819 lines
108 KiB
XML
819 lines
108 KiB
XML
<document id="5D825B9EEFA98C21C83F18AFC2645E3C" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032" ID-PMC="PMC4934140" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-4-8032" ID-PubMed="27433124" ID-ZooBank="5AE871B646CB4BEF8E4D19C0F05BDBFA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828-4-e8032" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region" checkinTime="1465845241586" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Esteves, Flavia A. & Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2016" docId="42E4AF3ABF19E4144B00DEC33616CE41" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e8032" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032" docTitle="Stigmatomma Roger 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="8032" masterDocId="FFBFFFB8FFF6FFD7FF8FFFCFFFC2FF9F" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region" masterLastPageNumber="8032" masterPageNumber="8032" pageNumber="8032" updateTime="1701318581497" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="622404286BEC7700A9DD1549C380FCEB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="719E8489DB5AA9D15E057ED5C6D9FE46">
|
||
<mods:title id="D5D212D4CF01AAF342E361CFBFCFCB6E">Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="637514470E1CEE19363B8BC809ADE828" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="10BD3EA8E818059E7DDD42F01CD68040">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2E64EAA478821EE627C9C81FDE14164B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="51B5C502D7E175BFE9C1A3CCF137A342">Esteves, Flavia A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="62963BA3D2CB4BC4F06EA197BA542BAE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="ECB8DAB7E69BBA2F3E6369590354EC60">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C7694D8AF1B265AD3387D7D68DAFC5F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="63B5DDDC3B17B50295C99488327B7B88">Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="94CB1BA833E5ACB2FC1EE5279526AE82">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="72D3CEC49AE2FAF0CD2F6AD6D7863E34" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="0CA972CD791F10731B3548253024D7BD">
|
||
<mods:title id="F9384533C48F5C1C86E12A51BDD30F8E">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="7D555C7553E5E06AFB61D360760E534D">
|
||
<mods:date id="E75C56C4352C632C85D00E1995A6601F">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F5F8EDAC66EA6909C2A167ED8DB7AE7C" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="9BD1238269CD07AD5BE9A84900F3721C">4</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="3604CE9E1F145AB9DB78BFF307B661A9" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="57A4FDB8EE4E10DAA439D6609B7E773C">8032</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="A0AF0FE23B2417963E4E2E29BCA13FCF">8032</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="B32C61F5CA29E5A941CBD5139F721D2F">
|
||
<mods:url id="3D682276D208451514187743F02B131C">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="3C70343D1C77C7355C52389C07495599">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0E5E076DC8CB3E738B3D2A5CBA2BD39F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A804F779F816B2771391CE784E2A66B2" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-4-8032</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="46000C57E92B44F4F7C21D4DF67E250E" type="ZooBank">5AE871B646CB4BEF8E4D19C0F05BDBFA</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="42E4AF3ABF19E4144B00DEC33616CE41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:42E4AF3ABF19E4144B00DEC33616CE41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/42E4AF3ABF19E4144B00DEC33616CE41" lastPageNumber="8032" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<subSubSection id="A9B150929357E9F71137F90158FB2D0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB45B72BB0CB92E9164461FFF1E997CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19FC4D1351032E10F09FFC5F43E3ADC3" authority="Roger 1859" authorityYear="1859" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma Roger 1859</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AFBC6628044A115D8A15AAF74AEAD899" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B3420C48A9D7ABAD87F4E15CAAEEFAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C66786B6957FA3F6A55FDB67E236298" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A134DD36B934A9DBCF8055D36FB91F9D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB6D8C3B1CAC2175C0F058380553920F" author="Emery, C." journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="441 - 481" title="Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe" volume="5" year="1879">Emery and Forel 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 455;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A7F7991923759BC12EE62D9FF3A93B6" author="Mayr, G." journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="511 - 632" title="Suedamerikanische Formiciden" volume="37" year="1887">Mayr 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 546. Revived from synonymy:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="237E794C1DC630E96E9AD7BFC612C0C0" author="Dalla Torre, K. W." journalOrPublisher="W. Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Formicidae (Heterogyna)" year="1893">Dalla Torre 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 14. Subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4263B4F68D891DAA71CC1872FA31165F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B1BE84A153C4110FC214AD2E117AC6E5" author="Forel, A." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="52 - 65" title="Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part VI" volume="13" year="1900">Forel 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="44C7A1B51C1D2C88811DCCC653551E6E" author="Clark, J." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="21 - 47" title="New Australian ants" volume="8" year="1934">Clark 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 27;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="58A6BC6D4FC32BB4B39E14BB45B84C69" author="Brown, W. L." journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="81 - 88" title="A new American Amblyopone, with notes on the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" volume="56" year="1949">Brown 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 87. Revived status as genus:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="575765036E80DC12F7E3A16F6AA3F007" author="Bingham, C. T." journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps." year="1903">Bingham 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 36;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A65F083479BB39359CBF2B7D3E70DEC" author="Emery, C." journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 125" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae" volume="118" year="1911">Emery 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 23;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="23D7A852B476787490A3A0113ECD95D8" author="Creighton, W. S." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 585" title="The ants of North America" volume="104" year="1950">Creighton 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 31. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB2D27597371CCF69D7ACAFE946FE4B0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1ECAB4B5654BC3998FF57ADE4B35A798" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="145 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 3. Tribe Amblyoponini" volume="122" year="1960">Brown 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 155. Revived status as genus:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8653E9DDB7712A63B4F0742793EDAB2D" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 17. Senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7851BDB041E28CCE1EE67B6468AC0F8F" class="Insecta" genus="Arotropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arotropus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arotropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Yoshimura and Fisher 2012b: 17.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6AD3E5B8CA74029DA9486C9ABBED74E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEFD2E22C04BB644F2284B2F448F75E3" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
= Arotropus
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DCE0CBA397DDE6C99DAD8A765DC48F6E" author="Provancher, L." journalOrPublisher="Naturaliste Canadien" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="193 - 207" title="Faune canadienne. Les insectes - Hymenopteres" volume="12" year="1881">Provancher 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 205. Type-species: Arotropus binodosus (junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7230C557E5064584078FA6B1DCB21544" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhlopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlopone pallipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallipes">Typhlopone pallipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
), by monotypy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2429EF0244F33F8DA25973666BF26FF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="869E12E0DD8488DDF7E8D7F9488142D5" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22582BA7083CA266F28033BD09F829AB" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma denticulatum" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="denticulatum">Stigmatomma denticulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roger 1859
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="518604F275287B9DFDEA5EEB9D6F82EC" author="Bingham, C. T." journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps." year="1903">Bingham 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 36. by subsequent designation
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C47EDA17385FB7D3FA29A3A9B0D6B0B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E6B16017AFB4A8D29F8CFE3CFA4ECC7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Diagnosis</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="095E0A0DEC9202FBF1733D34505F9D0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F6CA8B0B13447F322DB504D7D8D5B94" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy bioregion - characters of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0259AF002AFC448CDCE883BFB9B0721F" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="60AE253F917B2C14B2126A62C1514C80" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="145 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 3. Tribe Amblyoponini" volume="122" year="1960">Brown (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the following characters:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="29122A14E14F24DF1CD62AF12EC4AB6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Mandible elongate and linear, not as long as the head, pointed at the apex (Fig. 11). Masticatory and basal margins running parallel to each other along baso-apical axis, resulting in two rows of teeth (Fig. 12). Teeth of the same pair generally basally fused.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ABC28683012FFFE2825D23B372056CFE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Median portion of clypeal anterior margin anteriorly projected (generally convex; Fig. 11). Anterior clypeal margin armed with single row of dentiform setae, arising from tubercle--like cuticular projections or from the flat cuticle (Fig. 12). Pair of long setae on clypeus, generally arising from its anterior margin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C76F3DB7546A3042BEF7AD8A37C8DC0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Genal teeth present or absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="79F9AA33F83CCA8EF54F3A45F045C1F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Number of antennomeres: 10-12.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5DEC9F82372E9CFFCD4B9B79781C8504" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Under the stereomicroscope, pilosity similar present on all antennomeres (Fig. 11).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B4F78A81D5BD0C915C61F883FEFD44A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Palpal formula: 4:3; 4:2; or 2:2 (two maxillary and two labial).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="487081531141B80D208184AB250E1372" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Metanotal suture well developed to absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A8D373F56A1821E9B6754670881FB12B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Mesepisternum generally divided into anepisternum and katepisternum (Fig. 2).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="954CEE7A921BE21834C980ED399A64A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Number of mesotibial spurs: 0-2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94451DE7184E20B75441906ED637D763" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Anterodorsal face of mesobasitarsus generally with a longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 3b).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="05F008B9AADC5AA1CEC24B24387E1371" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Number of metatibial spurs: 1-2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="39DF2C06084FB0E69DCA36FAFEFC04B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Anterior face of metabasitarsus generally without a longitudinal sulcus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5098EE4BF9184424016D25965F4C1E91" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Pretarsal claw simple; arolium present on pro-, meso-, and metapretarsi (Fig. 3d).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F23698D8EA4B5CC978CF0773FEDE0703" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Petiole (abdominal segment II) sessile (Fig. 13). Subpetiolar process present; fenestra present or absent on its lateral face.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2303C8E302AE61361524072BCA7D680C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Constriction, generally scrobiculate, present between pretergite and postergite of abdominal segment III.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF1D893DCB02DAC1D03C3DDA05A04892" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Prora present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="662185ADC2970AA8CF8591AC0A7E8D98" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Scrobiculate constriction present between presclerites and postsclerites of abdominal segment IV.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DFD008EF791BCFDABC9F8F9173E384E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Stout spiniform setae on apex of hypopygium present or absent (Fig. 14).</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="42C7B65306B9DEAC9C6A5108A9C899F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="comments on worker characters">
|
||
<paragraph id="662A3006FB718B71CD99BF2209BA9691" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Comments on worker characters</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="67621AFC1EBBA8F417D4C39523F00F60" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The list of characters above forms an inclusive diagnosis of the genus, but no character can currently be pointed as unique for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CD5317B98693BD5F44E3901C63EDE43" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E7DD2A5EE3E1BE78ED73947F81EC27D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
1. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4745447AE197325F5DD228252E1C40A0" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the total dental count (including teeth arranged in pairs) recorded for Malagasy species is 11-15, distributed from base to apex as follows: 1-3 single teeth, followed by 3-6 teeth pairs (generally fused at the base), a pre-apical (generally single) tooth, and an apical pointy tooth (Fig. 12). Tooth number and arrangement may be constant within some species, but not for all species we evaluated: it varies within nest series and even between left and right mandibles of the same specimen. Given that, we did not use these characters alone to isolate individual species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FC9A8A2847DAB39B78C61B2748739188" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The most basal tooth is enlarged in the majority of species we studied, but not in all (Fig. 12). This contradicts the opinion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9FAB9173FDAA764DE44D6D583F0AC664" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which is that all Malagasy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4061B8908D700E8E9DE952DD5773F960" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species possess an enlarged basal tooth in their mandibles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5565A970DC06576AB244007C79471650" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Teeth coupling generally occurs between teeth with similar dimensions (Fig. 12a). However, in two species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FA49B20C3D67A4913F8C74410666ED8" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AD7C8405F1AF34A51F42E507ECE6F2D" lsidName="S. sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">S. sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.), dorsal teeth increase in size towards the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D282FB4F17EC05EAF37ADED77A682781" originalValue="mandible’s">mandible's</normalizedToken>
|
||
apex (Fig. 15). In that case, the dorsal tooth is smaller than the ventral paired tooth, but at the mandible's apex. This also contradicts
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="07F83069BC7C2D1F7A4CA12009AD9E0F" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 99" title="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" volume="394" year="2014">Yoshimura and Fisher (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E0C4C7BF7A97A2EA8FA42F1E9403C0E" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who were of the opinion that dorsal teeth are smaller than ventral teeth in the XMMAS clade genera. In their view, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6109130239D8E278DB97244139CAC5B3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
would generally present mandibles with no teeth pairs, but if teeth were present, the dorsal tooth would be larger than the respective ventral pair. A species noteworthy in this discussion is Stigmatomma pluto (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47AFCE5A7D6A6FCFD66988A98DF9715C" author="Gotwald, W. H. JR" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="383 - 396" title="Taxonomy and biology of a new West African ant belonging to the genus Amblyopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" volume="65" year="1972">
|
||
Gotwald and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1FB1F743435D92440CB3B94DEE71BFE5" originalValue="Lévieux">Levieux</normalizedToken>
|
||
1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (ANTWEB1008502; Afrotropical region), whose mandible has no basal teeth paired with mandibular teeth, thus resembling the mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95ACBD06965762367B53403AACAC8314" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 16).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DF38A6499284C7DBC314D954565E5265" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Among the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48CD2E93A61050D4CA5A7C04A222A74E" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera distributed in the Malagasy bioregion:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEE75806845520AA83EE4291E220EF43" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prionopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
has short and subtriangular mandibles, which are usually armed with three teeth on the apical half, so that basal and mastigatory margins are distinct (Fig. 17c). The mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="013C136074D8ED1327D78620B05C2758" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E12DBA00D640875EB680AA8B1A12C41" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their indistinct basal and mastigatory margins, but are longer than its head, and have blunt apex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F79FF6C4A06E3649949AD229CAE116D0" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" title="Identification guide to the ant genera of the world" year="1994">Bolton 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 17b). Also in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8020E22E0BBFD71DA3BE11394E478080" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ventral row of teeth is set far apart from the dorsal row (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5E18DB22DD169349BC85CF852028A0C1" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 99" title="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" volume="394" year="2014">Yoshimura and Fisher 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9974AB531FDF74DC8A5B3CC8E36252E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFDF570E4494CE794EA618E75D05B341" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1200F9649F7018520C7CEF724367184A" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, present mandibles that shorter than the head, with indistinct basal and masticatory margins and a pointy apex (Fig. 17a, d). While teeth are not disposed in pairs along the mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75CC934F751CDE264B0449F4A390FC06" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF33257425B42324F7694284424798A1" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7210579FDF69F0B71570CF10C562538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
do have pairs of teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CD86E9A62D2AC8C5097881E2D80A90C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
In addition to the similarities and differences among the shape and configuration of the mandibles, an enlarged mandibular basal tooth is absent in all other Malagasy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69452A4162F307696DB72BA793B33D91" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="141CAFFC699D1C10598CED21ACE96855" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 31" title="A revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Adetomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)" volume="3341" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1942AE4FDF5CA4B31584A0D78D3A2A93" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1848DC1C30DB1EE2DEF9F2FFD3D1D99B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
2. Number and configuration of clypeal cuticular processes and associated dentiform setae vary among the evaluated species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D8C90F8643264BE5E8F1CC7DCD2EAC0" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All species present three to ten cuticular processes on the anterior margin of the clypeus. Each medial process bears one dentiform seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B6B5F1247B66E8ADCE21742827916A62" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
In half of the species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A88088CBED871AAC444F271544C06A1" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-complex members and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D976F69A5F08BD3DB860D5DBA5B4C993" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma janovitsika" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="janovitsika">Stigmatomma janovitsika</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.), the seta on the lateral-most process is laterodistally followed by a row of dentiform setae. These lateral rows extend laterad on the anterior clypeal margin, where it arises from flat cuticle (Fig. 12a). In few species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCFCE71A6B04C7C883D6AD45BEAFE68A" lsidName="S. bolabola" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="bolabola">S. bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6A7A6D8E302AAD8B462CB60763A699A" lsidName="S. sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">S. sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.), the lateral-most cuticular process is smaller, and does not bear any dentiform setae (Fig. 15).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="623AE82883E8DDB0A396DE724519E7C5" lsidName="S. besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">S. besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents three medial cuticular processes that are followed laterodistally by a notch on the anterior clypeal margin. This notch is succeeded by a row of dentiform setae arising from flat cuticle (or from reduced cuticular processes; Fig. 12b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DFAF80FACB5F06F6419A2104ADFBF83A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">However, the number of medial cuticular processes may vary within some species and sometimes within nest series. Thus, we did not use such variations to isolate individual species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A44CF06C5E18BA9969F8BD4E85FF2CA8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Among the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA43B321A35B7456429161E88B0B5ABF" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera present in the Malagasy region,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B4B01C66B37C2AE3F693CFA61CD8E9B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0302F3561FE36916D6E26CA2C5A07CEC" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also presents a single row of cuticular projections bearing dentiform setae on the anterior clypeal margin (Fig. 17b; or see ANTWEB1008554 for high-magnification images). On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48114AE7E7516E434CA0A2BCE4246D40" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
has neither specialized setae nor cuticular tubercle--like projections (Fig. 17d; or see ANTWEB1008499 for more images); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35C27EC1BFCF852E9B988D5F0CCE5476" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all dentiform clypeal setae arise from flat cuticle (Fig. 17a; or see ANTWEB1008494 for SEM images); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB2E97DC405322B2A988649B697A3CA3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prionopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to have cuticular projections welded onto an anterior clypeal apron (Fig. 17c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B75FA65E9CF0C311B65813967FC45EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
A pair of long setae is present on the anterior margin of the clypeus of all genera in the XMMAS clade in the Malagasy region, however, they are reduced and stouter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="251476E7EFB951976C0C95B1114E9564" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CASENT0002095).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AAD45774AF4B5039FA69C93A038173BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
3. The presence or absence of genal teeth is uniform within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A54D067A2C4F120DDC815902A619DF4C" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and this character has relative importance to group species with similar morphology. In the Malagasy bioregion, this trait is present in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18EF0AF32307ED7A77C5344079598411" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Fig. 17b) and absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42F3FEB297C0FF471EE7018DBFDCA424" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 17a),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A07AA884342785F1A8A3CDBE9DE0C65B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prionopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 17c), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58D1FA7258D15543DA990BED7A0519F0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 17d).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="84AB3948658AB3FFA4C16B433DE4A65F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
4. Despite the variation among species, the number of antennomeres is constant within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70F019A3331AB8B6E45B7D95DF09505E" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species we studied.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73A837B2C83DE389DF59F3AAC5E17717" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="136616EF2713D85FFD0E25EF12C94EDF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77CCBBDB9EAAC79885327DF58CA3E123" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
species present no variation for this character, with all having twelve- antennomeres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E9CCAE1BD1EAB44B5B10AA0863E2472" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
5. Under the stereomicroscope, the whole antenna is equally covered by setae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6211F1C9AB95679438F02D995E19F54A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D794B112DAD47A34483E59E6389F03D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prionopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E5398A1CDBC342FACE39F9368B83810" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3657B9A08E7EE5F88BF32357B780A2C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 11, 17a, c, d). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A9C406D6371B9FD7D21C91E8EB6102B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the four apical-most antennomeres are covered with denser pilosity (Fig. 17b). SEM images show that the apical antennomeres in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C237A062DB0A751DC2DE9484250909C2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
are actually covered by a different type of setae (ANTWEB1008554).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0AFE6C18EA2428BBCD0481FFAC450FA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">6. Without dissection, the maxillary and labial palpomeres are often extremely difficult to count in the species we studied.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="15E78FC4B8F79AF9C1799D1C33A50D7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Regarding the number of maxillary and labial palpomeres in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B759F079C40926110537E480A0AEF50" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
members in the Malagasy region, the palpal formula is constant within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34085C03334526C46BAABFFDD95C2019" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4:3) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="344352BEDDD10D6AB1789B5FD930D0E7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prionopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2:2) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51020E48FE87954BD2345F1A0BFE8F22" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 99" title="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" volume="394" year="2014">Yoshimura and Fisher 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B08BF4FD6792597744D9241195423AB8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B7E81AE4BB76F7C9427B997B415393C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF84F9C3A435D77339AC7D15994B5175" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The palpal formula published for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0AE13A5C24926E89425F309D6C896C5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker caste is 3:3, but some species are only known by the male caste, which, depending on the species, may present palpomere counts of 2:2 and 2:3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DB1F284A1EEEC864E31521753D91BBFA" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 31" title="A revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Adetomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)" volume="3341" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The palpal formula for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F0CE45E9CF108ABF1996B27D62F8339" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
males is 4:3/3:3/3:2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E4B971B25B86BEE1A8D928B2E7EBA64" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Since published records indicate that the number of palpomeres is generally constant across castes of Amblyponinae species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="88C4C30786F7DBE042050632B2EEF68B" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="145 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 3. Tribe Amblyoponini" volume="122" year="1960">Brown 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we expect the females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="967B5EB06E910A70C7B7270EF994E049" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17B8C359A0A1F119718E917E8F8C1CF5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
to reflect a similarly diverse combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="74766B615DB1710103B6BCE06ABB8ADC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7DE5702F12451B16F866E17972E1BC81" author="Yoshimura, Masashi" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination=": e 33325" title="A Revision of Male Ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Resurrections of the Genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer" volume="7" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented 4:3/4:2/3:3 as palpal formula for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9134FF2858FA0198F0F3B8B748C77B34" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
males in the Malagasy region, differing from the numbers we counted for workers. However, mouthpart dissections on several male specimens of the same morphotypes used by Yoshimura & Fisher revealed that, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E52D3621C0FDDBC42818A4423CB8935B" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the number of palpomeres is the same in males and females (4:3/4:2; not evaluated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C0C8CD4FA50CE0269FF62BC320A4339" lsidName="S. besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">S. besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as males are unknown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D32D20D09A9E30F4143EB87C88C5FFDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
7. The presence or absence of the metanotal suture, and the degree of its impression, may vary within species, as well as within nest series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="287B480C199FA874D62C71FD326853B3" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy region. Given this, we did not use those variations to isolate individual species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B8CD2325D69EACD2EFB4B18A184E903D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
9. The number of mesotibial spur(s) is difficult to determine under stereomicroscopes when the anterior spur is reduced in size, and also because the posterior spur may be
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5529F1E6B5FA74174B4BFABD9601D78F" originalValue="“replaced”">"replaced"</normalizedToken>
|
||
by an enlarged, stout spiniform seta. SEM images allowed comparisons between the texture of enlarged spinifom processes and surrounding cuticle, thus enabling us to differentiate spur and seta (Fig. 18).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="914B8174AAE530B738BABBC56DF099DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3BE91626BF9538D845668919D26C781F" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
we studied, the number of mesotibial spurs ranged from zero to two, and were generally constant within species. In one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70143C264CDB3FFFFE58BAC0A78D8AAD" lsidName="S. liebe" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="liebe">S. liebe</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., the number of mesotibial spurs visible under the stereomicroscope ranges from one to two. The anterior spur may be visible and developed, but it is vestigial in the majority of the specimens we evaluated. This variation was observed in specimens from the same nest series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3FAC16E576758E1D553983D61DB888A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Regarding other members of the XMMAS clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF536130539919A128B3CCA4477167A4" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma pallipes" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pallipes">Stigmatomma pallipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008501; Nearctic region),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF82332795F0F5EE496EDB1ED9EDDF62" lsidName="S. pluto" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="pluto">S. pluto</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008502),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9708AD224EAE0CE020BA37C73B1E6198" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma caputleae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caputleae">Adetomyrma caputleae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F32581CFCF1659D6AB39FACDE6A996C" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 31" title="A revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Adetomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)" volume="3341" year="2012">Yoshimura and Fisher 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008494; Malagasy region), Fulakora mystriops (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FEABD5E45683DCB18F427CED4B5345EF" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="145 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 3. Tribe Amblyoponini" volume="122" year="1960">Brown 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (ANTWEB1008500; Neotropical region), Myopopone castanea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B43BB67FB7B90EA7188AE8C2BEE6EA4" author="Smith, F." journalOrPublisher="Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="93 - 143" title="Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea" volume="5" year="1860">Smith 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (ANTWEB1008551; Indomalaya and Australasia regions), and Xymmer muticus
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB265AE72E4C3EACDE02239DFC9457D9" author="Santschi, F." journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="309 - 385" title="Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri" volume="8" year="1914">Santschi 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008499; Afrotropical region) have two mesotibial spurs. A. venatrix
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5FD3EE93AF5AE8D93DB1E1F063B06332" author="Ward, P. S." journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="159 - 175" title="Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny" volume="19" year="1994">Ward 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Malagasy region) possesses one spur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="20A7F5B73E715599B4096A829AB394C4" author="Ward, P. S." journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="159 - 175" title="Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny" volume="19" year="1994">Ward 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as F. chilensis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A665949F9973940BCA5D510D38CCD997" author="Mayr, G." journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="511 - 632" title="Suedamerikanische Formiciden" volume="37" year="1887">Mayr 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (ANTWEB1008496; Neotropical region) and Mystrium voeltzkowi
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="50C7E81BD1538BD811D117B95860308E" author="Forel, A." journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="185 - 208" title="Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang ueber die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn Perrot auf Ste. Marie (Madagaskar) gesammelten Ameisen" volume="21" year="1897">Forel 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008554; Malagasy region). All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F127DA00E55D7A864CB9FF7504916AC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphospecies from Madagascar evaluated under a stereomicroscope presented one spur/stout seta on the apex of the mesotibia. One species clearly seems to have a spur, while the others apparently present an enlarged stout seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="72BC71415992C80072B3D863BCABA483" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFC0EBDCDCB1BB854B285B6AD9128EF6" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera outside the XMMAS clade, Amblyopone australis
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F35987E34248D5D642218CC0DAA2EB2A" author="Erichson, W. F." journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="83 - 287" title="Beitrag zur Insecten-Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der geographischen Verbreitung der Insecten" volume="8" year="1842">Erichson 1842</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008497; Australasia region), A. mercovichi
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E988B123F4E7EC607EA7C37BE0AB537" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="145 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 3. Tribe Amblyoponini" volume="122" year="1960">Brown 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008498; Australasia region), and Apomyrma stygia
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6379E9D7AF74B68228934FA353F62330" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="259 - 275" title="A new genus of ponerine ants from West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with ecological notes" volume="77" year="1971">Brown et al. 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008505) possess two mesotibial spurs. Onychomyrmexdoddi
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9636F31F6FD14D589D1B13F8A19E7E4D" author="Wheeler, W. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="45 - 54" title="The Australian ants of the genus Onychomyrmex" volume="60" year="1916">Wheeler 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008560; Australasia region) possesses two vestigial spurs at the apex of the mesotibia. Each spur is a small, stout, conic seta totally or partially concealed by a fovea. Prionopelta aethiopica
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C7565A7C6DD43D7AC1C595EE2547A0B" author="Arnold, G." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="261 - 275" title="New species of African Hymenoptera. No. 9" volume="2" year="1949">Arnold 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008580; Afrotropical region) and P. antillana
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B309DD8CE05B8933B56ADE70456D1960" author="Forel, A." journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="239 - 269" title="Ameisen aus Guatemala usw., Paraguay und Argentinien (Hym.)." volume="1909" year="1909">Forel 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008581; Neotropical region) have one vestigial spur, while P. concenta (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9AC017F4B7B4F866035CBA532ED824F" author="Brown, W. L. Jr" journalOrPublisher="Pilot Register of Zoology Card" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 2" title="Concoctioconcenta species nov" volume="30" year="1974">Brown 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (ANTWEB1008513; Afrotropical region) presents no spurs on the mesotibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CDC6A098944C36F7D4ACCFD04FF520E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
10. We confirm the presence of a longitudinal sulcus on the antero-dorsal face of the mesobasitarsus in all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D3631D15168D0C6EA29AED6BBF5BA88" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy region save
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F89ABE4F3FB5D7740E02B53E66B00297" lsidName="S. tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">S. tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F50CA481E3FDB0268271EA699FFFE3BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Within the XMMAS clade, this sulcus is present on the mesobasitarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5542806D262F1984205D90C9912D7BD" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma pallipes" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pallipes">Stigmatomma pallipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008501),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2A95AC2397E4EDF2F19756DC2A31AF8" lsidName="S. pluto" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="pluto">S. pluto</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008502),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E014EC1A2561FBEED2EB91277C25A58" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma caputleae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caputleae">Adetomyrma caputleae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008494),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B253D3BE37133BA8E1D48721E5E331D1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fulakora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fulakora chilensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Fulakora chilensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008496),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E21C5D7634884BC19C1BE330C1CEA47C" lsidName="F. mystriops" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mystriops">F. mystriops</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008500),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C918C3E16867218EFC71E5A845F79B4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myopopone castanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">Myopopone castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008551), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F82C23AC0BDFBB31AE66AED1BF68E8EB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer muticus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Xymmer muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008499). We confirm present of this sulcus in only one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5A9CA37050164CC81516D023DB6FF48" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the Malagasy region. However, this character is difficult to visualize under a stereomicroscope when specimens are too small, as it occurs with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6A8C66C29D230948AED152CEC5BB10B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and its presence or absence may be better evaluated with an SEM microscope. This sulcus is absent in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B3DDB45332FA50C10F03DF2FD18420E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species we evaluated in the Malagasy region (CASENT0429914; CASENT0482698; CASENT0003281; CASENT0429897; CASENT0129838; CASENT0418314; CASENT0318933; CASENT0494274; CASENT0248701; CASENT0001158; ANTWEB1008554).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E0DD61E9F6B2DC359A690C7E726F90BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The sulcus on the anterior face of the mesobasitarsus is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54DEC57AD5D5E24B8F2EEDCC11658F3C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008497),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBA49E0F12C3ABCD3613BF9E72842557" lsidName="A. mercovichi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mercovichi">A. mercovichi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008498),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70BFE6FB8DE0841E0E59F4D4C1EFC686" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008505),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47C167E95E6C3DE66CCBBD01A9F9C4A8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex doddi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doddi">Onychomyrmex doddi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008560),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59BE84A19C0301B44CE49E3F64B08274" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta aethiopica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">Prionopelta aethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008580),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6C86277FC468F12A252091143F6D464" lsidName="P. antillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="antillana">P. antillana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008581), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8D1F7B6942583D3E45E92C8ADAB6C59" lsidName="P. concenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="concenta">P. concenta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008513).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FAEF601E0FD6B4B2563A91743F0ABB10" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
11. All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7739248026710AA56F50BBD9D5D4F2A6" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species present in the Malagasy bioregion present two well-developed metatibial spurs save
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78091155F461E228CF2C144D0A1FF24C" lsidName="S. liebe" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="liebe">S. liebe</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. In this species, the number of metatibial spurs visible under the stereomicroscope ranges from one to two. The anterior spur is visibly smaller than the posterior spur, and may be vestigial in some specimens. This variation was observed in specimens from the same nest series. A similar condition is found in Onychomyrmex hedleyi
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="73E0CA6BBDE3549305A773A9206A12D6" author="Emery, C." journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="345 - 358" title="Descriptions de quelques fourmis nouvelles d'Australie" volume="39" year="1895">Emery 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Australasia region). In this species, metatibial spurs are vestigial and may be present or absent in specimens from the same colony (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="731B0A25CBEF81175559A9B5E060AE5B" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="145 - 230" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 3. Tribe Amblyoponini" volume="122" year="1960">Brown 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7C63AE0698C1AEB95BD99B57199BFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
In the XMMAS clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1865955ED602A93A03FF374DD9D312D" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma pallipes" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pallipes">Stigmatomma pallipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008501),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA309176594B64B78F87332AA5865C0B" lsidName="S. pluto" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="pluto">S. pluto</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008502),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77700E2953AAF96773CD6657081ACFA7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma caputleae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caputleae">Adetomyrma caputleae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008494),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33D49C4B78DB7C1711C390977EA160B7" lsidName="A. venatrix" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="venatrix">A. venatrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4E965CF3A0322B619024022350A4A3D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fulakora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fulakora chilensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Fulakora chilensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008496),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="619B3A4F7621346BBF7881D59264C917" lsidName="F. mystriops" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mystriops">F. mystriops</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008500),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68058FABB4BC2C91F4B909C17373304B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myopopone castanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">Myopopone castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008551),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="959D15A3D5451CF2302ECB3C4A776126" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium voeltzkowi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voeltzkowi">Mystrium voeltzkowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008554), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74C3F776460A1A521D337B7F9705D20D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer muticus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Xymmer muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008499) possess two spurs on the metatibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C2B8268E15DFBE33A80BB9B869158F23" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8CC543B4F39D2F0365E128FD842DEC0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008497),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AA990CC6F748ADC0123B0543FF4BC46" lsidName="A. mercovichi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mercovichi">A. mercovichi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008498), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C06B9756C95458884F6C9E6806A2E564" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008505) possess two metatibial spurs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF8EA4AB4D276E660105F0EA5BD88598" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex doddi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doddi">Onychomyrmex doddi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008560) possesses two vestigial spurs at the apex of the metatibia. These spurs are small, stout, conic seta totally or partially concealed by a fovea.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DE4C12FFB16A20021345F0AC39780C0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta aethiopica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">Prionopelta aethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008580) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C4AAE3D3582FC828071A5E0321A9A73" lsidName="P. antillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="antillana">P. antillana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008581) have one spur, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CC0079191113B8282091BD135BFD226" lsidName="P. concenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="concenta">P. concenta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008513) presents no spurs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="86E973B7F54ECD1420A3AF6E6217DF14" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
12. Only one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFA34537BC56803A1E3562AB0063B20E" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species evaluated in this study (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDEAFE7720F9121C6CA1CCDA6F1AF6E4" lsidName="S. roahady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="roahady">S. roahady</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.) presents a longitudinal sulcus on the anterior face of the metabasitarsus. The metabasitarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AB4F850E4FCF1E60774E4BBBF7C4A1B" lsidName="S. besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">S. besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while not presenting a sulcus on its anterior face, possesses two raised, parallel, not--well--developed longitudinal carinae with convergent apexes on its dorsal face.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9DA9F5EEA8F70A055EC68FA34126E14A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
This sulcus is present on the metabasitarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="699EE4BF5666372783F9B3761F565424" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myopopone castanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">Myopopone castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008551), and absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4FDFDB07F52852F3CE841851C7FB260" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma pallipes" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pallipes">Stigmatomma pallipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008501),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="252CD08CD17994E0030BD1E7E2878B28" lsidName="S. pluto" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="pluto">S. pluto</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008502),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A17F9B3C00B7E9B7E8300AB8EE21ACB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma caputleae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caputleae">Adetomyrma caputleae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008494),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="689A5C0CB9128F0803C97955D09AC178" lsidName="A. venatrix" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="venatrix">A. venatrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10EF933B3ACF55B7AB982505B189D72E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fulakora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fulakora chilensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Fulakora chilensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008496),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF7BF0E115AF6AFF3DC1C030FCB85B6F" lsidName="F. mystriops" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mystriops">F. mystriops</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008500), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AFB1FDCEDE8B81F31E652D5B4E2ABC0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer muticus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Xymmer muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008499). It seems to be absent on the metabasitarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A31FC88B4FB94CAA491546364E18ABE1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy region. However, we cautiously affirm that, since this character is difficult to visualize under a stereomicroscope when specimens are too small, like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BCBCB0EC1A1370AD49FEC9EA7B772C6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it would be better evaluated under higher magnification. This sulcus is absent in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE98F1B9F0A133856DDBFF28B7252A65" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species we evaluated in the Malagasy bioregion (CASENT0429914; CASENT0482698; CASENT0003281; CASENT0429897; CASENT0129838; CASENT0418314; CASENT0318933; CASENT0494274; CASENT0248701; CASENT0001158; ANTWEB1008554).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="370814CABD53BF3873B6C395B28F8FA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CAAA001DC61F5F939E629140CE42316" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera that are not part of the XMMAS clade, the sulcus on the metabasitarsus is absent on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="239CAD4B610B525E3749C3410B8198E9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008497),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E5D290999364EE38F98B918DA2C3A19" lsidName="A. mercovichi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mercovichi">A. mercovichi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008498),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E1F4987E87AD75FE61265BA4A0BA19F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008505),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A6224BFE282B3BF39E9C146FBCDB2A9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex doddi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doddi">Onychomyrmex doddi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008560),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="609CC48256B4378C3BEED3AD28F9FDCA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta aethiopica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">Prionopelta aethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008580),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1F19EDBA5980D761B47028E22B28352" lsidName="P. antillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="antillana">P. antillana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008581), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C50827AD3D93319C615CF971EA5EA75" lsidName="P. concenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="concenta">P. concenta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008513).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E1EAD2232DEEB016A0F442688515182D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
13. Arolium present on pro-, meso-, and metapretarsi in all species we studied. The same seems to apply to the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DC744EB43063AEFCD6FC84D8C4B43FA" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera in the Malagasy region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C21C2A1C8F69D35EF86278F6330E50E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
14. The petiole is sessile to sub-sessile in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D0AD4144699932F8DBD9B341B5D83B1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="96ADCAA1A0E401D2AF0E197D63BF4FF2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and subsessile to penduculate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45CEC37C2FE8F12B5B484C25AA8620C2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 19). Also, within the XMMAS clade in the Malagasy region,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A55AFD87D1C399114A7D0AE20C682D9C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only genus in which the subpetiolar process is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE8F1404819DE9CDCBC6C8CFF2A0BD7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
15. The constriction between pretergite and postergite of the abdominal segment III is scrobiculate in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17760AE73C0832D16F87565BA62FC1E3" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species but one. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA7ED18E89B1ABC5573A7FDDB1D25492" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
such a constriction is not visible; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0414E01CC42B13F5723F11AD457834DC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
species the constriction is alveolate; and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC53E4F8E5055A495ED563C9D3B0E29" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is scrobiculate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CFB1DCF1F35121C03E024C2B4628D7BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
16. A prora is visible under a stereomicroscope in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="494EB15C159254E3F2BDB7213E0DD1B7" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4891E3D9E3A82D43C66863C463096A3A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the Malagasy region; it seems to be absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED4C30B32392F412D9A80667D9626D12" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A42586EB8407BEDA3BD30ADD700CD18" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D54A2F81A08BAE97FDF0677417724F95" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
17.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A34554662AA86896013AC49A34C0C18" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not possess a constriction between the presclerite and postsclerite of abdominal segment IV. The constriction is scrobiculate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F56DFC5C4B5ACBD46552AD7E7FD9605" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3CAEBC12C9A5FAE3FA5622D5C018D30" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and alveolate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="073D268E69DBF6680CF2A7BA3E9C097F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D30AA9A93B401D049123972C9A65622" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
18. Stout spiniform setae may be located on the apex of the hypopygium, surrounding the sting (Fig. 14). The number of setae varies from six to nine, when present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F0F0D58E4279F0FD940C87F3DDCC92F" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the Malagasy region. This contradicts the opinion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7AE90EE9729108667CC6A18231D036" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 99" title="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" volume="394" year="2014">Yoshimura and Fisher (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which states that the number of stout setae ranges from three to nine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BEDCE8BAD4B60F68F157E8481AD4EEFD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
In the Malagasy region, all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73256A6DD4C7F52DA0E273500A5C7B99" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species present two or four stout setae on the hypopygium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF7B2BBF07D8B125A5F394812BA4F80C" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 99" title="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" volume="394" year="2014">Yoshimura and Fisher 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB3C6ECFA4D04F982266D4C81E098E2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xymmer</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A1F8ED02DACF9D20FC40B083E853B71" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Adetomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adetomyrma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adetomyrma</taxonomicName>
|
||
have no such setae.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC442023E756ED508824C7CC47164A43" author="Yoshimura, M." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 99" title="A revision of the ant genus Mystrium in the Malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on Amblyopone and Stigmatomma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Amblyoponinae)" volume="394" year="2014">Yoshimura and Fisher (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
affirmed that two or four stout setae on the apex of the hypopygium are uniquely observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB453C0FB03731DAB063C2F7F8489F0D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mystrium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mystrium</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8F3D2F77FDC8ED7DF856D10DB2AB0F9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fulakora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fulakora mystriops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mystriops">Fulakora mystriops</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008500) also presents four stout setae on the hypopygium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7FC633A9E95E9F4C06BC7EB45C2D7BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Stout spiniform setae are also present on the hypopygium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2DDBED8712111CC5F2F2BB4E67A527C9" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma pluto" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pluto">Stigmatomma pluto</taxonomicName>
|
||
(twelve setae, ANTWEB1008502),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8091D4216ABF6F7EA1AB2CD50E47AEE4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fulakora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fulakora chilensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Fulakora chilensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(eight setae, ANTWEB1008496), and in F. cleae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92F2C7818F8BDA1BBEE90042DED2DE33" author="Lacau, S." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="33 - 41" title="Description de trois nouvelles especes d'Amblyopone avec quelques notes biogeographiques sur le genre au Bresil (Formicidae, Ponerinae)" volume="107" year="2002">Lacau and Delabie 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and F. agostii (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B3FBE69785A9A02E8DDB7BC6BFDAB5E" author="Lacau, S." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="33 - 41" title="Description de trois nouvelles especes d'Amblyopone avec quelques notes biogeographiques sur le genre au Bresil (Formicidae, Ponerinae)" volume="107" year="2002">Lacau and Delabie 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which have ten setae each (both from the Neotropical region). These setae are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89B4398FFCD00D1C5C100882EEDF3B97" lsidName="S. pallipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="pallipes">S. pallipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008501), the Neotropical F. heraldoi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="127373C909F49F34B84A27169FE7D92A" author="Lacau, S." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="33 - 41" title="Description de trois nouvelles especes d'Amblyopone avec quelques notes biogeographiques sur le genre au Bresil (Formicidae, Ponerinae)" volume="107" year="2002">Lacau and Delabie 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5000B6D6B2F27C7BCEACC3FEA3B8E11A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myopopone castanea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">Myopopone castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008551),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CAA617EEAAE5A71CB8D67645D5E9CF7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Xymmer" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xymmer muticus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">Xymmer muticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008499),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6AF1C4712978FAFD0F01D4425A2C3B7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Amblyopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyopone australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Amblyopone australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008497),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E36E23CD7AD265328D67722FA628CC5B" lsidName="A. mercovichi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="mercovichi">A. mercovichi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008498),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D055DBE29D9FF873ECF15D94CEDA6029" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apomyrma stygia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stygia">Apomyrma stygia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008505),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D61FF31E0E78C051D7B6FB3DE2F71EEF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Onychomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onychomyrmex doddi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doddi">Onychomyrmex doddi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008560),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8269ED66D1DF653FBFAB0851DF3B5B05" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Prionopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prionopelta aethiopica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">Prionopelta aethiopica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008580), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5ABF308130CAB7BB40199EDFAC38F820" lsidName="P. concenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="concenta">P. concenta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANTWEB1008513).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="8BF8EDAC5AAFD007520BEAE6CFC7D7D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="malagasy species-group stigmatomma">
|
||
<paragraph id="8AFB668E86F85CC236E9EC39C8622DB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Malagasy species-group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29B377570A2899E0F325983961501117" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="29A54D0002F7D171C8F4E2D5759954E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
We introduce a morphological organization system for the species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0525EDABF8AE5BCFA41676B78AE82240" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy bioregion which is based upon the definition of informal species-groups, which may contain species-complexes when necessary. Groups and complexes are named after the most abundant species, and the groups we presently define only reflect what is seen in the Malagasy fauna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2404A7B2302CE4D4C122A5B6C32A6FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="synoptic list of malagasy species">
|
||
<paragraph id="3185121300975ED7DD7F493C650FE1D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Synoptic list of Malagasy species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2D4E3B7CC7FACC366B6D854096726C1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E923772A6575FAD86355BB5EF97AF36" lsidName="besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C175D6BE92EF827E897B775B67B6F275" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10B0E34BDE9F6F14FB2FB2E7E31E6280" lsidName="besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Baroni Urbani 1978) (Seychelles; Singapore?)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B49576A59B0F35016F9A8CA80538C8E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="972960B352BFB1A56DD8BED5D44072A2" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="72965D4DD025B588A20DD5971D2A58E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="008D59F6D34D9AE7C925959486F46A5E" lsidName="sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B16983CECCE69B1A36BC8E45F9361F3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F15B485FD3A9DEBD7416C83F372C7D48" lsidName="bolabola" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="bolabola">bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F8737EE9A2037CF1CB9EBAD55189295" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF53A9961ABB4DAF538F914B027B365C" lsidName="janovitsika" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="janovitsika">janovitsika</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Seychelles)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="59E309DD6B8F5AF2D3B6B5523F539AE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D52A8E061E521673FD16F8652CD6705C" lsidName="sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C32E4F029536A5D9657E673371584BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1A91B4A9C27B7B4DD70E6CE338742F6" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E9E6E62D9139E1D3A67D1C4FA359B39" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B522DD9343892D2856276742E134CFA8" lsidName="irayhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="irayhady">irayhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F3DC051C39B7695E49F882A8B65ED3B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="105C032182AA22E114EE8C5BD6151968" lsidName="liebe" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="liebe">liebe</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FAA8FD7C24D05B93186056F190583661" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7CFDCB2CA8B39E427F1B882374A5217" lsidName="roahady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="roahady">roahady</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="359DF42088A104E8D61B0C21B475EE73" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE533DFEDC96A90992034258785748AE" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher sp. n. (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="1C7D52BE0DCAA8F6E699BB3563272D44" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="besucheti species-group">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA2F9934F4D4C51961B0B0AB71C2E339" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5EBC6D636AFD26C558844423DDCF116E" lsidName="besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6786F07BE3CA3B318E3808F137D5CF8D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4923F8B1E259E8A93E3E91933097CC3A" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma besucheti" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="besucheti">Stigmatomma besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E9983ED7B889AC788AC6B17FCAB67A82" author="Baroni Urbani, C." journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="39 - 51" title="Contributo alla conoscenza del genere Amblyopone Erichson (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" volume="51" year="1978">Baroni Urbani 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="60946D343039A11AD148437168DD5460" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58EF06D56F0679D5555776C4C77A7797" lsidName="S. besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">S. besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
isolates the species from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6019A7D1D27DBF84FD1431DCAF47C733" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy bioregion, and we place it in its own group based on the following worker characters (asterisks flag unique characters within the genus in the Malagasy bioregion):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4934BEA234EC726FFB581AA63EBE8859" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">1. * Ten antennomeres;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="418AF5CD0C43DE29EF2370853EB1A134" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">2. * Two maxillary palpomeres (palpal formula: 2:2);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF04B04E6C7078DD1EED67A757901D20" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">3. * Calcar of strigil completely pectinate;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="91106A0CE64B1BEF47976416CA6B2376" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">4. * Anterior face of the calcar of strigil with squamiform microtrichia basally;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2120DE7CCA309B980ECF475812CB41C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">5. * Posterior face of the calcar of strigil glabrous;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7724478C336F3CFC10DD7E8B508661F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">6. * Weakly raised longitudinal parallel carinae present on the dorsal face of metabasitarsus, with convergent apexes;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="02A6256E2ADB6A334D64972456BA47B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">7. * Petiolar proprioceptor zone reduced to a small concavity.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="8C3F3C8E4407B468820CC1A5317500A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="tsyhady species-group">
|
||
<paragraph id="C200135C207C556598D1200401AB9810" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30F4B063BD57BB7458A06C75F88D7E92" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A3AF43A4832AC2E6B14736427D366ECD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Workers with the following combination of characters (asterisks flag unique characters within the genus in the Malagasy bioregion):</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C50034AC10BA42A17036C65B7B63D66E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">1. * Twelve antennomeres;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2E2279785BC670FEEEA15F6916ACC12" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">2. * Four maxillary palpomeres (palpal formula: 4:3 or 4:2);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98B504DB55464B15FE39E37A61A54841" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">3. * Calcar of strigil not completely pectinate; baso-ventral lamella generally visible (in one species the lamella is reduced to a basal bud);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F2028C21BF5965BFA3CA6AC4FC4F3E4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">4. Anterior face of the calcar of strigil with strap-like or tubiform microtrichia basally;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="34B1E713C0BF8957A12DA49F98642134" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">5. * Posterior face of the calcar of strigil with lanceolate microtrichia;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF3CB9C3F32A16632B7394628143B4F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">6. Absence of any longitudinal carina on the dorsal face of metabasitarsus;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="23EE61B7F69C2382FC4D74AEF2150D3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">7. * Petiolar proprioceptor zone a large, round concavity.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EA24549F3D0A9B2F25ADD453D7F6DA7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">This group can be split into subgroups based on morphological similarities, here called species complexes.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="9E8BCFA9514E906850ECF455B3E4665E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="sakalava species-complex">
|
||
<paragraph id="CB6C487AF2564B395272F8201573E0A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31F650D09B95CE2E3AE5B8CE6744DD75" lsidName="sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-complex
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6A262397DACC91F18E0D93A0DC843C2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="068A777890259DA8B3155A43F94F33DE" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF744860A77AFF8AEED06D81168B8D68" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F9ADCDE43ECB04E55BED4CE88620CEC" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma janovitsika" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="janovitsika">Stigmatomma janovitsika</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CD04B41CADBE26856F572216DE2B858F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BCB717479B26497EA44BAF260B1BFEF" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma sakalava" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="sakalava">Stigmatomma sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E410DB84A5A142B8FE9EEDDE9BBBD2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Workers with the following combination of characters (character numbers are sequential to the species groups for sake of clarity in the character discussion):</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8CBB40E65C6D4EF6F630114D34F95318" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">8. Genal teeth present or absent;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A3A1DE1EB34CCB41825035AA3E1ECB12" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">9. Two labial palpomeres (palpal formula: 4:2);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="24BB69D3587F3152D6E8D10D324E58A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">10. Antler--like microtrichia present on posterior face of posterior metatibial spur;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="31B48D383AB5BA04B332D6F22BFDA606" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">11. Absence of fenestra on the subpetiolar process;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B6B25A0AE0436B294301462DDEEF7AED" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">12. Stout spiniform setae present on the apex of hypopygium.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="89EF54FCFAEA60C2A03A2D1389FFA876" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="tsyhady species-complex">
|
||
<paragraph id="E95B37CCB5DD2428EEDD35B527A95BB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF3F9BF9D7115210BC820B4E1659376D" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-complex
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EA3ED1DA00751576B904E88894629771" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B19D82A807B73FE6140AD1087FBED257" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma irayhady" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="irayhady">Stigmatomma irayhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6033808E9DBA980F65ACED4814E56688" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93D16031CA045B1F0029E39F4988F880" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma liebe" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="liebe">Stigmatomma liebe</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A073A6E1F105B25663754B107F6EF066" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6D26A3BDDC9628B2AC8D4A1F2D76346" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma roahady" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="roahady">Stigmatomma roahady</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6EDA24D477648D6E1225E45D266AA816" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9847CEDCB3602D5057880A047A971D39" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma tsyhady" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tsyhady">Stigmatomma tsyhady</taxonomicName>
|
||
Esteves & Fisher, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4C434DE66E536163247F6A99D116546" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Workers with the following combination of characters (character numbers are sequential to the species groups for sake of clarity in the character discussion; asterisks flag unique characters within the genus in the Malagasy bioregion):</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2E5A0B4B4B0913B645E00CBE3080298" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">8. Genal teeth present;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="51408EEC8F33123409C595BDC299870D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">9. * Three labial palpomeres (palpal formula: 4:3);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="27A6C69233A901FFEF93C7FBA6B0B45F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">10. Posterior face of posterior metatibial spur mostly glabrous;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="97476C2B48D760E7E36AE2AB599F7087" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">11. * Fenestra present on the subpetiolar process;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="24AB6726EF71B70757D5A548E4065D97" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">12. * Absence of stout spiniform setae on hypopygium.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="30B947F6FDCB4BB02435F0653B8350ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="comments on species-groups and species-complexes characters">
|
||
<paragraph id="19BE1FC7BFC644B34923749C3A244AD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Comments on species-groups and species-complexes characters</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ED78FADFD4066E93E261349B979DCF8C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">3. A reduced lamella on the baso-ventral margin of the calcar of strigil is often difficult to visualize under a stereomicroscope, and the calcar may appear completely pectinate while in reality it has a basal bud on the base of its ventral margin. Nonetheless, the proportion of lamellar tissue on the ventral margin of the calcar is constant within species, and was helpful to delimit certain species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F526EE9EFF6BAE97AF4CEB5BDD44C29A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">4-5. Presence and shape of microtrichia on anterior and posterior face of the calcar of strigil are not visible under a stereomicroscope. However, those characters are informative to diagnose groups of species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A49CEC290FCC5FBEDAD1A7798DCF25AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
6. The longitudinal parallel carinae on the dorsal face of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B55AC8AD26FA1BA0EBE52CACF9D55BAB" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma besucheti" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="besucheti">Stigmatomma besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
metabasitarsus somewhat converge at their apexes; thus, the region between them appears groove-like in dorsal view. No other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10AEF892257DE531570A03E4712761A2" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Malagasy region presents such a character. However, one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="709C27578259EB4B04F006136DE9DAD3" lsidName="S. roahady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="roahady">S. roahady</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possesses a longitudinal sulcus on the anterior face of its metabasitarsus, and since its shape and location are different from the carinae on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0A3C8E5C6BBEA5B98C73DFF5228E7E3" lsidName="S. besucheti" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="besucheti">S. besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we did not consider them homologous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0EC4C0641AEBCD71F8D13148EA74CFC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">10. The presence and shape of microtrichia on the posterior face of the metatibial spur are not visible under a steromicroscope; however, it is informative to diagnose groups of species.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |