237 lines
35 KiB
XML
237 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="14360E6DD387646E30858124C7331086" ID-CLB-Dataset="34806" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6300" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4cdb06af-7b47-4eb1-8428-1246ce24b387" ID-PMC="PMC4714329" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-129" ID-PubMed="26798288" ID-ZooBank="6207EFB5986A488E9DCF398870405E4D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-129" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Systematics and biology of XylocopasubgenusSchonnherria (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Argentina" checkinTime="1451243645828" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lucia, Mariano, Gonzalez, Victor H. & Abrahamovich, Alberto H." docDate="2015" docId="9D235BBDA0E4D576BAC0B8327FA3BC0F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 129-167" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6300" docTitle="Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="077FFFC2FFF3053EFFEE63450E2CFF82" masterDocTitle="Systematics and biology of XylocopasubgenusSchonnherria (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="167" masterPageNumber="129" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1732676631824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6FDA28574B3207A5242B788BB00A56BC">Systematics and biology of XylocopasubgenusSchonnherria (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Argentina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C678C78FAF6EAFD2FC33FAC59D93F50">Lucia, Mariano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EC0A50D8D7C84B20499AA732E9B1E01D">Gonzalez, Victor H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B5CC511864DDC1C31D612BD0E59F6CB">Abrahamovich, Alberto H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="AB7DB183DA7768175C85D06277AF0E06">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="11200FFE3175C6A42BCDC56146FDAA22" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8209F4219C542D8466C684C5A2C45717">543</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="7988D002F4896826009F6D98359EAA6E">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6300</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="ABA35DE9FF6201DF173EB84BA901182A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="04A9B0FAB3A01513D66988F3E3B7962C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6300</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9D235BBDA0E4D576BAC0B8327FA3BC0F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127878659" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D235BBDA0E4D576BAC0B8327FA3BC0F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D235BBDA0E4D576BAC0B8327FA3BC0F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" scope_family="Apidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subGenus="Schonnherria">
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<subSubSection id="6A1785398B15A4E655B0EFAD7FF0303B" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="6EDF6EC942C196F4809AFD9FBFEE22DB" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Apidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3D4C777EDBE60EA3F0600F9C2DDEC07F" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="996ADB9270A7058C3C480F69AE84CF6B" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="86018E85E6412E2F4EC2DFE693062EAA" ID-CoL="5CKVK" authority="Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841</taxonomicName>
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Figures 2, 9, 14, 21, 27, 32, 37, 42, 55
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="272CCB1B432B10BB3AC3D0379E376E89" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CBBC08177CB94CA4A05D023D4CF6F7C8" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="C95EBE05804668E18D6879CE0A0CB1F0" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
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Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841: 209 (holotype: ♂, Brazil, whereabouts unknown)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="82445CE2B222811B01ED6408C8D33F5F" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="A5EAF2172014EE9185FBA6F517CFD7DC" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa crotalariae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crotalariae">Xylocopa crotalariae</taxonomicName>
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Schrottky, 1901: 212, 214 (nomen nudum)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D7A8EFF419EE8EE6663C0C1F7F90772B" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="183E2BD1863BCB0F86FF729D54D0A895" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa crotalariae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crotalariae">Xylocopa crotalariae</taxonomicName>
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Schrottky, 1902: 472 (holotype: MZUSP; ♀,
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<normalizedToken id="682C85008831E35F45333DA906B154B7" originalValue="Jundiaí">Jundiai</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken id="25F61E3FD91845E9B95A1C607A484FFF" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, Brazil) (examined);
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<bibRefCitation id="D844A1DE6E8BF9E60F87BFFC2D6AD420" author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 365" title="A classification on the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="29" year="1963">Hurd and Moure 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 302 (synonym with
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<taxonomicName id="F476B25D6F8E687DF50B3600A9E6D523" genus="Scarabaeoidea" lsidName="Scarabaeoidea macrops" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="macrops">macrops</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD58E77061CD01F011A18C310F0EF8A4" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="1A2BE309D232B405D32AC0992E4BF76B" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa boops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Xylocopa boops</taxonomicName>
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Maidl, 1912: 325 (holotype: NMW; ♂, Brazil) (examined, syn. n.)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="136711E0B3B1FC025184C58CD5B99C58" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="94627CF2DA233A7698DA7BAEB11173A7" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa (Schonnherria) macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops" subGenus="Schonnherria">Xylocopa (Schonnherria) macrops</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="B6259B71D9EAF2FC19ED7CF32ACA9226" author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 365" title="A classification on the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="29" year="1963">Hurd and Moure 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 302
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2FD1C04BDF4A29AC90A355909F36C42A" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="91657CF696969C0BF43801D3BB945357" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CD2A7FC383FFC4E1F895673549B5EEBD" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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The female of this species can be distinguished from other Argentinean species of
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<taxonomicName id="BE2415F36E9AC921E0969F5F09F5582A" genus="Scarabaeoidea" lsidName="Scarabaeoidea (Schonnherria)" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schonnherria">Schonnherria</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of characters: medium-sized bees (18-22 mm); body pubescence black; integument black throughout with very weak metallic blue, often most evident on mesoscutum, tegula, outer surfaces of pro- and mesotibiae, and metasomal terga; clypeus depressed basally on disc, dorsolaterally elevated from adjacent paraocular area (Fig. 2); vertex, behind lateral ocelli, with coarse punctures separated by 1-2 times a puncture width; metasomal terga sparsely punctate, punctures coarse and separated by at least two times a puncture width (Fig. 14); wings black with metallic green and violet highlights. The male can be easily recognized by the following combination of characters: compound eyes enlarged, strongly convergent dorsally (Fig. 9); meso- and metasoma with distinct metallic blue highlights; metasoma sparsely punctate with very short setae, each seta barely exiting puncture; discs of S2-S6 each with sublateral yellow maculation. The female of this species superficially resembles that of
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<taxonomicName id="E575EEAA36704AE33B4F73EA1A9F5A03" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa simillima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simillima">Xylocopa simillima</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="B60956A2268835974E2792D57F970CF4" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">Xylocopa dimidiata</taxonomicName>
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Latreille (not occurring in Argentina, see below) in the body size and black color of the integument, pubescence and wings. However, it can be separated from both species primarily by the midbasal tubercle of the labrum and the shape of clypeus. In those species the labrum has a single, large, capitate tubercle and the disc of the clypeus is flat. In
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<taxonomicName id="54674E2C3E3488F23740274485577B14" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
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the labrum has three tubercles, a longitudinally elongated median tubercle and two small sublateral tubercles, and the clypeus is basally depressed, dorsolaterally elevated from adjacent paraocupar area. The male can be confused with that of
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<taxonomicName id="7E0DA90528F68350C7ACAEE3AF7B95E1" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa splendidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendidula">Xylocopa splendidula</taxonomicName>
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by the compound eyes strongly convergent dorsally and the blue metallic highlights of the metasoma. However, in
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<taxonomicName id="3C672EF86E902B57813E288FD4E83DA8" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
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the metafemur is distinctly modified, with the ventral margin strongly protuberant, the metabasitarsus is robust and shorter than the metatibia. In
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<taxonomicName id="32375B43DA615BA8604E8250AB63969F" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa splendidula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendidula">Xylocopa splendidula</taxonomicName>
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both the metafemur and metabasitarsus are unmodified, and the latter is longer than the metatibia; also, yellow maculations are absent from the labrum and discs of the sterna (present in
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<taxonomicName id="2170CB8BAE756367F87395596166395E" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7882456E614E9293932E7729E52275A7" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="female">
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<paragraph id="0685B0B742C4E7B8089A084C7BFB0DC9" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="47CFB5FF8F8181CCFCC15F643D7E463D" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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Body length 19.6 (18.3-21.7); head length 5.1 (4.8-5.4); head width 6.1 (5.8-6.4); mesosoma width 6.6 (6.2-7.0); metasoma width 7.6 (7.2-8.0); forewing length 15.9 (15.0-17.3); forewing width 4.8 (4.4-5.4). Coloration. Integument dark reddish brown to black with weak metallic blue-green highlights, particularly on mesoscutum and metasomal terga. Wing dark brown to black with metallic violet-green highlights. Pubescence. Predominantly black, except by pale setae intermixed with black setae on face and sides of T4-T6 and S4-S6 (sometimes absent). Head with abundant setae, scattered on gena. Mesosoma with abundant, plumose setae, nearly asetose on discs of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. T1 with plumose setae on basal half, with very short simple setae on distal half, each seta barely exiting puncture; T2-T5 with short setae as on distal half of T1, setae longer and denser on sides of T5 and T6 (Fig. 14); sterna with longer setae than on terga, setae progressively becoming denser and longer towards apical segments. Sculpturing. Weakly imbricate to smooth and shiny. Clypeus with dorsolateral elevated area impunctate; vertex sparsely punctate, punctures denser behind lateral ocellus (1-2 times a puncture width), becoming sparser and shallower on upper gena. Mesoscutum with coarse, sparse punctures as on vertex along anterior margin and lateral to pasapsidal lines, impunctate otherwise; mesoscutellum largely impunctate on anterior half. Metasomal terga with circular to ovoid punctures smaller than those on posterior half of mesoscutellum, punctures separated by 2-3 times a puncture width, denser and elongated on T5 (Fig. 14). Structure. Head broader than long (1.1-1.3:1); compound eyes with inner margins parallel; proportion of upper to lower interocular distance 0.8-0.9:1; middle interocular distance 3.7-4.0; vertex broad, distance between median ocellus and posterior margin of vertex 3.7-4.1 times OD; orbitoccipital distance 0.7-0.9; lateral ocelli below supraorbital line; interocellar distance to ocelocular distance 0.8-1.0:1; interocellar to ocelloccipital 0.5-0.6:1; ocellocular to alveolocellar 0.6-0.8:1; orbitoccipital to ocellocular 0.8-1:1; alveolocular to interalveolar 1.0-1.2:1; clypeoalveolar distance short, about as long as longitudinal diameter of antennal socket; clypeocellar distance to distance between median ocellus and posterior margin of vertex 0.8-1:1; frontal carina elevated and forming a low tubercle near lower tangent of antennal sockets, continuing dorsally into a low carina (Fig. 2); clypeus broader than long, 2.1-2.3:1, depressed basally on disc, dorsolaterally elevated from adjacent paraocular area; supraclypeal area depressed on disc, laterally elevated from adjacent paraocular area; proportion of length of scape, pedicel and F1-F4: 2.9
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<normalizedToken id="29D9DF5C796F6F1A550016785DE31BDA" originalValue="–3.5:0.3–0.4:1:0.3–">-3.5:0.3-0.4:1:0.3-</normalizedToken>
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0.4: 0.4
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<normalizedToken id="4B3E49A882E2A90C7FE3AFEB4F46E70F" originalValue="–0.5:0.4–">-0.5:0.4-</normalizedToken>
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0.5, respectively; labrum broader than long, with three basal tubercles, median tubercle distinct, longitudinally elongate, sublateral tubercles small, obscured by pubescence. Mesoscutellum gently convex; metanotum and propodeum vertical.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F61E799DE559493A3F8A26B0B7B21E83" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="male">
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<paragraph id="3211023338A35B0151EB0891B79FE7C7" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Male.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A7F2371F389B5B63EE9ED119AE27630" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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As in the female, except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: body length 21.6 (20.7-22.7); head length 5.1 (4.9-5.4); head width 6.2 (6.0-6.4); mesosoma width 7.3 (7.0-7.6); metasoma width 7.7 (7.2-8.0); forewing length 15.5 (14.3-16.0); forewing width 4.1 (4.0-4.4). Coloration. Integument with distinct metallic blue-green highlights. Cream to yellow maculations as follows: labrum, mandible basally (sometimes absent), clypeus, supraclypeal area, inferior paraocular area, anterior surface of scape, and discs of S2-S6 each with sub
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<pageBreakToken id="B26EEB95B91F607501B2DC996B8E96B1" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" start="start">lateral</pageBreakToken>
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, triangular maculation (sometimes absent on S2, S5 and S6). Wings hyaline to subhyaline with weak golden highlights. Pubescense. Longer and denser than on female, predominantly whitish, except dark brown to black on: interocelar area, vertex, pronotal lobe, metepisternum, propodeum, procoxa, inner surfaces of profemur and protarsi, remaining legs excluding posterior margin of metatibia, sides of T1, T5, T6, sides of sterna, and discs of S4-S6. White pubescence on T1 dense, nearly obscuring integument. Sculpturing. Coarser and denser than in female, particularly on sides of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, and terga (Fig. 21). Structure. Compound eyes strongly converging dorsally, proportion of upper to lower interocular distance 0.1-0.2:1; upper interocular distance 0.5-0.8 times OD; middle interocular distance 2.0-2.2; distance between median ocellus and posterior margin of vertex 3.6-4.2 OD; orbitoccipital distance absent due to enlargement of eyes; lateral ocelli well below supraorbital line; interocellar distance to ocelocular distance 4.0-9.0:1; interocellar to ocelloccipital 0.2-0.3:1; ocellocular to alveolocellar 0.1:1; orbitoccipital to ocellocular reduced, alveolocular to interalveolar 0.4-0.6:1; clypeocellar distance to distance between median ocellus and posterior margin of vertex 0.5-0.6:1; clypeus broader than long, 1.5-1.7:1; proportion of length of scape, pedicel and F1-F4: 3.0
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<normalizedToken id="EAC4763408C41BB9EFBA371C63817367" originalValue="–3.2:0.3–0.4:1:0.2–0.3:0.3–0.4:0.4–">-3.2:0.3-0.4:1:0.2-0.3:0.3-0.4:0.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.5, respectively. Legs robust; mesobasitarsus shorter than mesotibia; metacoxa and metatrochanter toothed; metafemur protuberant ventrally; metatibia with distinct cavity distally on inner surface bordered by two spinous projections, inner projection triangular, short, outer projection broader than and about as long as tibial spur; metabasitarsus robus, shorter than metatibia. Genitalia as in Figs 27, 32, 37, 42.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A28EA898695470C4E5CF3CDA036DCE46" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="A359DA1542BD946B8E615CEBB38EA7A7" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1CBBA4E23F2404489179859C2D24146F" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
This species appears to be widely distributed in South America, occuring from Colombia to Brazil (Table 1). We examined or collected specimens from the following nine provinces in Argentina (Fig. 55): Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre
|
||
<normalizedToken id="927C7E2A2F2906F3C7595275FA1CB0F1" originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Formosa, Misiones, Salta, Santa Fe, and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C315A97B5C14067169D97A0A900DD7E0" originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C8509D5808000508D48102FFA8BFA6B9" author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="28" pageNumber="157" title="An Annotated Catalog of the Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)" year="1978">Hurd (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also recorded this species from Jujuy and Santiago del Estero. It occurs in the following biogeographic provinces:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BFD3E07FCD5C0A3818D7352E76CDAC04" originalValue="Chaqueña">Chaquena</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Pampeana, Paranaense, and Yungas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="633CFD591FAB5AE416BCDC1D88D8A830" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC919AFE1C80554356D52DE8F4AE538E" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6D48350712BB575D00855E5D287CB597" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6D6E9EF8A4002CB0F509CD877F9FA84" author="Maidl, F" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des K. - K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="249 - 330" title="Die Xylocopen (Holzbienen) des wiener Hofmuseums: Ein beitrag zu einer monographie dieser gattung." volume="26" year="1912">Maidl (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C54CEEC39D216909935064A2403C2CE3" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa boops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Xylocopa boops</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single male from an unspecified location in Brazil. The species was later listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB226C685CD3809EE770DE7574E8CA06" author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="28" pageNumber="157" title="An Annotated Catalog of the Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)" year="1978">Hurd (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Tafi, Province of Tucuman, Argentina. We examined the type specimen currently deposited at NMW (Figs 49-52) as well as the male specimen from Argentina deposited at USNM. Both specimens closely agree with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1745870EE24AD8CDD8942EFED760814" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all morphologically external characters, including the genitalia, except by the size of their compound eyes. In these specimens the eyes are extremely large and convergent above so that their upper margins are nearly in contact dorsally (Figs 49, 50). Such upper interorbital distance is about 0.23 times OD in the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3961157846C8663E3C9C277717379634" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa boops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Xylocopa boops</taxonomicName>
|
||
whereas it ranges from 0.54-0.72 times OD in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4854EE872AFB3D09C2C48DF702F7E372" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 10). The shapes of the gonocoxite, apex of gonostylus, and lateral carina of the penis valve, which have proven to be reliable in species recognition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE3691CC914BF8440265BEAE6DF0FEFB" genus="Scarabaeoidea" lsidName="Scarabaeoidea (Schonnherria)" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schonnherria">Schonnherria</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 25-44), are identical between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F421F7330C9B9F4CB26E39CA29D4FE" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa boops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Xylocopa boops</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C0A9E936D54BB0D44562CE8DFFF75E2" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, it seems to us that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81CFCB16662C77FD15327E9BC66F5BB9" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa boops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Xylocopa boops</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from an individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="732D52621D11BBC9C9A45739A18F781C" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="81767F923ADAE337ABADE438A27C2252" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" start="start">Xylocopa</pageBreakToken>
|
||
macrops
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with unusually large eyes and we have decided not to recognize this species. Here it is synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D2A66D6DED2A0DB2862D1A7A42F31E8" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8069613643FAF3EDD3DB6FF29F12A9E3" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F39B01CC929D2F7CBF631CFC0C926346" author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="28" pageNumber="157" title="An Annotated Catalog of the Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)" year="1978">Hurd (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25) listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C87F7A59D9ADD132345303D2FACBB03E" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa subcyanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcyanea">Xylocopa subcyanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E87831DF87FFC913A5D27E0133D78950" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
|
||
from Misiones and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="90E3F19917299E607D9075B7B01E4D86" author="Torreta, JP" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="17 - 32" title="Visitantes florales diurnos del girasol (Helianthusannuus, Asterales: Asteraceae) en la Argentina." volume="69" year="2010">Torreta et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="234AC305359D08837EFB693E462A1E72" originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
|
||
, province of Entre Rios. We were not able to capture or find any specimen of this species from Argentina in the field or in the collections we visited. However, a single female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6123F50E839B55158F681EEE8F834686" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposited at MACN and labeled
|
||
<normalizedToken id="93EF8C5D79F9F15FC3F280325E40297F" originalValue="“Paraná">"Parana</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Noviembre, n° 190", was erroneously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C375C880816BC666C0C3FFBDD09EC4D" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa subcyanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcyanea">Xylocopa subcyanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likewise, the two female specimens recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6DF783930E0B38FF5F56AED5BC948EE0" author="Torreta, JP" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="17 - 32" title="Visitantes florales diurnos del girasol (Helianthusannuus, Asterales: Asteraceae) en la Argentina." volume="69" year="2010">Torreta et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30E6AA1AE92D2DD94D79D8C7AD9F9ACF" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa subcyanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcyanea">Xylocopa subcyanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(deposited at FAUBA) turned out to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CEA46F7EF3D9444364943296F50073D" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, it appears that records of this species for Argentina are misidentified specimens. We examined the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F7818B036426EC8F0E4E67E68DB6E13" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa subcyanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcyanea">Xylocopa subcyanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
currently deposited at MNHN and also examined specimens of this species from Brazil. The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB4155A199F4593270DDFED8D2B8FD21" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa subcyanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subcyanea">Xylocopa subcyanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD89E23F79FB692E2C4CDBAAC576BCBB" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the upper gena densely punctate (largely impunctate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A477D393C0EB2BEEC4D92747818B59B" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
), disc of clypeus flat, uniformly punctate (largely impunctate and depressed basally in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90C7AB3029C2717F807C4F8F1CA70212" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
), punctures of terga elongate, dense (punctures circular and sparse in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7B0490569122DC304600C06F9F10197" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and wings subhyaline, brownish (dark brown to black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F90EBB50E957482A5CCAF80A183259E" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa macrops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrops">Xylocopa macrops</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0AC874D28870F91C1B32E54860D50ECF" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<paragraph id="4B8BFAA612E8EBC27517E9BB8BE3A705" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Figures 45-48. Male genital capsule of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EFC9779CD77E0290911C75DD6FDDAE4" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa simillima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simillima">Xylocopa simillima</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 45, 46 dorsal and ventral views respectively 47, 48 detail of the apex of gonostylus and penis valve in dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A4422A14917E11D687FD6FE124A3788F" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<paragraph id="ABFFA23B97F6F0C65485E29D859778A8" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Figures 49-52. Male holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF33B393B3B4997DB75BAEB24DEE3DDC" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa boops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Xylocopa boops</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 49 Facial view 50, 51 Head and mesosoma in dorsal and lateral views 52, 53 Metasoma in lateral and dorsal views 54 genital capsule in dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm, 0.5 mm (Fig. 54).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1FE2E41960B6A3BB40FE0689942CFA04" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<paragraph id="AF5665380DFD713B87192607B64FEC7F" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Figures 55-58. Collection localities for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1976F2DDDB37DDF80E08771300792E0F" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa (Schonnherria)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schonnherria">Xylocopa subgenus Schonnherria</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Argentina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |