on unidentified sapling, Lower Meru Forest; photographed 2 Apr; moulted 4–6 Apr; 18mm; dorsal view, 2 Apr, 90/32A; 2, detail of head, as 1; 3–4, collected on Pericopsis sp., Chivanjee Estate, Tukuyu, Tanzania, 20 Nov 2003, TCEC; 3, dorsal view; 4, dorsolateral view; 5, collected on Pericopsis sp., Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania, 11 Feb 2008 (TCEC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267928/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figure 44</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fully mature caterpillar 94/111A had wax glands ventrolaterally on A1–2 and A7–8, and in a diffuse lateral patch on A2–8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FF9CFFC29BFDF890FB93BD15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267918/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[151,249,1793,1815]" targetBox="[151,1436,389,1774]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9CFFC29BFDF890FB93BD15" blockId="34.[151,1436,1793,1877]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29BFDF890FEFCBD57" bold="true" box="[151,297,1793,1815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9CFFC29ACAF890FD11BD57" authority="caesar" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[416,708,1793,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29ACAF890FD11BD57" box="[416,708,1793,1815]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Andronymus caesar caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF9CFFC29FB0F890FEFEBD76" authority=", Adiopodoume" authorityName="Adiopodoume" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Blighia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unijugata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29FB0F890FA40BD57" box="[1242,1429,1793,1815]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Blighia unijugata</emphasis>
|
||
, Adiopodoumé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Côte d’Ivoire, 28 May 1989; pupated 8 Jun.; photographed 14 Jun; tachinid puparium 15. Jun, 17mm; 89/201C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29BFDF8AEFF71BD15" bold="true" box="[151,164,1855,1877]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29A59F8AEFEEABD15" bold="true" box="[307,319,1855,1877]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">2</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view; note necrotic patch on ventral T1 due to a tachinid larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9CFFC29BFDF813FF07BDD9" blockId="34.[151,1436,1922,2018]" box="[151,210,1922,1945]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9CFFC29BFDF813FF07BDD9" box="[151,210,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9CFFC29BFDF834FC76BDA2" blockId="34.[151,1436,1922,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The pupa of 88/201A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF9CFFC29AC0F834FDC8BDFE" box="[426,541,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="34.[151,249,1793,1815]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,389,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-206@34.[151,1436,389,1774]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 39. Pupa of Andronymus caesar caesar, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Blighia unijugata, Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire, 28 May 1989; pupated 8 Jun.; photographed 14 Jun; tachinid puparium 15. Jun, 17mm; 89/201C. 1, dorsal view; 2, dorsolateral view; note necrotic patch on ventral T1 due to a tachinid larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267918/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figure 39</figureCitation>
|
||
) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9CFFC299C0F834FD20BDFE" box="[682,757,1957,1982]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="17.0">17mm</quantity>
|
||
; head bulbous; light brown with a weak dark dorsal line dividing anteriorly; darker chevrons dorsally on abdominal segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9DFFC39BFDFF06FE9ABAEF" blockId="35.[151,1435,151,248]" box="[151,335,151,176]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF9DFFC39BFDFF06FE9ABAEF" box="[151,335,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF9DFFC39BFDFF2DFCE3BAB8" blockId="35.[151,1435,151,248]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
A tachinid larva emerged from the pupa 89/201C which was collected as penultimate instar caterpillar; it formed a puparium (6.3 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF9DFFC39A3BFF4EFE75BAB8" box="[337,416,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
long x widest) but failed to emerge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |