220 lines
21 KiB
XML
220 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" approvalRequired="37" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="8" approvalRequired_for_treatments="29" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFC26A7EFA8E9D881FF8B3D6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hypsugo crassulus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="816" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="815" updateTime="1658412944878" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581260" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581260" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFC26A7EFA8E9D881FF8B3D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFC26A7EFA8E9D881FF8B3D6" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="816" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<subSubSection box="[1394,1474,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1389,2431,3025,3114]" box="[1394,1474,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<heading box="[1394,1474,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<figureCitation box="[1394,1474,3025,3071]" captionStart="Plate 59" captionStartId="51.[133,163,3283,3308]" captionTargetBox="[12,2757,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="94. Fairy Pipistrelle (Hypsugo ariel), 95. Lanza’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo lanzai), 96. Arabian Pipistrelle (Hypsugo arabicus), 97. Savi’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo savii), 98. Alashanian Pipistrelle (Hypsugo alaschanicus), 99. Cadorna’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo cadornae), 100. Joftre’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo joffrei), 101. Chinese Pipistrelle (Hypsugo pulveratus), 102. Chocolate Pipistrelle (Hypsugo affinis), 103. Pungent Pipistrelle (Hypsugo mordax), 104. Peters’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo petersi), 105. Long-toothed Pipistrelle (Hypsugo dolichodon), 106. Burmese Pipistrelle (Hypsugo lophurus), 107. Red-brown Pipistrelle (Hypsugo kitcheneri), 108. Brown Pipistrelle (Hypsugo imbricatus), 109. Big-eared Pipistrelle (Hypsugo macrotis), 110. Vordermann’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo vordermanni), 111. Anchieta’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo anchieta), 112. Kirindy Pipistrelle (Hypsugo bemainty), 113. Mouse-like Pipistrelle (Hypsugo musciculus), 114. Broad-headed Pipistrelle (Hypsugo crassulus), 115. Eisentraut’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo eisentrauti), 116. Schlieffen’s Bat (Nycticeinops schlieffenii), 117. Moloney’s Mimic Bat (Mimetillus moloneyi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398514/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">114.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1490,2006,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1389,2431,3025,3114]" box="[1490,2006,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<heading box="[1490,2006,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<vernacularName box="[1490,2006,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Broad-headed Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2079,2408,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1389,2431,3025,3114]" box="[2079,2408,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<heading box="[2079,2408,3025,3071]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[2079,2408,3025,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">
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<emphasis box="[2079,2408,3025,3071]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Hypsugo crassulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1390,2431,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1389,2431,3025,3114]" box="[1390,2431,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<heading box="[1390,2431,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1390,1466,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1472,1693,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Vespere a grosse téte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1714,1804,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1814,2118,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Breitkopfige Zwergfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2139,2230,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2240,2431,3090,3111]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Hypsugo cabezudo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1389,2033,3156,3189]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1388,2598,3156,3472]" box="[1389,2033,3156,3189]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1389,1545,3156,3189]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1904" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1557,2028,3156,3189]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2045,2564,3156,3189]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1388,2598,3156,3472]" box="[2045,2564,3156,3189]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319348" box="[2045,2564,3156,3189]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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“Efulen,
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<collectingCountry box="[2169,2330,3156,3189]" name="Cameroon" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Cameroons</collectingCountry>
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[=
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<collectingCountry box="[2380,2537,3156,3189]" name="Cameroon" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1388,2598,3156,3472]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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Relationships are currently unresolved. Genetic data place
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<taxonomicName box="[2216,2363,3200,3229]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="bellieri">race bellieri</taxonomicName>
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close to
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<taxonomicName box="[2489,2598,3200,3229]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsugo</taxonomicName>
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aisentrauti (but see
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hill" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1647,1823,3239,3268]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eisentrauti">H. eisentrauti</taxonomicName>
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). Nominate
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1996,2109,3239,3268]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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has not yet been included in a phylogenetic analysis; bellieri might represent a distinct species. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="816" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398012/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="816" pageId="57" pageNumber="815" targetBox="[174,766,282,697]" targetPageId="58">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1388,2598,3156,3472]" box="[1390,1790,3313,3346]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1390,1790,3313,3346]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="57.[1388,2598,3156,3472]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">
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<taxonomicName box="[1391,1786,3353,3386]" pageId="57" pageNumber="815">H.c.crassulusThomas,1904—scatteredrecordsinSCameroon,SGabon,SRepublicoftheCongo,NWAngola,NW&NEDRCongo,SWSouthSudan,W&SUganda,andWKenya.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="58.[788,1384,271,698]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
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<taxonomicName box="[790,1146,271,304]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">H. c. bellieri De Vree, 1972</taxonomicName>
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— SE
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<collectingCountry box="[1226,1330,271,304]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Liberia" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[904,1061,318,343]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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, and S
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<collectingCountry box="[1165,1260,318,343]" name="Ghana" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="58.[788,1384,271,698]" lastBlockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[789,1067,350,383]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body c¢.43-52 mm, tail 25-32 mm, ear 9-13 mm, hindfoot 5-3-7-5 mm, forearm 28-33 mm; weight 4-8 g. Pelage of the Broad-headed Pipistrelle is soft and dense; dorsally dark brown or reddish brown in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1196,1312,555,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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, medium to dark chocolate-brown in bellier: (hairs are unicolored); ventrally either the same as dorsum (hairs unicolored;
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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) or various shades of pale brown such as pale fawn and pale grayish fawn (hairs bicolored with medium to dark brown bases and pale tips; bellier:). Throat ofbellier: is usually paler, contrasting with ventral pelage but is the same as venter in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1192,1308,783,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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. Ears are blackish (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[368,487,822,855]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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) or dark brown (bellieri) and broadly rounded; tragus is slightly less than one-half the ear height, being broadest at midpoint in bellieri and broadest at base of anterior margin in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[559,674,901,934]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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, and is smoothly convex on posterior margin with small basal lobe and rounded tip. Tail of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[755,870,940,973]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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is longer than in bellieri. Membranes are blackish brown (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[467,586,980,1013]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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) or dark brown (bellieri). Penis is very long compared to other pipistrelle-like bats. Baculum (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[697,816,1019,1052]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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) is very long and slender with rounded tip and very small basal lobes in line with extended shaft in vertical plane. Skull is moderately robust; braincase is broad and rounded, low in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1003,1119,1102,1131]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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and high in belliers; interorbital region is relatively broad; rostrum is moderately long and relatively broad; forehead is almost straight to weakly concave; sagittal and lambdoidal crests are weakly developed and form weak occipital helmet in bellieri but not
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1048,1164,1217,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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. I is deeply bicuspid and very broad and robust; I’ is unicuspid; P* is minute and displaced lingually from tooth row, and barely visible to invisible above gum (larger and more visible in bellieri); P* and C' are usually in contact in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[778,894,1335,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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but separated in bellieri; lower incisors are tricuspid; and lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FNa = 56 (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[498,623,1419,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,288,1462,1487]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland rainforest, swamp forest, coastal forest, and montane forest at elevations of 70-1600 m. Nominate
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[669,784,1493,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">crassulus</taxonomicName>
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seems to prefer higher elevations of 800-1600 m, but can be found down to
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<quantity box="[679,767,1532,1565]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
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, whereas
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<taxonomicName box="[907,1054,1532,1565]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="bellier">race bellier</taxonomicName>
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: appears to prefer rainforest at 70-600 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,439,1611,1644]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Broad-headed Pipistrelle forages by slow hawking in cluttered habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,312,1690,1723]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Breeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry box="[368,528,1690,1723]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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, six pregnant females and one lactating female were found between late February and late March, four nulliparous females were captured between late August and late September, and a pregnant female was found in October. Scrotal males were found from late February to late March and in late August. Based on these data, the species may have more than one breeding season. Females produce single young.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[175,989,1927,1960]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" box="[175,989,1927,1960]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,411,1927,1960]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Broad-headed Pipistrelles are nocturnal.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[177,1117,1966,1999]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" box="[177,1117,1966,1999]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,878,1966,1999]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,525,2010,2039]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust (as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="816" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassulus">Pipistrellus crassulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Although rarely captured, the species appears to be widespread and locally common; e.g. in Tai National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[751,908,2085,2118]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it was the most commonly captured pipistrelle-like bat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="816" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="58.[175,1384,704,2276]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[178,331,2172,2197]" pageId="58" pageNumber="816">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Bates et al. (2013), Decher et al. (2016), Fahr (2013z), Hayman (1954), Hayman et al. (1966), Heller et al. (1994), Monadjem & Fahr (2007, 2017b), Monadjem, Richards et al. (2013), Volleth et al. (2001), Weber & Fahr (2007a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |