532 lines
55 KiB
XML
532 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297111" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f1b99209-6e3c-435d-8e27-eefdf36da9dc" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905265806" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="C933B7895A17776B3849F532371C4A99" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Soricomorpha.220-311.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Soricidae G. Fischer 1814" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="BFF703DCC4E4C98D20FE0AB477F0FE06" lastPageNumber="223" masterDocId="BFF703DCC4E4C98D20FE0AB477F0FE06" masterDocTitle="Order Soricomorpha" masterLastPageNumber="311" masterPageNumber="220" pageNumber="223" updateTime="1716775530109" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
|
<mods:mods id="5E3E27576371D4349224D93106F6F9C6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="E3A08269969DFCB2E76140E08C15892D">
|
|
<mods:title id="DAB7122817F03F28A47AE6C15E3C3978">Order Soricomorpha</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name id="20739BB8579B4EFE958B61A5A910A1F2" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="0E982D5AF0ACB966432FDC9E023306CA">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="3C95EA74DA2D30A8CA2A713CB8AA9D18">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="BB63FF10C4B79E3D3B7D80FDC757F12F">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="4EE27DFA45E458BA83DCA1406978694F" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="4A636ECB686CC6B8F0DD133F59B94EF9">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="0138DB9794D6EC222959AFCAB53C018E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="2F86401B8C08DBB0D5E2A4C855A5F4F7">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="5AB156855A21CA65454060BF3619E771">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="EC23E03EBD5F8F5F10498EF120A449D3" type="host">
|
|
<mods:originInfo id="B43FB35B7A0AAE541FA514B4729B2DD4">
|
|
<mods:dateIssued id="96BB0792799FA77B7D3897293FCB2E32">2005</mods:dateIssued>
|
|
<mods:publisher id="5CC6B7D660AD2BCD0A4B2E7D7D98ACBC">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
|
|
<mods:place id="0CA3EFFB7C2C00D48AB792362864729F">
|
|
<mods:placeTerm id="B1A5880B843DD3777497386286DA377E">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
|
|
</mods:place>
|
|
</mods:originInfo>
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="32B22123B78EF5759B5A9792C7EBD42F">
|
|
<mods:title id="B0BCF1FF3FE205851C2FF9F239ABEE2A">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part id="E9D6139FA571CE48E91E15FB4057B8F8">
|
|
<mods:extent id="48D50899541F3C81EF56EF8006280341" unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start id="9C9F2BFFDABC29441C7C5A1B95C4253C">220</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end id="ED94AF0699D4D91375FBD43DB2728EA2">311</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:classification id="8AC5CEBA0CBA7D130CB1585A4A63A265">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="33CFF578B4D3B7D3D6722FFFD0AC46CA" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="379C8E01F458234E5E34CACE25CA10BA" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment id="C933B7895A17776B3849F532371C4A99" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231545295" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C933B7895A17776B3849F532371C4A99" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C933B7895A17776B3849F532371C4A99" lastPageNumber="223" pageNumber="223" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13700021">
|
|
<subSubSection id="73ED831B64315FC9FA2377004906CBE1" pageNumber="223" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph id="08448757097477A0A036B7589F5D436A" pageNumber="223">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D643CB8C339B26C2B56D5BAE3A81D4A2" ID-CoL="626YH" authority="G. Fischer 1814" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricidae G. Fischer 1814</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="8EAC45303474CB201CE8C7787762BCB1" pageNumber="223" type="reference_group">
|
|
<paragraph id="FE9CD38A7608ECE1894111FB911FDF98" pageNumber="223">
|
|
<treatmentCitation id="8BAA0E7F8B2B8729A02391109A0C84A9" author="G. Fischer" authority="G. Fischer 1814" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" page="x" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="family" title="Soricidae" volumeTitle="Zoognosia Tabulis Synopticis Illustrata, Vol. 3" year="1814">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FE13D1B58BAD49DEB23BDCAFF250A7B0" ID-CoL="626YH" authority="G. Fischer 1814" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricidae G. Fischer 1814</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibCitation id="6009AC89A69FF69CE078A49042CEBEBC" author="G. Fischer" pageNumber="223" pagination="x" title="Soricidae" volumeTitle="Zoognosia Tabulis Synopticis Illustrata, Vol. 3" year="1814">Zoognosia Tabulis Synopticis Illustrata, Vol. 3: x</bibCitation>
|
|
</treatmentCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="25A4E6B7C7AD4EB7716DDF441C1FBA9F" pageNumber="223" type="synonym_list">
|
|
<paragraph id="B78A17548A483F2296A941440A529BBC" pageNumber="223">
|
|
<emphasis id="D578EA595801E87BE4F3D4593BFF726E" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="223">Synonyms:</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1119711E70B48E5EE95AC9963CE0A22D" authority="Lesson 1842" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Sorexineae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sorexineae Lesson 1842</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6168810EA21141BD497F04105A3EEA46" authority="G. Fischer 1814" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricinorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricinorum G. Fischer 1814</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F60F6F05E6AA55B02C7DD8B57F20B184" pageNumber="223" type="child_taxa">
|
|
<paragraph id="A18038449F2A00843E504C9DDFB4C3DD" pageNumber="223">
|
|
<emphasis id="C3C325176EA8F4BE6839E86F678673A4" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="223">Genera:</emphasis>
|
|
26 genera with 376 species in 3 subfamilies and 6 tribes:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="39E64879595A35C9C96669F529268AD7" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AF016D47051110CFDBA5474D533377C9" authority="Milne-Edwards 1872" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crocidurinae">Crocidurinae Milne-Edwards 1872</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="834459666205C5C197700243FAE27C7C" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E68694F75FED83837C72D18D7E2D1F13" authority="Wagler 1832" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="35D2D072BC978A68C3F98AEFCA093AD1" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Crocidura</emphasis>
|
|
Wagler 1832
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(172 species with 56 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8EDC94FBAA2B0FE63323DC980D0FFA27" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="092A6EC58B1413E137D53E3425E288F0" authority="Brandt 1852" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Diplomesodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="6854D8AD1143ED498F893E860F7B0ECE" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Diplomesodon</emphasis>
|
|
Brandt 1852
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="11A32345B2D1D9F8118BBBEC80903260" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1EF472961D25CA07E722B19FFA34A2CA" authority="Kelaart 1852" authorityName="Kelaart" authorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Feroculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0E31974F0618EF20F0E4C8201CF7BCEC" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Feroculus</emphasis>
|
|
Kelaart 1852
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="66C48AB8C48864F688A4428FCB942648" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="64A3750000470411C60C9752C20463C7" authority="Heim de Balsac 1956" authorityName="Heim de Balsac" authorityYear="1956" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Paracrocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="028EB1D0CB4CD7B5BD0DE75C81C957D2" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Paracrocidura</emphasis>
|
|
Heim de Balsac 1956
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2AD4555C92230D4ABF8181DD8A77CAFB" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FED4F385D1A7363C0F3DFA4C1B13FCA5" authority="Hutterer 1986" authorityName="Hutterer" authorityYear="1986" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Ruwenzorisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="DB9879C2A74C4FCF5365F2B53C5852BC" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Ruwenzorisorex</emphasis>
|
|
Hutterer 1986
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="88EE3F2D20F19F18255AC6431E41C64C" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5C26CC15665CFCA85572EE78F318A973" authority="Thomas 1913" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Scutisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="DB8B2B21C4F8933AFC23D7892C8E71A8" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Scutisorex</emphasis>
|
|
Thomas 1913
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="05E4E601F6A491106F0A68BE77481CF5" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="187BFD6E52FBCD7C3A5D9996CB9F6582" authority="Thomas 1924" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Solisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="407B779D1FD783ED7638AE452D093ADA" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Solisorex</emphasis>
|
|
Thomas 1924
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1C02821EA1B416944FD5CFC2BA3950DF" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A3AF594EDD8BF77058A72924C86AB32F" authority="Ehrenberg 1832" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="F2FFC583CCC03A88EF006432C2D84BBB" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Suncus</emphasis>
|
|
Ehrenberg 1832
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(18 species with 2 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="622711B3F393AF19CEA4A0B0942A375D" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="264484A353B65DE1B2DF6A0BFE5A8249" authority="Thomas 1904" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sylvisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8BFBBC072FAE35B7DA70238289E78C8F" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Sylvisorex</emphasis>
|
|
Thomas 1904
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(12 species with 4 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B943BCD29E1CC61C9D16F253D08D5079" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1EDE3D15595790FEBD34C618771C014A" authority="Kretzoi 1965" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myosoricinae">Myosoricinae Kretzoi 1965</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FA0761F619B00723369F41A0526A8F88" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FBB09EA865D075BB2434229BE428CEAB" authority="Heim de Balsac and Lamotte 1956" authorityName="Heim de Balsac and Lamotte" authorityYear="1956" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Congosorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D53DCA50775C8769DB41A734266CA627" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Congosorex</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B4397BB5874DAD0F52E45FAD3065813B" author="Heim de Balsac, H. & M. Lamotte" refId="ref145583" refString="Heim de Balsac, H., and M. Lamotte. 1956. Evolution et phylogenie des Soricides africaines. Mammalia, 20: 140 - 167." year="1956">Heim de Balsac and Lamotte 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B747373A4C2D520AB1D092D449D97124" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="830C0F5350BAAE8BC7047AA009C990EB" authority="Gray 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Myosorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0BAE9149D1DAC1A42BDB6351A7A8CB16" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Myosorex</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6C0253EA7FFAC153CD6B9408B297259E" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref128275" refString="Gray, J. E. 1837 [1838]. On a new species of paradoxure (Paradoxurus derbianus) with remarks on some Mammalia recently purchased by the British Museum, and characters of the new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1837: 67." year="1837">Gray 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(14 species with 2 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="80B24C9778FB1C9BEE6B11CA886150EB" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36C789B180E35B15F7BC169A812F7537" authority="Thomas 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Surdisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AB2E6B4EC908503A151075A7E92A2A73" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Surdisorex</emphasis>
|
|
Thomas 1906
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D811709488EBDAB7BC81D08AF1D3F2EE" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FE333B4A0AAF9265F8DFF28C8EDA75AF" authority="G. Fischer 1814" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Soricinae">Soricinae G. Fischer 1814</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2637883955BA2840E6358E4D245B1759" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4ABDCE0DCD45304DDB213AEF70D191C1" authority="Anderson 1879" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Anourosoricini">
|
|
Anourosoricini
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FBAF45D6FC2A39B7C26503B8B65B2452" author="Anderson, J." refId="ref8400" refString="Anderson, J. 1879. Anatomical and zoological researches in western Yunnan. Quaritch, London, 984 pp." year="1879">Anderson 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="25AD6EF2FE9317075D37F5135FD4E373" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B933FE368252BF352E8C7E6B673541A" authority="Milne-Edwards 1872" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Anourosorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="7B3987F91F546A4AED33119C0DE8A10C" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Anourosorex</emphasis>
|
|
Milne-Edwards 1872
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(4 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="67EC2027B450D1B1AE79EC599B2AE763" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BCD5DE95B50EB2C5D93F2589E9D81B1A" authority="Reumer 1998" authorityName="Reumer" authorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Blarinellini">
|
|
Blarinellini
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A93B861BD19280DA0BC585591050CB8B" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302714" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1998. A classification of the fossil and recent shrews. Pp. 5 - 22, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Reumer 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5AC0C072B792229A238688344A4A8D15" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5F20D9654C52B04C70260752110F99DB" authority="Thomas 1911" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Blarinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="DF07776A60B90A8A2DCF433123160E71" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Blarinella</emphasis>
|
|
Thomas 1911
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9A909D8F0007F842B69BB0050C5A86D9" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AC96DCFD7BFE40A0AE82FBF553B6F122" authority="Kretzoi 1965" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Blarinini">Blarinini Kretzoi 1965</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="657FA047EA112AFE0B508A69AF3F7E51" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="50A859B10470C8654C05D6285FB190E5" authority="Gray 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Blarina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="827E5B462DEEA947FED2C6FEF053D73B" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Blarina</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="2DC82CE63CF68E1189AC7178DA33E470" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref128275" refString="Gray, J. E. 1837 [1838]. On a new species of paradoxure (Paradoxurus derbianus) with remarks on some Mammalia recently purchased by the British Museum, and characters of the new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1837: 67." year="1837">Gray 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(4 species with 16 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9B721869C45FC3B49A966AC24B54C5D4" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="00356728DF49129E41D68632FDF7CC29" authority="Pomel 1848" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Cryptotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5B291DF9A8371F325F2121DF3A780ECE" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Cryptotis</emphasis>
|
|
Pomel 1848
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(30 species with 7 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0D17DA5275645F2F748CBEFE82109803" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EFD1B3E64FD3E1CBB8E40F3DA6CBAA5F" authority="Anderson 1879" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Nectogalini">
|
|
Nectogalini
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F87558DECE4B92CA63AFEDED4909DAB7" author="Anderson, J." refId="ref8400" refString="Anderson, J. 1879. Anatomical and zoological researches in western Yunnan. Quaritch, London, 984 pp." year="1879">Anderson 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FACB2936EF53C436DEE0D1D074B0C710" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE4D92617E44D7016B10DABBCACD0AA4" authority="Anderson 1877" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Chimarrogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="2E6A77D03B5CD2AE2952FCF1BCCBE29D" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Chimarrogale</emphasis>
|
|
Anderson 1877
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(6 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="23A7F698A6E2BA51C6D9DE037D5E9287" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C9C5007BE9746F01D0A7EB69F4BB9E5F" authority="Kastchenko 1907" authorityName="Kastchenko" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Chodsigoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8B68D2AAE67F50B22955B595A4CDA51A" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Chodsigoa</emphasis>
|
|
Kastchenko 1907
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(8 species with 3 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="046DCC4EBF1D145BAE3A29AA00F2F678" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DDD5799B0CFC1A8B6FE158BDDDC99A3C" authority="Ellermann and Morrison-Scott 1966" authorityName="Ellermann and Morrison-Scott" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Episoriculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="933CC824CC46374FB13855A5A209CF44" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Episoriculus</emphasis>
|
|
Ellermann and Morrison-Scott 1966
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(4 species with 5 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E0747B2AD4E05DB6EE6A2DB62FAAAA88" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="29B47ECEB3CC245CE8470AB90CF33D82" authority="Milne-Edwards 1870" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Nectogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B15E2FFB95BEB8AF8D07A08CBECDF29A" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Nectogale</emphasis>
|
|
Milne-Edwards 1870
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D1B06E8768DFC91EC7A7D0023DB2783C" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="555F039091A92C94E04CE5889FAD792C" authority="Kaup 1829" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Neomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="2E61B9BBAB25864B7BC29DCD646289C4" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Neomys</emphasis>
|
|
Kaup 1829
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E3694786036F2DE89FE9DC68E488575E" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1D0F592CE8257E88CF6C735368C31157" authority="Bate 1945" authorityName="Bate" authorityYear="1945" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Nesiotites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="82D59E003282C86FDEEF9D2122239E08" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Nesiotites</emphasis>
|
|
Bate 1945
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5CF8907C4CA8A01FA19BEB5BF2AC1DBF" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F298C5E52E0A6B2BBBA0A230A86C8CEF" authority="Blyth 1854" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Soriculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="28F50953F8E97133C1106CD4FB90B5DF" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Soriculus</emphasis>
|
|
Blyth 1854
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species with 2 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="040FE0932AC74D46B420C10B64F989E0" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="448AB043EA411F9465055B1B3EC62898" authority="Reumer 1984" authorityName="Reumer" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Notiosoricini">
|
|
Notiosoricini
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="2B322806B52ED01046166416DF4D7221" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302508" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1984. Ruscinian and early Pleistocene Soricidae (Insectivora, Mammalia) from Tegelen (The Netherlands) and Hungary. Scripta Geologica, 73: 1 - 173." year="1984">Reumer 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A229B833C1F18031726164DF3A2BF7D4" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="630C2A3A35A6245306F48E63604ACB4D" authority="Hibbard 1950" authorityName="Hibbard" authorityYear="1950" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Megasorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="82D3933B67C3972BB341AB696EF24471" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Megasorex</emphasis>
|
|
Hibbard 1950
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3D9CCF23AB03B16B17867058D63665FE" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2AE6B310A16ECF95C9EFD0F981F4AC3B" authority="Coues 1877" authorityName="Coues" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Notiosorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="BA687DBF38202C2D1E6262E7874F3639" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Notiosorex</emphasis>
|
|
Coues 1877
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(4 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5D7004B09A862F1F7A15BE3737AEC7BD" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="972D3A2D91EF794E3E2ACD76691EF2B4" authority="G. Fischer 1814" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Soricini">Soricini G. Fischer 1814</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2EC9D34DD1FABD46C40ED3B2AD38D3A8" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1A78C83D77FE2DE0BA8F9AE709591A5B" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="DA22FEC04C157312528885AC65FB424D" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Sorex</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E8424736B72DF4D960DA9114AC49AE65" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(77 species with 92 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="48CED1F38D8DB5E6BE212412E4C74276" pageNumber="223" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="357180844D4515100BBD58CC23B8B427" pageNumber="223">
|
|
<emphasis id="BE424EB7D0474B5641FE0EF2D6F41573" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="223">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
|
<paragraph id="4162A739DD0DF9DD60227DC6679480CF" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Shrews form a coherent group which leaves little doubt about its monophyly. One problem still under discussion is the inclusion or exclusion of the extinct Heterosoricinae Viret and Zapfe, 1951. Many authors include them in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5BD9A6C3FC635E9965BA366BA791DF6B" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a subfamily (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="41A3C8C9C4421ECD389A014C3136A8EC" author="Engesser, B." refId="ref95529" refString="Engesser, B. 1975. Revision der europaischen Heterosoricinae (Insectivora, Mammalia). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 68: 649 - 671." year="1975">Engesser, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6B8C9E7B881954806DF2E7C752D160FB" author="Jammot, D." refId="ref171821" refString="Jammot, D. 1983. Evolution des Soricidae. Insectivora, Mammalia. Symbioses, 15: 253 - 273." year="1983">Jammot, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EBACE596C91C7557FBEF09271470CC17" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5EEA2FDCE043289C1288E150B7DB8DCF" author="Repenning, C. A." refId="ref301847" refString="Repenning, C. A. 1967. Subfamilies and genera of the Soricidae. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 565: 1 - 74." year="1967">Repenning, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="17CA16D1172E4A739E5841F44363C73D" author="Storch, G. & Z. Qiu" refId="ref341722" refString="Storch, G., and Z. Qiu. 1991. Insectivores (Mammalia: Erinaceidae, Soricidae, Talpidae) from the Lufeng hominoid locality, Late Miocene of China. Geobios, 24: 601 - 621." year="1991">Storch and Qiu, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="47B5B25E4413B2A2C30167AD5DFE5FCC" author="Storch, G. & Z. Qiu & V. S. Zazhigin" refId="ref341870" refString="Storch, G., Z. Qiu, and V. S. Zazhigin. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Europe. Pp. 93 - 120, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Storch et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), others prefer family level for the Heterosoricinae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9DC4FEE88D66F68109F5EA54E76F023D" author="Harris, A. H." refId="ref140814" refString="Harris, A. H. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in North America. Pp. 133 - 156, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Harris, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45E1DA4AD96CF466CB8AFCA6B0B0C9DF" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302586" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1987. Redefinition of the Soricidae and the Heterosoricidae (Insectivora, Mammalia), with the description of the Crocidosoricinae, a new subfamily of Soricidae. Revue de Paleobiologie, 6: 189 - 192." year="1987">Reumer, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FB42026210038C6C649A26903F274575" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302714" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1998. A classification of the fossil and recent shrews. Pp. 5 - 22, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="71A06B0FFF55E7751F0F049193710648" author="Rzebik-Kowalska, B." refId="ref313825" refString="Rzebik-Kowalska, B. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Europe. Pp. 23 - 92, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Rzebik-Kowalska, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). If one compares the concepts expressed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B0B154DA665012AE50269E1982AB6B56" author="Repenning, C. A." refId="ref301847" refString="Repenning, C. A. 1967. Subfamilies and genera of the Soricidae. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 565: 1 - 74." year="1967">Repenning (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1DBFC89D6204830A133893D24F9DB9AF" author="Gureev, A. A." refId="ref135689" refString="Gureev, A. A. 1971. Zemleroikii (Soricidae) fauny mira. [Shrews ... of the world fauna]. Nauka, Leningrad, 253 pp. (in Russian)." year="1971">Gureev (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D7667FF03D47496E3465BE3BD729DC4C" author="Gureev, A. A." refId="ref135725" refString="Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian)." year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B7D2CD2B6C505D8D5268D407D1D9571B" author="Jammot, D." refId="ref171821" refString="Jammot, D. 1983. Evolution des Soricidae. Insectivora, Mammalia. Symbioses, 15: 253 - 273." year="1983">Jammot (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, George (1983),
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CA09C931500F6AA8FB6D5710627E11F6" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302586" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1987. Redefinition of the Soricidae and the Heterosoricidae (Insectivora, Mammalia), with the description of the Crocidosoricinae, a new subfamily of Soricidae. Revue de Paleobiologie, 6: 189 - 192." year="1987">Reumer (1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3F1AE87B3787F6AE8CBE55F3682BA1B7" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302714" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1998. A classification of the fossil and recent shrews. Pp. 5 - 22, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), or Hutterer et al. (2002
|
|
<emphasis id="593E5622D482FB6F7DAE3A4E8C1AF114" italics="true" pageNumber="223">b</emphasis>
|
|
), the subfamiliar and tribal subdivision of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A87CB893AAFFA1175981689518384DE8" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
is not well resolved. Here I adopt a slightly modified system which is principally based on
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F83E1BEDF7679174E9878793D0069EB8" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302714" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1998. A classification of the fossil and recent shrews. Pp. 5 - 22, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Reumer (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. A strict phylogenetic classification however could include all extant shrews within a subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6C25F5E805919917AB57A2057CCDA3A1" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Soricinae">Soricinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with Crocidurini,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="090B05AB3EC9C0A20D9107CB9FDC0347" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Myosoricini">Myosoricini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="017BA85CBBD72C99BEAEBF246955C296" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Soricini">Soricini</taxonomicName>
|
|
as tribes (Hutterer et al., 2002
|
|
<emphasis id="621A02019299389244A8D33D535D53F7" italics="true" pageNumber="223">b</emphasis>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="8B37CD8A5AA7F70CB121E51071B76963" author="Stanley, W. T. & R. Hutterer" refId="ref339039" refString="Stanley, W. T., and R. Hutterer. 2000. A new species of Myosorex Gray, 1832 (Mammalia: Soricidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 49: 19 - 29." year="2000">Stanley and Hutterer, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Recognition of these three clades is supported by allozyme data (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3E975C06A0EEB55A79962DFCD77D769B" author="Maddalena, T. & G. Bronner" refId="ref220970" refString="Maddalena, T., and G. Bronner. 1992. Biochemical systematics of the endemic African genus Myosorex Gray, 1838 (Mammalia; Soricidae). Israel Journal of Zoology, 38: 245 - 252." year="1992">Maddalena and Bronner, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and by RNA sequence data (Querouil et al., 2001). Yet, for practical reasons, I retain these clades at the subfamily level and use tribal subdivisions where appropriate.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DB9833BC39F9F27DB749B1DEB117DF2B" author="Lopatin, A. V." refId="ref215902" refString="Lopatin, A. V. 2002. The earliest shrew (Soricidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Eocene of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 36: 650 - 659." year="2002">Lopatin (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
recently named another new subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="96291F2EB2FF7486945D61373E1C6F32" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Soricolestinae">Soricolestinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
for "the earliest and most primitive shrew" from the Middle Eocene of Mongolia.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4096D345AFB9BC03E950443F6B206809" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Family-wide reviews are available on natural history (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5BCA46AFEF5466B867055141971A7686" author="Churchfield, S." refId="ref61923" refString="Churchfield, S. 1990. The natural history of shrews. C. Helm, London. 178 pp." year="1990">Churchfield, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), hair structure (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="68B47070B81479D843CEE7E532631E80" author="Ducommun, M. - A. & F. Jeanmaire-Besancon & P. Vogel" refId="ref89101" refString="Ducommun, M. - A., F. Jeanmaire-Besancon, and P. Vogel. 1994. Shield morphology of curly overhair in 22 genera of Soricidae (Insectivora, Mammalia). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101: 623 - 643." year="1994">Ducommun et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), external morphology (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5C284627846CB9494E3C38D2D1BA66C8" author="Hutterer, R." refId="ref162852" refString="Hutterer, R. 1985. Anatomical adaptations of shrews. Mammal Review, 15: 43 - 55." year="1985">Hutterer, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), dental adaptations (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F001EE1769438965AF3E0464F5D2C851" author="Dannelid, E." refId="ref73541" refString="Dannelid, E. 1998. Dental adaptations in shrews. Pp. 157 - 174, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Bialowieza, Polish Academy of Sciences, 458 pp." year="1998">Dannelid, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and chromosomal evolution (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="145CDD5CB62609AC8C8F2787623EF5F6" author="Zima, J. & L. Lukacova & M. Macholan" refId="ref407736" refString="Zima, J., L. Lukacova, and M. Macholan. 1998. Chromosomal evolution in shrews. Pp. 175 - 218, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Zima et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), protein evolution (Ruedi, 1998), life histories and energetic strategies (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="73B6C5B2AA4AA0D6393282C0D009CCF4" author="Innes, D. G. L." refId="ref165901" refString="Innes, D. G. L. 1994. Life histories of the Soricidae: A review. Pp. 111 - 129, in Advances in the biology of shrews (J. F. Merritt ,, G. L. Kirkland, Jr., and R. K. Rose, eds.). Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, 18: 1 - 458." year="1994">Innes, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Taylor, 1998), and social systems (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0465908BAF658B1248BFEEC37505691F" author="Rychlik, L." refId="ref313289" refString="Rychlik, L. 1998. Evolution of social systems in shrews. Pp. 347 - 406, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Rychlik, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Congress volumes of interest covering a wide array of aspects include
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A74DFFCA3B9811D3706AB39C3104C1DF" author="Findley, J. S. & T. L. Yates" refId="ref102073" refString="Findley, J. S., and T. L. Yates (eds.). 1991. The biology of the Soricidae. Special Publication, The Museum of Southwestern Biology, 1: 1 - 91." year="1991">Findley and Yates (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3BE36FD3BDC1C9F4CCF1CEC7588BFE53" author="Merritt, J. F. & G. L. Kirkland, Jr. & R. K. Rose" refId="ref238512" refString="Merritt, J. F., G. L. Kirkland, Jr., and R. K. Rose (eds.). 1994. Advances in the biology of shrews. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, 18: 1 - 458." year="1994">Merritt et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C1C941DF41D5522518EED3A9C2AE603C" author="Zima, J. & J. B. Searle & M. Macholan" refId="ref407441" refString="Zima, J., J. B. Searle, and M. Macholan, eds. 1994. The cytogenetics of the Sorex araneus group and related topics. Folia Zoologica, 43 (suppl. 1): iv + 116 pp." year="1994">Zima et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, Hanski and Pankakoski (1998), and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="189BA8B6CD2B90E29B345943F6303E7D" author="Wojcik, J. M. & M. Wolsan" refId="ref392827" refString="Wojcik, J. M., and M. Wolsan (eds.). 1998. Evolution of shrews. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Wojcik and Wolsan (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Conservation aspects are dealt with in the
|
|
<collectionCode id="7E687978A0C4C44EA570B1093A68ACC8">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
|
action plans for Africa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F843C3985272DC63E5854B0F441CBB90" author="Nicoll, M. E. & G. B. Rathbun" refId="ref259260" refString="Nicoll, M. E., and G. B. Rathbun. 1990. African Insectivora and elephant-shrews. An action plan for their conservation. I. U. C. N., Gland, Switzerland, 53 pp." year="1990">Nicoll and Rathbun, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and Eurasia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D726F46F45FD7A5837389F3AA6326DAB" author="Stone, R. D." refId="ref341053" refString="Stone, R. D. 1995. Status survey and conservation action plan. Eurasian Insectivores and tree shrews. I. U. C. N., Gland, Switzerland, 108 pp." year="1995">Stone, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). All African shrew species were re-assessed in
|
|
<date id="3557FB18E74300B5C1900E79CF6A9532" value="2004-01">January 2004</date>
|
|
at a Global Mammal Assessment workshop in London, resulting in new
|
|
<collectionCode id="241C0937024622196481E878C9281A7A">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
|
ratings for many species. For the most current conservation status, the reader should consult the
|
|
<collectionCode id="96892F2DD735BF6EF3C47B4F1C6C3757">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
|
website (www.redlist.org).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="893A1DD1FE447C3B6E7564D691E32CAA" pageNumber="223">
|
|
The fossil history of shrews was reviewed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3695722625B0CAEE5257921B4150F80F" author="Repenning, C. A." refId="ref301847" refString="Repenning, C. A. 1967. Subfamilies and genera of the Soricidae. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 565: 1 - 74." year="1967">Repenning (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FAEDEBCB66EADBB3AEC60D995F94B440" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302632" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1994. De evolutiebiologie van de spitsmuizen (Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae). II. Anatomie, evolutie en biogeografie. Cranium, 11: 9 - 35." year="1994">Reumer (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="10A113BD0D96B5F236A4F49F4CD074DE" author="Reumer, J. W. F." refId="ref302671" refString="Reumer, J. W. F. 1995. De evolutiebiologie van de spitsmuizen (Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae). I. De subfamilies Crocidosoeicinae, Allosoricinae, Limnoecinae en Crocidurinae. Cranium, 12: 53 - 63." year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); excellent regional reviews cover Africa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D4491AE999A90CADE98BAC6ECB52BE3F" author="Butler, P. M." refId="ref47925" refString="Butler, P. M. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Africa. Pp. 121 - 132, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Butler, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), Asia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="466954BAFCA3E0F1AE7D0E6BE8FD2272" author="Storch, G. & Z. Qiu & V. S. Zazhigin" refId="ref341870" refString="Storch, G., Z. Qiu, and V. S. Zazhigin. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Europe. Pp. 93 - 120, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Storch et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), Europe (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7DD89332E32D12F3E2599E87E0EA64CA" author="Rzebik-Kowalska, B." refId="ref313825" refString="Rzebik-Kowalska, B. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Europe. Pp. 23 - 92, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Rzebik-Kowalska, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and North America (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="93BA8DCA41376BB93D1D997A3C0BB24A" author="Harris, A. H." refId="ref140814" refString="Harris, A. H. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in North America. Pp. 133 - 156, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Harris, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; see also
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D47C910EB93FA84CFC58CD6971A6CD81" author="Hutchison, J. H. & C. R. Harington" refId="ref162389" refString="Hutchison, J. H., and C. R. Harington. 2002. A peculiar new fossil shrew (Lipotyphla, Soricidae) from the High Arctic of Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39: 439 - 443." year="2002">Hutchison and Harington, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="594FC81F299474A2DD8636B6DE9A85C8" author="Asher, R. J. & M. C. McKenna & R. J. Emry & A. R. Tabrum & D. G. Kron" refId="ref14477" refString="Asher, R. J., M. C. McKenna, R. J. Emry, A. R. Tabrum, and D. G. Kron. 2002. Morphology and relationships of Apternodus and other extinct, zalambdodont, placental mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 273: 1 - 117." year="2002">Asher et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
convincingly identified the Eocene
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B6E48334B706FE015072E23407001A20" class="Mammalia" family="Parapternodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Parapternodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
as the sister taxon of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2C6BDB6769D19FFB642B236F039FEAD8" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Soricidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Some genetic studies suggest a closer relationship of shrews to bats (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="4DFEAC7664CA11C657470A0B08AC32DC" author="Narita, Y. & S. - I. Oda & O. Takenaka & T. Kageyama" refId="ref256613" refString="Narita, Y., S. - I. Oda, O. Takenaka, and T. Kageyama. 2001. Phylogenetic position of Eulipotyphla inferred from the cDNA sequences of pepsinogens A and C. Molecular Phylogentics and Evolution, 21: 32 - 42." year="2001">Narita et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), but these studies did not include relevant fossil taxa identified by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0F338BA9DCB497EDAC9F2BEAC9793753" author="Asher, R. J. & M. C. McKenna & R. J. Emry & A. R. Tabrum & D. G. Kron" refId="ref14477" refString="Asher, R. J., M. C. McKenna, R. J. Emry, A. R. Tabrum, and D. G. Kron. 2002. Morphology and relationships of Apternodus and other extinct, zalambdodont, placental mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 273: 1 - 117." year="2002">Asher et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. The earliest remains of shrews are known from the Eocene of North America (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FD739E04D189627CE9B815442AABBD5D" author="Harris, A. H." refId="ref140814" refString="Harris, A. H. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in North America. Pp. 133 - 156, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Harris, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), Oligocene of Eurasia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="596DDC376916393195D1CBEF738DFAD5" author="Rzebik-Kowalska, B." refId="ref313825" refString="Rzebik-Kowalska, B. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Europe. Pp. 23 - 92, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Rzebik-Kowalska, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BE689D6FEC2036ECEA52E4F326374A95" author="Storch, G. & Z. Qiu & V. S. Zazhigin" refId="ref341870" refString="Storch, G., Z. Qiu, and V. S. Zazhigin. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Europe. Pp. 93 - 120, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Storch et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and Miocene of Africa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D7E90A924A5D43D9AB327E0A70D25287" author="Butler, P. M." refId="ref47925" refString="Butler, P. M. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Africa. Pp. 121 - 132, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Butler, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Presumedly older taxa such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CEF32137729F78489A281B9F63EFA306" authority="(Nesov and Gureev, 1981)" baseAuthorityName="Nesov and Gureev" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Aegialodontidae" genus="Cretasorex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5964EB7869F96C08F9FBF674D19F5B6D" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Cretasorex</emphasis>
|
|
(Nesov and Gureev, 1981)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Upper Cretaceous of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="DAFAFA5924A693FE911761B63294EEEB" name="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3CE74926B8558038F97CE22475C2A43B" authority="(Wang and Li, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Wang and Li" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Plesiosoricidae" genus="Ernosorex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="2A2579B7B0F6E96639241C845782FBE9" italics="true" pageNumber="223">Ernosorex</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BFD39E80EF9435E2511FBAD3E5BD3EFA" author="Wang, B. & Li Chuan-kwei" refId="ref381552" refString="Wang, B., and Li Chuan-kwei. 1990. First Paleogene mammalian fauna from northeast China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 28: 165 - 205, pls. i-vi." year="1990">Wang and Li, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Eocene of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="A2CE195F7BBC5F0B1C35967297887C14" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
were assigned to this family, but the first was probably based on a contaminant (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0AAC3E88E6E04FBE122A9980238CD518" author="Nessov, L. A. & D. Sigogneau-Russell & D. E. Russell" refId="ref257979" refString="Nessov, L. A., D. Sigogneau-Russell, and D. E. Russell. 1994. A survey of Cretaceous tribosphenic mammals from Middle Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan), of their geological setting, age and faunal environment. Palaeovertebrata, 23: 51 - 92." year="1994">Nessov et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and the second subsequently transferred to the family
|
|
<taxonomicName id="05B5BD84AD75E28F7DB416E4697F964C" authority="(Tong and Wang, 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Tong and Wang" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Changlelestidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
|
Changlelestidae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E7C1F1774324E3FB79D0E20E7429BF9B" author="Tong, Y. & J. Wang" refId="ref358043" refString="Tong, Y., and J. Wang. 1993. A new soricomorph (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the Early Eocene of Wutu Basin, Shandong, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 31: 19 - 32 (in Chinese)." year="1993">Tong and Wang, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Fossil shrews are known from the High Arctic in the north (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C8CF0BECC99296B630102874251EF097" author="Hutchison, J. H. & C. R. Harington" refId="ref162389" refString="Hutchison, J. H., and C. R. Harington. 2002. A peculiar new fossil shrew (Lipotyphla, Soricidae) from the High Arctic of Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39: 439 - 443." year="2002">Hutchison and Harington, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) to
|
|
<collectingCountry id="4A8C486DDB12EB297090A5015C80541E" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
|
in the south (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DC8E3C9E80F168D8EEC0F455A7D861E5" author="Butler, P. M." refId="ref47925" refString="Butler, P. M. 1998. Fossil history of shrews in Africa. Pp. 121 - 132, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Butler, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The fossil and recent diversity is highest in Africa, Eurasia, and North America, but northern South America and the Indomalayan Region also house a rich, though younger radiation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A5D717F8C8948F1858A1D8727ADAA3EF" pageNumber="223">
|
|
Illustrated textbooks or reviews are available for a number of larger geographical units, such as North America (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="22637F16C2C0941DAED9687991E7157A" author="Hall, E. R." refId="ref137310" refString="Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. Second ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1: 1 - 600 + 90, 2: 601 - 1181 + 90." year="1981">Hall, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B196254EAD030A3B7502C92F91D96D8D" author="Wilson, D. E. & S. Ruff" refId="ref390976" refString="Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff (eds.). 1999. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 750 pp." year="1999">Wilson and Ruff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), Europe (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="24AF6097A0BFAC005BCAB8D5DBF6B062" author="Mitchell-Jones, A. J. & G. Amori & W. Bogdanowicz & B. Krystufek & P. J. H. Reijnders & F. Spitzenberger & M. Stubbe & J. B. M. Thissen & V. Vohralik & J. Zima" refId="ref243793" refString="Mitchell-Jones, A. J., G. Amori, W. Bogdanowicz, B. Krystufek, P. J. H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J. B. M. Thissen, V. Vohralik, and J. Zima. 1999. Atlas of European mammals. Academic Press, London, 496 pp." year="1999">Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0CF7437F43AE2AF2671586E6D380FC7F" author="Niethammer, J. & F. Krapp" refId="ref260850" refString="Niethammer, J., and F. Krapp, (eds.). 1990. Handbuch der Saugetiere Europas, 3 / I. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden, 524 pp." year="1990">Niethammer and Krapp, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<collectingCountry id="C517B6A002FB44989010B89B29A7E84F" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C94E70434616E278AD001365D8F7342C" author="Nesterenko, V. A." refId="ref258034" refString="Nesterenko, V. A. 1999. Nasekomoyadnye yuga Dal'nego Vostoka i ikh soobshchestva [Insectivores of the southern Far East and their communities]. Vladivostok. 172 pp. (in Russian)." year="1999">Nesterenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="126C58DBBC40ADD2BBFEA0BE75556454" author="Yudin, B. S." refId="ref402781" refString="Yudin, B. S. 1989. Nasekomoyadnye mlekopitayushchie Sibiri [Insectivorous mammals of Siberia]. Nauka, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Novosibirsk, 360 pp. (in Russian)." year="1989">Yudin, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<collectingCountry id="D1B53C381627EAB934E7F0AF8663243A" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Imaizumi, 1970), Arabia and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="304BDFCF0F656160FE25A1107EE3AE81" name="Turkey">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9C075C0B9F0A5DDD74EEEA42B8A63732" author="Harrison, D. L. & P. J. J. Bates" refId="ref141262" refString="Harrison, D. L., and P. J. J. Bates. 1991. The mammals of Arabia, Second ed. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, United Kingdom, 354 pp." year="1991">Harrison and Bates, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001),
|
|
<collectingCountry id="515040E01C2002D28264E8CA9A2FE4CF" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Roberts, 1997), the Indomalayan Region (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DED54617F98CB5756204B3E86A40C67F" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67955" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1992. Mammals of the Indomalayan region. A systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 488 pp." year="1992">Corbet and Hill, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), or southern Africa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="4369335883C5ACE7AB7191C63F6310C4" author="Mills, G. & L. Hes" refId="ref242752" refString="Mills, G., and L. Hes. 1997. The complete book of southern African mammals. Struik Publishers, Kapstad, 356 pp." year="1997">Mills and Hes, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="083C114AFD08E880C68185E08436B70D" author="Smithers, R. H. N." refId="ref331906" refString="Smithers, R. H. N. 1983. The mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 736 pp." year="1983">Smithers, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Sources for common names are
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="90E8246DD4A15B47504B8C1696BC996E" author="Wolsan, M. & R. Hutterer" refId="ref393099" refString="Wolsan, M., and R. Hutterer. 1998. A list of the living species of shrews. Pp. 425 - 448, in Evolution of shrews (J. M. Wojcik and M. Wolsan, eds.). Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, 458 pp." year="1998">Wolsan and Hutterer (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C8748D64FBD8EF6348F90B3D5F100958" author="Wilson, D. E. & F. R. Cole" refId="ref390832" refString="Wilson, D. E., and F. R. Cole. 2000. Common names of mammals of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, xiv + 204 pp." year="2000">Wilson and Cole (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |