266 lines
29 KiB
XML
266 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF9D6A23FA5290F91F41B77E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Barbastella barbastellus" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="861" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="860" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403586" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF9D6A23FA5290F91F41B77E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF9D6A23FA5290F91F41B77E" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="861" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<subSubSection box="[1454,1537,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[1452,2456,1696,1816]" box="[1454,1537,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<heading box="[1454,1537,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<figureCitation box="[1454,1537,1696,1738]" captionStart="Plate 63: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="97.[132,162,3286,3311]" captionTargetBox="[11,2745,17,3657]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="202. Canyon Bat (Parastrellus hesperus), 203. Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus), 204. Van Gelder’s Bat (Bauerus dubiaquercus), 205. Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus), 206. Black-winged Little Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa tumida), 207. Yucatan Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa aenea), 208. Bickham’s Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa bickhami), 209. Menchu’s Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa menchuae), 210. Ecuadorian Little Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa velilla), 211. Tiny Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa minutilla), 212. Genoways’s Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa genowaysi), 213. Thomas's Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa io), 214. Northern Little Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa parvula), 215. Least Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa mira), 216. Allen’s Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa alleni), 217. Slender Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa gracilis), 218. Husson’s Yellow Bat (Rhogeessa hussoni), 219. Western Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus), 220. Caspian Barbastelle (Barbastella caspica), 221. Arabian Barbastelle (Barbastella leucomelas), 222. Eastern Barbastelle (Barbastella darjelingensis), 223. Japanese Barbastelle (Barbastella pacifica), 224. Beijing Barbastelle (Barbastella beijingensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398525/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">219.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1551,1964,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[1452,2456,1696,1816]" box="[1551,1964,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<heading box="[1551,1964,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<vernacularName box="[1551,1964,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Western Barbastelle</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2033,2455,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[1452,2456,1696,1816]" box="[2033,2455,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<heading box="[2033,2455,1696,1738]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[2033,2455,1696,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbastellus">
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<emphasis box="[2033,2455,1696,1738]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Barbastella barbastellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[1452,2456,1696,1816]" box="[1453,2260,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<heading box="[1453,2260,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1529,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1539,1745,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Barbastelle d'Europe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1766,1857,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1867,2035,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Mopsfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2057,2148,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2158,2260,1756,1777]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Barbastela</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="102.[1452,2456,1696,1816]" box="[1453,1819,1795,1816]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<heading box="[1453,1819,1795,1816]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Other comesnon names: Barbastelle</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[2065,2659,1862,2289]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2065,2221,1862,1895]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1774" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbastellus">Vespertilio barbastellus Schreber, 1774</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2150,2407,1901,1934]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[2065,2659,1862,2289]" box="[2150,2407,1901,1934]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319731" box="[2150,2407,1901,1934]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<collectingRegion box="[2150,2289,1901,1934]" country="France" name="Bourgogne" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Burgundy</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2305,2403,1901,1934]" name="France" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">France</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2065,2503,1941,1974]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[2065,2659,1862,2289]" box="[2065,2503,1941,1974]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398273/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" targetBox="[1450,2042,1871,2286]" targetPageId="102">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[2065,2659,1862,2289]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2066,2467,1980,2013]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1774" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[2066,2512,2020,2053]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbastellus" subSpecies="barbastellus">B.b.barbastellusSchreber,1774—EuropefromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoLaivia,Belarus,Ukraine,andtheCauca-sus;alsomajorMediterraneanIs,Moroc-co,andTurkey(Anatolia);possiblyextinctinBelgium,Netherlands,andNorway.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="102.[2065,2659,1862,2289]" lastBlockId="102.[1449,2661,2301,3473]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<taxonomicName authority="Trujillo, Ibanez & Juste, 2002" authorityName="Trujillo, Ibanez & Juste" authorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbastellus" subSpecies="guanchae">
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B. b. guanchae
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<collectingRegion box="[2295,2400,2256,2289]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
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, Ibanez & Juste, 2002
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</taxonomicName>
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— Canary Is (Tenerife and La Gomera).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[1449,2661,2301,3473]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1707,2339,2368]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1901,2055,2339,2368]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="52.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="45.0">45-60 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[2135,2289,2339,2368]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="44.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="36.0">36-52 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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||
<quantity box="[2371,2522,2339,2368]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="12.0">12-18 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm
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||
<quantity box="[1454,1601,2375,2408]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="39.0" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="35.0">35-43 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[1716,1808,2375,2408]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="g" value="9.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="5.0">5-14 g</quantity>
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. Females slightly larger than males; body slender. Fur is long, silky, and black-brown, frosted with white or yellowish-golden tips. Skin dark brown or grey. Juvenile much darker than adult. Ears have distinctive flap of skin (c.5-6 transverse folds) on outer edge; tragus triangular and very distinctive, tapering very abruptly to end with relatively rounded tip; ears never folded when resting. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[1490,1592,2572,2605]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
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, eyes remarkably small. Wings blackish, relatively long and narrow; uropatagium attached to base of toes; fur covers part of both uropatagium and wings; calcar is one-half length of uropatagium and has protuberant distal postcalcarial lobe. Tail is almost same length as body. Can be confused with the Eastern Barbastelle (
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||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darjelingensis">B. darjelingensis</taxonomicName>
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) and the Arabian Barbastelle (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[2017,2195,2730,2763]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomelas">B. leucomelas</taxonomicName>
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), but easily separated by its short, wide trapezium-shaped ears that face forward and join over top of head, and its short snout. Baculum 0-76-
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<quantity box="[1760,1888,2809,2842]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="42.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="0.0">0-85 mm</quantity>
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long, with broad section in proximal part and narrow section in distal area. Skull light and delicate, with long, rounded braincase but short rostrum, characterized by flattened area extending to not greatly developed supraorbital ridge; bullae are not very large compared to similar species. Condylo-basal length 12:4-14-
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<quantity box="[1575,1659,2971,3000]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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; zygomatic width 7-8-
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||
<quantity box="[1972,2061,2971,3000]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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; interorbital width 3:4-
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<quantity box="[2394,2511,2971,3000]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.0">3-9 mm</quantity>
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; length of maxillary tooth rows 4-
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||
<quantity box="[1778,1890,3006,3039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3-5 mm</quantity>
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; and lengths of mandible 8-4-9-
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||
<quantity box="[2343,2428,3006,3039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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. Dental formula for all species of Barbastellais 12/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 50.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="860" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="102.[1449,2661,2301,3473]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1564,3125,3158]" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Associated with old mature forest (linked to presence of dead trees), commonly coniferous. Mostly forages in edge habitats (woodland edges), above water surfaces or in semi-open areas above tree canopy; also riparian forests and other deciduous woodlands. In north, it occurs in lowlands; in south, tends to be found in highlands. Commuting individuals are easily detected in all habitats, including urban areas, open spaces, grasslands or forest edges. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2174,2232,3321,3354]" name="Italy" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Italy</collectingCountry>
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, has been found breeding in rocks and foraging in apparently unsuitable areas such as open landscapes; but in
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<collectingCountry name="Switzerland" pageId="102" pageNumber="860">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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, seemsto select positively well-structured forests, generally mature woodlands, and avoid open woodlands and rocky slopes. Recorded from sea level up to
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||
<quantity box="[2523,2627,3444,3473]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="102" pageNumber="860" unit="m" value="2260.0">2260 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="861" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="103.[118,1327,276,3149]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,384,276,309]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Feeds mainly on
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<taxonomicName box="[636,811,276,309]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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, positively selecting large moths and tympanate moths; rest of diet consists of
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||
<taxonomicName box="[732,838,315,348]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.
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<taxonomicName box="[930,1065,315,348]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
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and small Nematocera) in very low proportions, as well as Trichoptera,
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<taxonomicName authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" box="[907,1077,355,388]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera,</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicName authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" box="[1090,1255,355,388]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Homoptera</taxonomicName>
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, and
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||
<taxonomicName box="[123,320,394,427]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<taxonomicName box="[338,494,394,427]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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and spiders are even less frequent. In general, this species has a very narrow dietary niche breadth. In
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<collectingCountry box="[746,874,433,466]" name="Germany" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Germany</collectingCountry>
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, occurrence of moths in its diet has been quantified as 73-94% by weight; and in Swiss Alps as 99% by volume; in contrast,it is rare to find remains of dung beetles or other hard-bodied insects in the feces. Generally considered an aerial-hawker, only occasionally gleaning (e.g. spiders), probably depending on prey availability and usually no more than
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<quantity box="[1068,1119,591,624]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
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aboveground. However, both techniques have been reported and there is disagreement about the main foraging strategy. Bats foraging above the tree canopy have been reported to make quick dives into the forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="861" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="103.[118,1327,276,3149]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,256,749,782]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Maternity colonies can comprise up to 30 individuals (in tree roosts) and tend to be found in old woodlands, old houses, domestic dwellings, and hollow trees. During maternity period, the species roosts under the bark of oak, beech or spruce. Occasionally reported in colonies of up to 100 (especially in buildings); in smaller numbers in rock crevices. Especially during post-lactating period,it habitually changes roosts (except buildings) quite often, sometimes even daily or every few days. Females become sexually active after the first year of life and can give birth to a single young or twins in segregated colonies, separated from males and passive females. Young are born from May to August and become fully independent in 6-9 weeks. Mating occurs in swarming sites or caves during autumn, from September to November. Mating has rarely been reported during winter in parts of its distribution. It can live up to 23 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="861" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="103.[118,1327,276,3149]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[120,358,1182,1215]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Roosts under bark of old pines, but also occasionally in meadows, gardens, or hedges. Emerges early at night, before sunset, and sometimes even during daylight. In order to minimize predation risk, it forages in close, dark habitats early on, and only forages in open spaces at later stages of the night. Reported to fly low and at very low speed, it can also forage high up with fast flight. This species continuously shifts roost from tree to tree; as it tends to roost under bark of old branches (very ephemeral type of roost), it needs to look for new potential roosts every night; this behavior might be important for individual recruiting and territorial relationships. Hibernating bats tend to arise and emerge every c.15 days. Echolocation is one of the easiest European species to identify: it counts with alternate calls of two different types, concave and convex curves,at different frequencies and amplitudes; these differences are partially caused by head movements. The first call type lies at 30-37 kHz, the second at 30-43 kHz; the first type is always much louder. Minimum frequencies are at c.28-4 kHz, maximum frequencies ¢.46 kHz, and pulse durations 1-5 milliseconds. This type of echolocation with alternate calls at different frequencies allows the bat to hunt moths in flightas it avoids emitting calls at the moths’ hearing frequencies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="861" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="103.[118,1327,276,3149]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[120,815,1813,1846]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Considered sedentary. Travels up to
|
||
<quantity box="[122,206,1853,1886]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
to reach its hunting grounds, with an average distance of ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[1038,1112,1853,1886]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
. Non-breeding females tend to forage further than those lactating or post-lactating. Commuting paths are quite straight and fast, across open areas and meadows. In winter, the species shifts in small groups or individually from the maternity roosts to hibernation sites, which may be up to
|
||
<quantity box="[323,410,2010,2043]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
away; distances poorly known, but longest movement recorded was ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[196,302,2050,2083]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" unit="km" value="290.0">290 km</quantity>
|
||
between
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[437,537,2050,2083]" name="Austria" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[609,732,2050,2083]" name="Hungary" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Hibernation might start on trees, but the species tends to select underground sites such as caves, where it can roost in small clusters or individually in crevices. However, colonies of over 1000 have been reported in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[155,253,2177,2202]" name="France" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and of over
|
||
<quantity box="[435,536,2177,2202]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" unit="in" value="7000.0">7000 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[545,658,2177,2202]" name="Slovakia" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[728,829,2177,2202]" name="Poland" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. When natural caves are scarce, the species congregates in higher numbers in bunkers or mines. Temperatures in hibernacula are mostly 2-5°C, and humidity tends to be very low. It can share hibernation roosts with other species such as Natterer’s
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[758,848,2286,2319]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[873,1084,2286,2319]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nattereri">Myotis nattereri</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1233,1322,2286,2319]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[133,265,2326,2359]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="981" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Daubenton’s
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[478,568,2326,2359]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[590,795,2326,2359]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daubentonii">M. daubentonii</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[944,1092,2326,2359]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Myotis spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although rarely clustering together.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="861" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="103.[118,1327,276,3149]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[120,476,2405,2438]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The species is very rare and apparently declining almost throughoutits range, occurring in very low numbers, and highly vulnerable due to its sedentarism; it may be extinct in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[120,237,2523,2556]" name="Belgium" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[313,488,2523,2556]" name="Netherlands" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and also in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[672,777,2523,2556]" name="Norway" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it has not been recorded since 1949. Remaining populations are associated with old, mature woodlands. Recovery of populationsis a very slow process and dramatic declines have recently been reported in many regions. Only in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[488,616,2641,2674]" name="Germany" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where insecticide use was reduced, have populations seemed to recover. The main threat is habitat loss, which is directly linked to modern forestry practices. As a reference, one colony, that is known to shift from roost to roost during the same season, might use up to 30 holes in a relatively small patch of forest per summer. Unfortunately, secondary forests do not offer enough mature trees for this species. In addition, roost and cave disturbance by tourists and speleologists are major threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="103" pageNumber="861" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="103.[118,1327,276,3149]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[120,275,2927,2952]" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ancillotto, Cistrone et al. (2015),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[672,763,2927,2952]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Andreas</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2012), Benzal et al. (2001), Bogdanowicz (1983), Denzinger et al. (2001), Dietz & Kiefer (2016), Flaquer et al. (2004), Gottfried (2009), Hutterer et al. (2005), Juste et al. (2003), Lesinski et al. (2005), Nowak (1999), Obrist et al. (2004), Parsons & Jones (2000), Russo, Cistrone & Jones (2005), Russo, Cistrone, Jones & Mazzoleni (2004), Rydell & Bogdanowicz (1997), Rydell et al. (1996), Sachanowicz & Zub (2002), Sierro (1999), Stebbings & Griffith (1986),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1107,1175,3084,3109]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="103" pageNumber="861">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2002), Zeale et al. (2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |