275 lines
29 KiB
XML
275 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFA16A1FFA469DB41B16B6BB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Eptesicus bottae" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="849" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="848" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581302" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581302" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFA16A1FFA469DB41B16B6BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFA16A1FFA469DB41B16B6BB" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="849" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<subSubSection box="[1466,1546,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2426,3053,3182]" box="[1466,1546,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<heading box="[1466,1546,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<figureCitation box="[1466,1546,3053,3103]" captionStart="Plate 62: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="83.[123,153,3251,3276]" captionTargetBox="[12,2747,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="170. Humboldt’s Big-eared Brown Bat (Hustiotus humboldti), 171. Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus velatus), 172. Transparent-winged Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus diaphanopterus), 173. Strange Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus alienus), 174. Small Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus montanus), 175. Thomas’s Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus laephotis), 176. Common Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus macrotus), 177. Southern Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus magellanicus), 178. Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), 179. Guadeloupe Serotine (Eptesicus guadeloupensis), 180. Diminutive Serotine (Eptesicus diminutus), 181. Little Black Serotine (Eptesicus andinus), 182. Chiriquinan Serotine (Eptesicus chiriquinus), 183. Argentine Serotine (Eptesicus furinalis), 184. Harmless Serotine (Eptesicus innoxius), 185. Brazilian Serotine (Eplesicus brasiliensis), 186. Taddei’s Serotine (Eptesicus taddeii), 187. Ulapes Serotine (Eptesicus ulapesensis), 188. Horn-skinned Serotine (Eptesicus floweri), 189. Lagos Serotine (Eptesicus platyops), 190. Long-tailed Serotine (Eptesicus hottentotus), 191. Ognev’s Serotine (Eptesicus ognevi), 192. Anatolian Serotine (Eptesicus anatolicus), 193. Botta’s Serotine (Eptesicus bottae), 194. Meridional Serotine (Eptesicus isabellinus), 195. Oriental Serotine (Eptesicus pachyomus), 196. Eurasian Serotine (Eplesicus serotinus), 197. Northern Serotine (Eptesicus nilssonii), 198. Sombre Serotine (Eptesicus tatei), 199. Gobi Serotine (Eptesicus gobiensis), 200. Japanese Serotine (Eptesicus japonensis), 201. Thick-eared Serotine (Eplesicus pachyotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398523/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">193.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1562,1890,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2426,3053,3182]" box="[1562,1890,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<heading box="[1562,1890,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<vernacularName box="[1562,1890,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Botta’s Serotine</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1958,2233,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2426,3053,3182]" box="[1958,2233,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<heading box="[1958,2233,3053,3103]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1958,2233,3053,3103]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">
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<emphasis box="[1958,2233,3053,3103]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Eptesicus bottae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2426,3053,3182]" box="[1463,2425,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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||
<heading box="[1463,2425,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1463,1538,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1547,1721,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Sérotine de Botta</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1742,1833,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1842,2116,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Botta-Breitflligelfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2137,2229,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2239,2425,3120,3141]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Eptesicus de Botta</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2426,3053,3182]" box="[1462,1917,3161,3182]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<heading box="[1462,1917,3161,3182]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1709,3161,3182]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1719,1917,3161,3182]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Botta's Serotine Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1462,1984,3226,3259]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2668,3226,3466]" box="[1462,1984,3226,3259]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1612,3226,3259]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[1629,1979,3226,3259]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vesperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">Vesperus bottae Peters, 1869</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2668,3226,3466]" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319590" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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“Arabien.” Restricted by I. A. Nader and D. Kock in 1990 to the area between
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<collectingRegion box="[1844,1963,3273,3298]" country="Yemen" name="Al Hudaydah" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Hodeida</collectingRegion>
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, Hays,
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<collectingRegion box="[2057,2133,3273,3298]" country="Yemen" name="Ta'izz" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Ta’izz</collectingRegion>
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and Al Mukha, south-western
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<collectingCountry box="[2540,2636,3273,3298]" name="Yemen" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="849" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="90.[1461,2668,3226,3466]" lastBlockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="849" pageId="90" pageNumber="848">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1464,1663,3305,3338]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">Eptesicus bottae</taxonomicName>
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previously included
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bobrinski" authorityYear="1918" box="[1960,2081,3305,3338]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ognevi">E. ognevi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Felten" authorityYear="1971" box="[2155,2325,3305,3338]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolicus">E. anatolicus</taxonomicName>
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as subspecies, although recent genetic studies by J. Juste and colleagues in 2013 found that all three species are valid.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1604,1803,3384,3417]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">Eptesicus bottae</taxonomicName>
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appears to be either related to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[2262,2412,3384,3417]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serotinus">E. serotinus</taxonomicName>
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(using mitochondrial genes) or to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Felten" authorityYear="1971" box="[1717,1884,3427,3456]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolicus">E. anatolicus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1900,2075,3427,3456]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hottentotus">E. hottentotus</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bobrinski" authorityYear="1918" box="[2130,2249,3427,3456]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ognevi">E. ognevi</taxonomicName>
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(using nuclear genes), but its position is still uncertain. I. V. Artyushin and colleagues in 2018 found a similarly conflicting dataset that supported the traditional view that
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[996,1110,396,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bottae">E. bottae</taxonomicName>
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includes
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bobrinski" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="850" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ognevi">E. ognevi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Felten" authorityYear="1971" box="[875,1051,435,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolicus">E. anatolicus</taxonomicName>
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based on nuclear genes.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bobrinski" authorityYear="1918" box="[831,1036,475,508]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ognevi">Eptesicus ognevi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Felten" authorityYear="1971" box="[1105,1273,475,508]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolicus">E. anatolicus</taxonomicName>
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are included as distinct species here, pending amore complete genetic and morphological study encompassing full distributions of all taxa in FE.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[984,1056,632,665]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="bottae">bottae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1069,1216,632,665]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
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. There are limited morphological and genetic distinctions between each ofthe recognized subspecies. Five subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398216/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" targetBox="[119,710,274,688]" targetPageId="91">
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" box="[120,520,746,779]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[120,520,746,779]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" box="[119,914,795,820]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<taxonomicName authority="Peters, 1869" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[119,435,795,820]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bottae" subSpecies="bottae">E.b.bottaePeters,1869—SWSaudiArabiaandWYemen.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" box="[119,1224,827,860]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1919" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1919" box="[119,510,827,860]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bottae" subSpecies="hingstoni">E.b.hingstoniThomas,1919—MesopotamianregionofSyria,Iraq,andKuwait.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<taxonomicName authority="Lataste, 1387" authorityName="Lataste" authorityYear="1387" baseAuthorityName="Lataste" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[118,468,875,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bottae" subSpecies="innesi">E.b.innesiLataste,1387—NEEgypt(NileDeltaandSinaiPeninsula),SIsrael,SWJordan,andNWSaudiArabia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" box="[118,1177,949,978]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<taxonomicName authority="D. L. Harrison, 1976" authorityName="Harrison" authorityYear="1976" box="[118,612,949,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bottae" subSpecies="omanensis">E.b.omanensisD.L.Harrison,1976—EUnitedArabEmiratesandEOman.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" box="[118,738,983,1016]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<taxonomicName authority="de Roguin, 1988" authorityName="de Roguin" authorityYear="1988" box="[118,594,983,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bottae" subSpecies="taftanimontis">E. b. taftanimontis de Roguin, 1988</taxonomicName>
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— SE
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<collectingCountry box="[675,735,983,1016]" name="Iran" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[117,370,1029,1058]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 56-67 mm, tail 44-54 mm, ear 15-6-17-7 mm, hindfoot 7-10 mm,forearm 38-47 mm; weight 8-9 g. Females average slightly larger than males. Pelage of Botta’s Serotineis soft and dense. Dorsal pelage is light to dark creamy buff, with grayish beige to rusty brown tinge (hairs are tricolored, with dark bases), ventral pelage is creamy to grayish beige (hairs bicolored, with white tips and pale grayish brown bases). Bare muzzle, ears, and membranes are pale grayish brown to dark brown; wings occasionally have narrow pale hind border. Earsare relatively short and subtriangular, with roundedtips; tragusis ¢.50% the ear length and is the same width from base to tip, with rounded tip. Wings and uropatagium are semi-translucent, and tail protrudes ¢.3-5 mm past uropatagium; postcalcarial lobe is well developed. Baculum is short (0-8-0-9 mm long), flat, stout, and triangular, with rounded corners. Skull is smaller and less heavily ridged than in the Eurasian Serotine (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1026,1181,1458,1491]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serotinus">E. serotinus</taxonomicName>
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); rostrum is broad and flattened, with shallow lateral concavities; there is well-marked median groove between orbits; braincase is ovoid, with only faint mastoid projections posterolaterally; forehead is weakly concave; lambdoidal crests are moderately developed; slightly convex supraoccipital just forms most posterior part of skull; sagittal crest is developed posteriorly and absent in some specimens; moderate occipital helmet is formed by sagittal and lambdoidal crests; tympanic bullae are relatively large compared with the Eurasian Serotine; and basioccipital is narrower than in the Eurasian Serotine. I* is large and bicuspid; I” is very small, only barely reaching above cingulum of I*; and lower molars are myotodont.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,223,1853,1886]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Arid and semiarid deserts, steppes, and savannas, generally not far from water, from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[684,797,1893,1926]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
|
||
. Botta’s Serotines are also found in farmlands with water, prey, and day roosts and in ruins throughout their distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,372,1972,2005]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Botta’s Serotine forages by slow hawking,flying high aboveground; it is reportedly strong and noisy in flight. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[753,830,2011,2044]" name="Israel" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, average flight speed was 5-7 m/s in dark areas and 9-3 m/s in streetlamp-lighted areas in the Negev Desert. It fed on insects around an electric light in Kurdistan.It fed mainly on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[977,1172,2090,2123]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[273,350,2129,2162]" name="Israel" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[466,534,2129,2162]" name="Syria" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it fed mostly on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[790,947,2129,2162]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, followed by Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha and very small amounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[833,1008,2169,2202]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1028,1189,2169,2202]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Brachycera)" baseAuthorityName="Brachycera" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera (Brachycera)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Mantodea, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[547,744,2208,2241]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Feces in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[894,951,2208,2241]" name="Iran" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
mostly contained
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Formicoidea; 89% by volume) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="" box="[767,1153,2252,2281]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeidae">Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1217,1307,2252,2281]" name="Oman" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, feces mostly contained
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[450,608,2287,2320]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Formicoidea)" baseAuthorityName="Formicoidea" box="[628,1044,2287,2320]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera (Formicoidea)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Heteroptera, with smaller amounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[452,628,2327,2360]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Diet in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[740,840,2327,2360]" name="Jordan" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
included primarily
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Formicoidea)" baseAuthorityName="Formicoidea" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera (Formicoidea)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Heteroptera. These data suggest that Botta’s Serotine feeds largely opportunistically, with preference for beetles in many cases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[108,243,2445,2478]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[295,372,2445,2478]" name="Israel" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, two pregnant Botta’s Serotines, each with twin embryos, were captured in April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,344,2524,2557]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Day roosts of Botta’s Serotines are in crevices in buildings in areas with human habitation but probably crevices in rocks in more natural regions. They begin to forage by dusk in some localities, but in otherareas, they begin to forage after dusk. Search-call shape is FM/QCF sweep. In Alagan-Algtar,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[963,1144,2642,2675]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, recordings had start frequencies of 37-45 kHz and end frequencies of 28-30 kHz. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1202,1304,2681,2714]" name="Jordan" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, start frequencies were 37-9-83 kHz, end frequencies were 27-337 kHz, peak frequencies were 29-6-39-5 kHz, durations were 2-7-9-4 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals were b2-241 milliseconds. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[534,611,2808,2833]" name="Israel" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, start frequencies were 38-51 kHz, end frequencies were 28-8-35 kHz, peak frequencies were 29-2-37.1 kHz, and duration averaged -2 milliseconds. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[394,474,2879,2912]" name="Egypt" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
, start frequencies were 41-55-8 kHz, end frequencies were 28-3-31-4 kHz, peak frequencies were 30-8-36-7 kHz, durations were 6-6—10-3 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals were 122-301 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[105,829,2997,3030]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Botta’s Serotines generally roost groups of ¢.2-3 individuals, but solitary individuals have been observed. Maternity colonies of females and their young are larger and had up to 200 individuals in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1222,1303,3076,3109]" name="Egypt" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[105,456,3115,3148]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Currently known distribution of Botta’s Serotine is now more restricted than when the species was assessed and is considerably scattered. It appears to be rare throughout much of distribution but is apparently locally common in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[826,907,3233,3266]" name="Egypt" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
. No major threats have been identified, but additional research on its ecology and threats is needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[103,1323,709,3465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[105,255,3321,3346]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Aloufi et al. (2016), Artyushin, Bannikova etal. (2009), Artyushin, Kruskop et al. (2018), Aulagnier et al. (2008), Benda,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[437,525,3361,3386]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Andreas</collectingRegion>
|
||
etal. (2006), Benda, Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, Ludan et al. (2010), Feldman et al. (2000), Hackett et al. (2017), Harrison (1968b, 1976), Holderied et al. (2005), Juste et al. (2013), Mayer al. (2007), Nader & Kock (1990), Polak et al. (2011), Shehab et al. (2007),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[903,941,3440,3465]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cakenberghe & Happold (2013b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |