344 lines
58 KiB
XML
344 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B5423B527C509CF300F4C4D93B079F61">The South American species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AB25BDC08BE624E9A650BA643D163EE1">Saguiah, Pâmella Machado</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F3D865A0D951FE858757F46F789A71B2">Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal), 29.075 - 910, Vitória,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2DD16B0D9C8146922AEEC9E8D24369B0">Molin, Ana Dal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="42A8E4B11B0C98B9CF1E30C9E1253AD3">Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal), 29.075 - 910, Vitória, & Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, 59078 - 970, Natal, RN, Brazil. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0633 - 3888</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="13DC9F24779EF809431FBF91AE90EEED">Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D850B5EF02BE0513E927078CF8D46DC3">Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal), 29.075 - 910, Vitória, & Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, 29.075 - 910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0768 - 9843</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B9A833B1EB2DCD06F08D15594F1B84A6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="371158CDBF70C2113D0A0740F2F385B9">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2170A20AC8B022CD8585D8BB8230EA83">4885</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC3BB72FF6FF8A7FE11F88C" box="[151,442,1862,1889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC3BB72FF6FF8A7FE11F88C" blockId="1.[151,442,1862,1889]" box="[151,442,1862,1889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<heading id="D0C58189FFC3BB72FF6FF8A7FE11F88C" bold="true" box="[151,442,1862,1889]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FF6FF8A7FE11F88C" ID-CoL="62M2J" ID-ENA="1118638" authority="Fabricius, 1787" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[151,442,1862,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FF6FF8A7FE11F88C" bold="true" box="[151,442,1862,1889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FF6FF8A7FF59F88D" bold="true" box="[151,242,1862,1889]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Chalcis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FF02F8A7FE11F88C" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[250,442,1862,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refId="ref18952" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas, Tom 1. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft., Copenhagen, 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11657" type="book" year="1787">Fabricius, 1787</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC3BB72FE30F867FA26F872" box="[456,1421,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC3BB72FE30F867FA26F872" blockId="1.[151,1436,1926,2042]" box="[456,1421,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<typeStatus id="54898847FFC3BB72FE30F867FE51F872" box="[456,506,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FDA8F867FCDFF872" ID-CoL="4YZ3L" authority="Linnaeus, 1761" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1761" box="[592,884,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sispes">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FDA8F867FD7BF871" box="[592,720,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Sphex sispes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FD2EF867FCDFF872" author="Linnaeus, C. V." box="[726,884,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refId="ref19189" refString="Linnaeus, C. V. (1761) Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum. Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 578 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46380" type="book" year="1761">Linnaeus, 1761</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent designation of
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310F4FFC3BB72FB53F867FA22F872" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1195,1417,1926,1950]" page="65" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1839">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FB53F867FA22F872" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1195,1417,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" pagination="49 - 80" refId="ref19692" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1839) Synopsis of the genera of British Insects. In: An introduction to the modern classification of insects, Vol. 2, Appendix. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, London, pp. 49 - 80." type="book chapter" year="1839">Westwood (1839: 65)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC3BB72FF6FF867FD5CF815" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC3BB72FF6FF867FE68F872" blockId="1.[151,1436,1926,2042]" box="[151,451,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310F4FFC3BB72FF6FF867FE14F872" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[151,447,1926,1950]" page="272" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1787">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FF6FF867FE14F872" ID-CoL="62M2J" authority="Fabricius, 1787: 272" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="272" authorityYear="1787" box="[151,447,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FF6FF867FF4FF872" box="[151,228,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Chalcis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FF13F867FE14F872" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[235,447,1926,1950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refId="ref18952" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas, Tom 1. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft., Copenhagen, 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11657" type="book" year="1787">Fabricius, 1787: 272</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC3BB72FF6FF844FDE0F837" blockId="1.[151,1436,1926,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310F4FFC3BB72FF6FF844FE01F851" author="Spinola, M." box="[151,426,1956,1981]" page="147" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1811">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FF6FF844FE01F851" authority="Spinola, 1811: 147" authorityName="Spinola" authorityPageNumber="147" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,426,1956,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Smiera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FF6FF844FF74F850" box="[151,223,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Smiera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FF1EF845FE01F851" author="Spinola, M." box="[230,426,1956,1981]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" pagination="138 - 153" refId="ref19563" refString="Spinola, M. (1811) Essai d'une nouvelle classification des diplolepaires. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 17, 138 - 153." type="journal article" year="1811">Spinola, 1811: 147</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54898847FFC3BB72FE4CF844FE4DF851" box="[436,486,1957,1981]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FDC6F845FCCEF850" ID-CoL="4YZ3L" authority="Linnaeus, 1761" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1761" box="[574,869,1956,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sispes">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FDC6F845FD14F850" box="[574,703,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Sphex sispes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FD3EF845FCCEF850" author="Linnaeus, C. V." box="[710,869,1956,1980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refId="ref19189" refString="Linnaeus, C. V. (1761) Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum. Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 578 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46380" type="book" year="1761">Linnaeus, 1761</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent designation of
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310F4FFC3BB72FB5AF845FACAF851" author="Curtis, J." box="[1186,1377,1956,1981]" page="472" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1833">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FB5AF845FACAF851" author="Curtis, J." box="[1186,1377,1956,1981]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refId="ref18604" refString="Curtis, J. (1833) British Entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Vol. 3. Printed by the author, London, 176 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8148" type="book" year="1833">Curtis (1833: 472)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Synonymy by
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310F4FFC3BB72FECCF822FDECF837" author="Gahan, A. B. & Fagan, M. M." box="[308,583,1987,2012]" page="31" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1923">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FECCF822FDECF837" author="Gahan, A. B. & Fagan, M. M." box="[308,583,1987,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refId="ref18998" refString="Gahan, A. B. & Fagan, M. M. (1923) The type species of the genera of Chalcidoidea or chalcid-flies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, 124, 173 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.124. i" type="book" year="1923">Gahan & Fagan (1923: 31)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC3BB72FF6FF803FD5CF815" blockId="1.[151,1436,1926,2042]" box="[151,759,2018,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2211CBFFC3BB72FF6FF803FD5CF815" box="[151,759,2018,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310F4FFC3BB72FF6FF803FE26F816" author="Spinola, M." box="[151,397,2018,2042]" page="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1837">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FF6FF803FE26F816" authority="Spinola, 1837: 1" authorityName="Spinola" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,397,2018,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Smicra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FF6FF803FF74F815" box="[151,223,2018,2041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Smicra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC3BB72FF1DF803FE26F816" author="Spinola, M." box="[229,397,2018,2042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref19590" refString="Spinola, M. (1837) Conure. Conura. Spinola. Magasin de Zoologie, 9 (180), 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1837">Spinola, 1837: 1</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Unjustified emendation of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC3BB72FD51F803FD5AF815" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1811" box="[681,753,2018,2041]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Smiera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC3BB72FD51F803FD5AF815" box="[681,753,2018,2041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Smiera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC0BB71FF6FFF77FD31FE66" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC0BB71FF6FFF77FD31FE66" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
|
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FF6FFF77FEA1FF5C" bold="true" box="[151,266,150,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FEE0FF76FE24FF5C" box="[280,399,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Both sexes</emphasis>
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. Mandibular formula 2:3 or 3:3, the upper tooth larger and longer than the others; mesocoxa with short pubescence dorsolaterally; mesotibial spur at most as long as apical width of mesotibia, occasionally absent.
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<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FF15FF3EFEEAFF15" box="[237,321,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Female</emphasis>
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. Tarsal claws usually slightly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD0BFF3EFCE3FF15" box="[755,840,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-140@4.[151,1435,453,1896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1a–f. Chalcis boi sp. nov., holotype female: a, habitus, lateral, b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, head, lateral; e, protarsal claw; f, metafemur and metatibia, outer face." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296701/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 1e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FCAEFF3EFCD8FF16" box="[854,883,223,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-293@10.[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., holotype female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296711/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">6a</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes falcate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB9BFF3EFB6BFF16" box="[1123,1216,223,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-20@17.[151,1435,181,1624]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11a–f. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, antenna, inner face; e, pro- and mesopleura; f, protarsal claw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296721/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 11f</figureCitation>
|
||
); hypopygium with median portion narrowly extended posteriorly with median portion distinct from the lateral areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB15FEE2FAE8FEF1" box="[1261,1347,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-20@5.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2a–d. Chalcis boi sp. nov., holotype female: a, metatarsus, lateral; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral; d, ovipositor sheath, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296703/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FAA8FEE2FAC7FEF1" box="[1360,1388,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-25@8.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4a–c. Chalcis danunciae sp. nov., holotype female: a, metafemur, outer face; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">4c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FA81FEE2FA33FEF1" box="[1401,1432,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-293@10.[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., holotype female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296711/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">6d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF6FFEC6FF1DFEAD" box="[151,182,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1334,1358]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,1310]" captionTargetId="figure-99@14.[151,1435,345,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw [insert: basal denticles]; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296717/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">9d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF38FEC6FF40FEAD" box="[192,235,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1295,1319]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,309,1272]" captionTargetId="figure-85@18.[151,1435,309,1272]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12a–c. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype female: a, metafemur, outer face; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">12c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF0DFEC7FE8BFEAD" box="[245,288,294,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-20@21.[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15a–e. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur, outer face; c, metatibia, outer face; d, propodeum; e, metasoma, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296729/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">15e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FED3FEC6FEFDFEAD" box="[299,342,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetId="figure-501@26.[317,1269,1245,1960]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 20a. Chalcis winstonae sp. nov., holotype female: gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4305952/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">20a</figureCitation>
|
||
), or thickened but only slightly extended posteriorly beyond the adjacent margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB12FEC6FAE2FEAD" box="[1258,1353,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-286@27.[348,1238,957,1626]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 21a. Chalcis microgaster Say, female: a, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4305954/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 21a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FAA4FEC6FA3DFEAD" box="[1372,1430,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Male</emphasis>
|
||
. Tarsal claws almost always bifid apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD97FEAAFD64FE89" box="[623,719,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1687,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-294@15.[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, outer face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 10c</figureCitation>
|
||
); hypopygium enlarged, flat or concave, with distal margin truncate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF2CFE8EFE99FE66" box="[212,306,367,394]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1344,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-110@18.[151,1435,1344,1824]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 13a–f. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype male: a, habitus, lateral; b, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296725/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 13b</figureCitation>
|
||
) to notched (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FE3FFE8EFDB5FE65" box="[455,542,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1657,1681]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-235@11.[151,1435,669,1633]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., paratype male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, inner face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296713/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 7d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FDD1FE8EFDFEFE65" box="[553,597,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1687,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-294@15.[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, outer face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">10d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD99FE8EFD26FE66" box="[609,653,367,394]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-204@22.[151,1435,669,1631]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16a–c. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, frontolateral; c, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296731/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">16c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC0BB71FF3FFE73FC83FE3D" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC0BB71FF3FFE73FC83FE3D" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FF3FFE73FE8AFE40" bold="true" box="[199,289,402,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
. Few host records known, these as egg-pupal or larval-pupal parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FB77FE72FA36FE42" authority="(Diptera)" baseAuthorityName="Diptera" box="[1167,1437,403,430]" class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Stratiomyidae (Diptera)</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC0BB71FF67FE56FEBFFE3D" author="Hart, C. A." box="[159,276,438,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" pagination="149 - 273" refId="ref19138" refString="Hart, C. A. (1895) On the Entomology of the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters. Bulletin of the Illinois States Laboratory of Natural History, 4, 149 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 4.429" type="journal article" year="1895">Hart 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; M̹ller 1908;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC0BB71FE42FE56FDD6FE3D" author="Schremmer, V. F." box="[442,637,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" pagination="83 - 89" refId="ref19432" refString="Schremmer, V. F. (1960) Beitrag zur Biologie der in Stratiorayiiden larven parasitierenden Chalcididen der Gattung Smicra Spin. (Chalcis F.). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 12 (2), 83 - 89." type="journal article" year="1960">Schremmer 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC0BB71FD71FE56FCB0FE3D" author="Cowan, D. P." box="[649,795,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" pagination="133 - 136" refId="ref18514" refString="Cowan, D. P. (1979) The Function of enlarged hind legs in oviposition and aggression by Chalcis canadensis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). The Great Lake Entomologist, 12 (3), 133 - 136." type="journal article" year="1979">Cowan 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC0BB71FF3FFE3BFF4BFDF5" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC0BB71FF3FFE3BFF4BFDF5" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FF3FFE3BFEF2FE18" bold="true" box="[199,345,474,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Most species on Northern Hemisphere, but present on all continents except
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3257675FFC0BB71FB36FE3AFAE8FE19" box="[1230,1347,475,501]" name="Antarctica" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC0BB71FAABFE3AFF7FFDF5" author="Noyes, J. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="355" refId="ref19391" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2020) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum, London. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed May 2020)." type="url" year="2020">Noyes 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328656EFFC0BB71FF3FFDC2FC19FA71" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC0BB71FF3FFDC2FCAAFB4D" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FF3FFDC2FE9FFDD1" bold="true" box="[199,308,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FEBBFDC2FE32FDD1" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[323,409,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FEBBFDC2FE32FDD1" box="[323,409,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Chalcis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from other genera of New Word
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FC05FDC2FB28FDD1" box="[1021,1155,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
using the key of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC0BB71FABFFDC2FF4EFD8D" author="Boucek, Z." pageId="2" pageNumber="355" pagination="49 - 103" refId="ref18282" refString="Boucek, Z. (1992) The New World genera of Chalcididae. In: Delvare, G. & Boucek, Z. (Eds) On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Associated Publishers, Florida, pp. 49 - 103." type="book chapter" year="1992">Bouček (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FEB3FDA6FE68FD8D" box="[331,451,583,609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" rank="tribe" tribe="Chalcidini">Chalcidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FD7FFDA6FD76FD8D" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[647,733,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FD7FFDA6FD76FD8D" box="[647,733,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Chalcis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FCEDFDA6FB82FD8D" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[789,1065,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FCEDFDA6FC1CFD8D" box="[789,951,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the posterior margin of the hypopygium medially setose and distinctly produced posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FC8DFD8AFC60FD69" box="[885,971,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-20@5.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2a–d. Chalcis boi sp. nov., holotype female: a, metatarsus, lateral; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral; d, ovipositor sheath, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296703/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 2d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FC2FFD8AFC58FD69" box="[983,1011,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-25@8.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4a–c. Chalcis danunciae sp. nov., holotype female: a, metafemur, outer face; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">4c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FC07FD8AFBB5FD69" box="[1023,1054,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-293@10.[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., holotype female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296711/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">6d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FBD1FD8AFBECFD69" box="[1065,1095,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1334,1358]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,1310]" captionTargetId="figure-99@14.[151,1435,345,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw [insert: basal denticles]; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296717/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">9d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FBABFD8AFBD6FD69" box="[1107,1149,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1295,1319]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,309,1272]" captionTargetId="figure-85@18.[151,1435,309,1272]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12a–c. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype female: a, metafemur, outer face; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">12c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB71FD8BFB1FFD69" box="[1161,1204,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-20@21.[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15a–e. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur, outer face; c, metatibia, outer face; d, propodeum; e, metasoma, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296729/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">15e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB47FD8AFB40FD69" box="[1215,1259,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetId="figure-501@26.[317,1269,1245,1960]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 20a. Chalcis winstonae sp. nov., holotype female: gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4305952/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">20a</figureCitation>
|
||
), usually reaching the apex of the gaster. Species of both genera also have mandibles that lack a ventral lamina, the upper tooth longer than the lower teeth (except a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FD86FD52FC8BFD21" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[638,800,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FD86FD52FC8BFD21" box="[638,800,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in which the lower tooth is the longest), and a relatively long petiole and short gaster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FDA0FD36FD04FD1D" box="[600,687,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,237,1683]" captionTargetId="figure-56@7.[151,1435,237,1683]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3a–f. Chalcis danunciae sp. nov., holotype female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, head, frontolateral; e, antenna, outer face; f, protarsal claw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296705/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD43FD37FD72FD1D" box="[699,729,726,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-117@9.[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5a–f. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., holotype female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, antenna, inner face; e, pro- and mesopleura; f, protarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296709/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">5a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FC92FD36FC6BFD1D" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[874,960,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FC92FD36FC6BFD1D" box="[874,960,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Chalcis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FB55FD36FAE4FD1D" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[1197,1359,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FB55FD36FAE4FD1D" box="[1197,1359,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the female hypopygium having the median portion extended posteriorly as a narrow projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB6BFD1AFB42FCF9" box="[1171,1257,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-20@5.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2a–d. Chalcis boi sp. nov., holotype female: a, metatarsus, lateral; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral; d, ovipositor sheath, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296703/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 2d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB0CFD1AFABBFCF9" box="[1268,1296,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-25@8.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4a–c. Chalcis danunciae sp. nov., holotype female: a, metafemur, outer face; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">4c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FAE3FD1AFA91FCF9" box="[1307,1338,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-293@10.[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., holotype female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296711/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">6d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FABCFD1AFAC9FCF9" box="[1348,1378,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1334,1358]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,1310]" captionTargetId="figure-99@14.[151,1435,345,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw [insert: basal denticles]; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296717/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">9d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FA95FD1AFA3CFCF9" box="[1389,1431,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1295,1319]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,309,1272]" captionTargetId="figure-85@18.[151,1435,309,1272]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12a–c. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype female: a, metafemur, outer face; b, propodeum; c, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296723/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">12c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF6FFCFFFF69FCD5" box="[151,194,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-20@21.[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15a–e. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur, outer face; c, metatibia, outer face; d, propodeum; e, metasoma, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296729/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">15e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF35FCFEFF5CFCD5" box="[205,247,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetId="figure-501@26.[317,1269,1245,1960]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 20a. Chalcis winstonae sp. nov., holotype female: gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4305952/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">20a</figureCitation>
|
||
) or with the median portion distinct from the lateral areas, thickened but only slightly extended posteriorly beyond the level of adjacent margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FDC6FCA2FD30FCB1" box="[574,667,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-286@27.[348,1238,957,1626]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 21a. Chalcis microgaster Say, female: a, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4305954/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 21a</figureCitation>
|
||
) (posterior margin angled or bilobed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FBAEFCA2FB53FCB1" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[1110,1272,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FBAEFCA2FB53FCB1" box="[1110,1272,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); hypopygium of males comparatively large, flat or concave, and with distal margin truncate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FBEAFC86FBDAFC6E" box="[1042,1137,871,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1344,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-110@18.[151,1435,1344,1824]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 13a–f. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype male: a, habitus, lateral; b, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296725/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 13b</figureCitation>
|
||
) to notched (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FAFFFC86FAF4FC6D" box="[1287,1375,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1657,1681]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-235@11.[151,1435,669,1633]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., paratype male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, inner face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296713/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 7d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FA93FC86FA3CFC6D" box="[1387,1431,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1687,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-294@15.[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, outer face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">10d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF6FFC6AFF6AFC4A" box="[151,193,907,934]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-204@22.[151,1435,669,1631]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16a–c. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, frontolateral; c, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296731/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">16c</figureCitation>
|
||
) (hypopygium surface and distal margin convex in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FCFAFC6AFC0FFC49" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[770,932,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FCFAFC6AFC0FFC49" box="[770,932,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); mesocoxa with short pubescence on dorsolateral surface (with few long, erect bristles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FD53FC4EFCE6FC25" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[683,845,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FD53FC4EFCE6FC25" box="[683,845,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); mesotibial spur absent or when present at most as long as the apical width of the mesotibia (longer than apical width of mesotibia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FBC1FC32FB70FC01" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[1081,1243,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FBC1FC32FB70FC01" box="[1081,1243,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and metafemur usually without inner basal tooth ventrally or, if present, inner tooth short and triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB7DFC16FB48FBFD" box="[1157,1251,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,885,1367]" captionTargetId="figure-348@24.[151,1435,885,1367]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 18a–b. Chalcis quechua sp. nov., holotype female: a, metafemur, inner face [arrow: inner tooth]; b, propodeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296735/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 18a</figureCitation>
|
||
) (almost always spinelike and curved in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FDD5FBFAFD64FBD9" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[557,719,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FDD5FBFAFD64FBD9" box="[557,719,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The shape of tarsal claws has also been used to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FF6FFBDEFF46FBB5" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[151,237,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FF6FFBDEFF46FBB5" box="[151,237,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Chalcis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. In females, the claws have been most commonly described as slightly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FB31FBDEFAB5FBB5" box="[1225,1310,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-140@4.[151,1435,453,1896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1a–f. Chalcis boi sp. nov., holotype female: a, habitus, lateral, b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, head, lateral; e, protarsal claw; f, metafemur and metatibia, outer face." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296701/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 1e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FAD4FBDEFAE2FBB5" box="[1324,1353,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-293@10.[151,1435,741,1705]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., holotype female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296711/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">6a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FAADFBDEFAC5FBB5" box="[1365,1390,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1958,1982]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,489,1935]" captionTargetId="figure-170@13.[151,1435,489,1935]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8a–f. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, head and antennae, frontolateral; e, pro- and mesopleura; f, protarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296715/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">8f</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FA83FBDEFA3CFBB5" box="[1403,1431,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1334,1358]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,1310]" captionTargetId="figure-99@14.[151,1435,345,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw [insert: basal denticles]; b, metafemur and metatibia, outer face; c, propodeum; d, gaster, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296717/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">9a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF6FFB82FF14FB91" box="[151,191,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1958,1982]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,489,1935]" captionTargetId="figure-158@20.[151,1435,489,1935]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 14a–f. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, head and antenna, frontolateral; e, pro- and mesopleura; f, protarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296727/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">14f</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FF34FB83FF5DFB91" box="[204,246,1122,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-20@21.[151,1435,181,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15a–e. Chalcis pilicauda (Cameron), female: a, protarsal claw; b, metafemur, outer face; c, metatibia, outer face; d, propodeum; e, metasoma, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296729/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">15a</figureCitation>
|
||
) but in some species the claws are falcate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD11FB82FC96FB91" box="[745,829,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,237,1683]" captionTargetId="figure-56@7.[151,1435,237,1683]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3a–f. Chalcis danunciae sp. nov., holotype female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, head, frontolateral; e, antenna, outer face; f, protarsal claw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296705/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 3f</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FCB3FB82FCD8FB92" box="[843,883,1123,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-20@17.[151,1435,181,1624]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11a–f. Chalcis periotoi sp. nov., paratype female: a, habitus, lateral; b, habitus, dorsal; c, head, frontal; d, antenna, inner face; e, pro- and mesopleura; f, protarsal claw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296721/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">11f</figureCitation>
|
||
). In males, the tarsal claws are usually pectinate basally and almost always bifid apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD9FFB66FD16FB4D" box="[615,701,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1657,1681]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-235@11.[151,1435,669,1633]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7a–d. Chalcis intervalensis sp. nov., paratype male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, inner face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296713/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs 7c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A60FFC0BB71FD30FB66FD5FFB4D" box="[712,756,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1687,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-294@15.[151,1435,705,1664]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10a–d. Chalcis ornatifrons (Cameron), male: a, habitus, lateral; b, antennal scape, outer face; c, protarsal claw [arrow: bifid apex]; d, hypopygium, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4296719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">10c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36E5FFC0BB71FF3FFB4AFC19FA71" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
|
||
In addition to external morphology characters,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B14FFC0BB71FD2DFB4AFCD4FB29" author="Delvare, G." box="[725,895,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" pagination="119 - 376" refId="ref18826" refString="Delvare, G. (1992) A reclassification of the Chalcidini with a checklist of the New World species. In: Delvare, G. & Boucek, Z. (Eds) On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Associated Publishers, Florida, pp. 119 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1992">Delvare (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the following features of the male genitalia as diagnostic to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FEB5FB2EFE08FB05" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[333,419,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Chalcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FEB5FB2EFE08FB05" box="[333,419,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Chalcis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: phallobase with dorsal expansion, emarginate apically, completely open ventrally, ventral frame most often present, median ventral lamina narrow, without incision on each side of the median ventral lamina; aedeagus with dorsal and sometimes ventral expansion. For comparison, in his diagnosis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D66FFC0BB71FB67FAF6FAEAFADD" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[1183,1345,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Melanosmicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAF7FFC0BB71FB67FAF6FAEAFADD" box="[1183,1345,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Melanosmicra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he lists the phallobase closed ventrally at least along half length; ventral frame more or less obsolete or absent; median ventral lamina normal; phallobase emarginate or slightly incised near median ventral lamina; digiti normal, not narrow and not emarginate on outer edge; aedeagus short and rounded at apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |