157 lines
20 KiB
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157 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="98413B2C5049B43A9A1A4F25464FC528" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFF82FFDD9BFDF9BCFF28BB7F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Platylesches langa Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="4CEC4ACB1767AE4D9A939BFE6FD65332" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4DC190221693AD4F1D1E5F83A7508804">
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<mods:title id="A0A7A487B167D12B53B3C1826BAE0FE0">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="4567EBD68968E14A23088D7304BF8A74" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5374B525506A0F3F9412CCA111B4E4F0">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0CD28F0797255BCAF629B62CDC2699BC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="77EC5E6047E159E9563731DC030F3CCD">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C16BE508DE52F418529BED514679E7C7">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FE430BC0B6F5880FDEB1CD14D9D78D5B" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="E599713B0195258E3C1F5577A845F792" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="22A53D211976134357FC5F8508F1A506">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E22DD913AAF51F42B101B853CED9F7A2">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C51381860F70FFCAFCCF206FE12316A">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A9822893C88C17C34CA6617661A5D0BE" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3B2339B67A014364023A395657D87D4E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D6FA1D45D2AE7E7EF9912F54DFE4D986">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="C6EC81109432C9654933BC3799181466">
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<mods:date id="9273692C0ADCF54B3C352773E9EED29E">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CD07FBFED3C8DFC8D20C4A889ECC743A">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="875034AF66B31DCD937F16615DCE8D32" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="C7E21093D03FF44B28ED344305F6C3E7">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E440CCE4369CC101C489FC3816EB18B0">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="353D989AE30E38EB29AFAA67E06DAB48">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F833E225BEAA23E4B26BC26702FBCAF3" type="CLB-Dataset">134452</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1C17C280C7DBFA43245B1BEB6ADFEDFD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="13DCBA2C0DA849836E710DB82E33157A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0385994AFF82FFDD9BFDF9BCFF28BB7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044092" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF82FFDD9BFDF9BCFF28BB7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFF82FFDD9BFDF9BCFF28BB7F" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF82FFDC9BFDF9BCFDC1BC07" box="[151,532,1581,1607]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF82FFDC9BFDF9BCFDC1BC07" blockId="60.[151,1436,1581,1749]" box="[151,532,1581,1607]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FF82FFDC9BFDF9BCFDC1BC07" bold="true" box="[151,532,1581,1607]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF82FFDC9BFDF9BCFDC1BC07" ID-CoL="9BVJF" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,532,1581,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="langa">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9BFDF9BCFDC1BC07" bold="true" box="[151,532,1581,1607]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9BFDF9BCFEA3BC07" bold="true" box="[151,374,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Platylesches langa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF82FFDC9A17F9BCFDC1BC07" author="Evans" box="[381,532,1581,1607]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF82FFDC9BFDF9C1FE0CBC95" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF82FFDC9BFDF9C1FE0CBC95" blockId="60.[151,1436,1581,1749]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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This species is found from western
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF82FFDC995EF9C1FD55BC29" box="[564,640,1616,1641]" name="Ghana" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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, east to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF82FFDC9989F9C1FC92BC29" box="[739,839,1616,1641]" name="Tanzania" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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and south to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF82FFDC9883F9C1FBB4BC29" box="[1001,1121,1616,1641]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF82FFDC9FF6F9C1FB27BC29" box="[1180,1266,1616,1641]" name="Malawi" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFF82FFDC9E69F9C1FAE0BC29" box="[1283,1333,1616,1641]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
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locality) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF82FFDC9BF4F9E5FEF3BCCD" author="Evans" box="[158,294,1652,1677]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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, T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2012), but is very local and rare in West Africa. It was originally described as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF82FFDC9A02F909FDA9BCF1" authority="(Evans 1937)" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[360,636,1688,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ayresii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9A02F909FE0EBCF0" box="[360,475,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pl. ayresii</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF82FFDC9A81F909FDA1BCF1" author="Evans" box="[491,628,1688,1713]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF82FFDC99DEF909FCB3BCF1" author="Kielland" box="[692,870,1688,1713]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="147 - 237" refId="ref43630" refString="Kielland, J. (1978) A provisional checklist of the Rhopalocera of the eastern side of Lake Tanganyika. Tijdsschrift voor Entomologie, 121, 147 - 237." type="journal article" year="1978">Kielland (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF82FFDC98F4F908FBE8BCF1" author="Larsen" box="[926,1085,1688,1713]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="25 - 27" refId="ref43891" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1992) Platylesches ayresii Trimen and P. langa Evans are distinct species (Lepidoptera; Hesperiidae). Metamorphosis, 3, 25 - 27." type="journal article" year="1992">Larsen (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised the two as separate species, although very close.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF82FFDD9BFDF96EFF28BB7F" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF82FFDC9BFDF96EFECBBD58" blockId="60.[151,1436,1791,1888]" box="[151,286,1791,1816]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9BFDF96EFECBBD58" box="[151,286,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF82FFDC9BFDF8B2FCDFBD20" blockId="60.[151,1436,1791,1888]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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TCEC has reared this species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF82FFDC9928F8B5FD01BD7B" box="[578,724,1828,1851]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9928F8B5FD01BD7B" box="[578,724,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pa. capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at Mutinondo Wilderness,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF82FFDC9F70F8B2FBA7BD7C" box="[1050,1138,1827,1852]" name="Zambia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF82FFDC9FDDF8B5FAAEBD7C" box="[1207,1403,1827,1852]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curatellifolia">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9FDDF8B5FAAEBD7C" box="[1207,1403,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pa. curatellifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at Mufindi,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF82FFDC9A6BF8D6FEB0BD20" box="[257,357,1863,1888]" name="Tanzania" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(where
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF82FFDC9AABF8D9FD9BBD1F" box="[449,590,1864,1887]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9AABF8D9FD9BBD1F" box="[449,590,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pa. capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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does not occur).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF82FFDC9BFDF81EFEC2BDE8" blockId="60.[151,1436,1935,2032]" box="[151,279,1935,1960]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9BFDF81EFEC2BDE8" box="[151,279,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Life history</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF82FFDD9BFDF822FF28BB7F" blockId="60.[151,1436,1935,2032]" lastBlockId="61.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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The leaf shelters (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF82FFDC9A09F822FDD3BD8C" box="[355,518,1971,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="63.[151,249,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-248@63.[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 68. Life history of Platylesches langa, collected mostly on Parinari capensis but also on Pa. curatellifolia, Mutinondo Wilderness, Mpika, Zambia, and subsequently reared on Pa. curatellifolia, TCEC. 1, early leaf shelters, 17 Sep 2008; 2, leaf shelter of pupa showing entrance valve, 13 Sep 2010; 3–6, mature caterpillar, 28 Jan 2009: 3, dorsal view; 4, lateral view; 5–6, detail of head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267978/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 68.1–2</figureCitation>
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) and early stages (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF82FFDC99B6F822FCABBD8C" box="[732,894,1971,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="63.[151,249,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-248@63.[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 68. Life history of Platylesches langa, collected mostly on Parinari capensis but also on Pa. curatellifolia, Mutinondo Wilderness, Mpika, Zambia, and subsequently reared on Pa. curatellifolia, TCEC. 1, early leaf shelters, 17 Sep 2008; 2, leaf shelter of pupa showing entrance valve, 13 Sep 2010; 3–6, mature caterpillar, 28 Jan 2009: 3, dorsal view; 4, lateral view; 5–6, detail of head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267978/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 68.3–6</figureCitation>
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) are very similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF82FFDC9FA7F822FA95BD8B" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1229,1344,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ayresii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF82FFDC9FA7F822FA95BD8B" box="[1229,1344,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pl. ayresii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF82FFDC9E3BF822FF63BDB0" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="60.[151,249,1387,1409]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-251@60.[151,1436,303,1365]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 64. Early stages of Platylesches ayresii on Parinari capensis, South Africa, TCEC. 1, leaf shelter of second instar caterpillar, Krugersdorf, 9 Oct 2010; 2, leaf shelter of pupa, view of the entrance and valve, 12 Dec 2010, Krugersdorp; 3, penultimate instar caterpillar, frontal view of head, 23 Sep 2008, Krugersdorp; 4, caterpillar, frontal view, undated, Krugersdorp; 5, pupa, dorsal view, 1 Oct 2008, Krugersdorp; 6, pupa lateral view, as #4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267970/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 64</figureCitation>
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), but the final instar head is more sharply marked. Young caterpillars feed in a characteristic way, cutting small notches from the edge of leaves (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF83FFDD996CFF06FD5EBAF0" box="[518,651,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="63.[151,249,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-248@63.[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 68. Life history of Platylesches langa, collected mostly on Parinari capensis but also on Pa. curatellifolia, Mutinondo Wilderness, Mpika, Zambia, and subsequently reared on Pa. curatellifolia, TCEC. 1, early leaf shelters, 17 Sep 2008; 2, leaf shelter of pupa showing entrance valve, 13 Sep 2010; 3–6, mature caterpillar, 28 Jan 2009: 3, dorsal view; 4, lateral view; 5–6, detail of head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267978/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Figure 68.1</figureCitation>
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), which can be used in the field to locate caterpillars. In
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF83FFDD9F94FF06FA57BAF0" box="[1278,1410,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 68" captionStartId="63.[151,249,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetId="figure-248@63.[151,1436,191,1402]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 68. Life history of Platylesches langa, collected mostly on Parinari capensis but also on Pa. curatellifolia, Mutinondo Wilderness, Mpika, Zambia, and subsequently reared on Pa. curatellifolia, TCEC. 1, early leaf shelters, 17 Sep 2008; 2, leaf shelter of pupa showing entrance valve, 13 Sep 2010; 3–6, mature caterpillar, 28 Jan 2009: 3, dorsal view; 4, lateral view; 5–6, detail of head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267978/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Figure 68.1</figureCitation>
|
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, it can be seen that the first instar shelter on the upper leaf is smaller, and the second instar on the lower leaf is already eating larger portions from the leaf edge. Caterpillars are usually found near the ground—inevitably on the lowgrowing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF83FFDD9B91FE94FE5DBB5C" box="[251,392,261,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF83FFDD9B91FE94FE5DBB5C" box="[251,392,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pa. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but also on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF83FFDD9973FE94FD0DBB5D" box="[537,728,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curatellifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF83FFDD9973FE94FD0DBB5D" box="[537,728,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pa. curatellifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and differ in this respect from caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF83FFDD9FB6FE95FA93BB5D" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1244,1350,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF83FFDD9FB6FE95FA93BB5D" box="[1244,1350,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pl. shona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF83FFDD9E16FE95FF23BB00" authorityName="Neave" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF83FFDD9E16FE95FF23BB00" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pl. robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |