222 lines
20 KiB
XML
222 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lasiurus xanthinus Thomas 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="881" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="880" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577451" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577451" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF816A3FFA539AE51C72B13B" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="881" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<subSubSection box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<figureCitation box="[1455,1536,3260,3302]" captionStart="Plate 65: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="117.[124,154,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,18,3657]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="249. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum), 250. Big Red Bat (Lasiurus egregius), 251. Southern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus villosissimus), 252. Northern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 253. Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus semotus), 254. Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), 255. Pleiffer's Red Bat (Lasiurus pfeifferi), 256. Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus), 257. Greater Red Bat (Lasiurus atratus), 258. Southern Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevilii), 259. Desert Red Bat (Lasiurus frantzii), 260. Cinnamon Red Bat (Lasiurus varius), 261. Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), 262. Tacarcunan Bat (Lasiurus castaneus), 263. Hairy-tailed Bat (Lasiurus ebenus), 264. Jamaican Red Bat (Lasiurus degelidus), 265. Western Yellow Bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), 266. Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius), 267. Cuban Yellow Bat (Lasiurus insularis), 268. Southern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398536/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">265.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<vernacularName box="[1551,1947,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Western Yellow Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">
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<emphasis box="[1997,2374,3260,3302]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Lasiurus xanthinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1453,2534,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="122.[1452,2535,3260,3346]" box="[1453,2534,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<heading box="[1453,2534,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1529,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1539,1741,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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Lasiure de
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<collectingRegion box="[1649,1741,3318,3339]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Californie</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1763,1853,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1859,2211,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Westliche Haarschwanzfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2232,2323,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2333,2404,3318,3339]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Lasiuro</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion box="[2444,2534,3318,3339]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">California</collectingRegion>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1452,2170,3385,3418]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="122.[1451,2656,3385,3467]" box="[1452,2170,3385,3418]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1452,1607,3385,3418]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1897" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1621,2166,3385,3418]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dasypterus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="122" pageNumber="880" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="ega" subSpecies="xanthinus">Dasypterus ega xanthinus Thomas, 1897</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="122" pageNumber="880" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="122.[1451,2656,3385,3467]" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319430" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">
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“Sierra Laguna, Lower California [=
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<collectingRegion box="[1493,1712,3429,3458]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Baja California</collectingRegion>
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],”
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<collectingCountry box="[1746,1851,3429,3458]" name="Mexico" pageId="122" pageNumber="880">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[737,1329,289,716]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[739,998,289,322]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">Lasiurus xanthinus</taxonomicName>
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was previously considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName authority="P. Gervais, 1856" box="[1059,1146,329,362]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ega">L. ega</taxonomicName>
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, but studies based on allozymes and restriction-enzyme analysis of mtDNA suggested that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[739,906,447,480]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">L. xanthinus</taxonomicName>
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should be treated as a distinct species. Recent molecular studies based on mtDNA and nDNA also recovered
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[738,907,565,598]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthinus">L. xanthinus</taxonomicName>
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as a full species and placed it as the most basal lineage in the Yellow Bat group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398372" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398372/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" targetBox="[122,714,295,710]" targetPageId="123">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[737,1329,289,716]" lastBlockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[737,913,687,716]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SW
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<collectingCountry box="[982,1045,687,716]" name="United States of America" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">USA</collectingCountry>
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(S
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<collectingRegion box="[1096,1237,687,716]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">California</collectingRegion>
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, S
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[204,317,730,755]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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, SW
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<collectingRegion box="[387,563,730,755]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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, and SW
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<collectingRegion box="[695,774,730,755]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Texas</collectingRegion>
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) S to W & C
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<collectingCountry box="[959,1064,730,755]" name="Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,375,769,794]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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, tail
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<quantity box="[785,936,769,794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40-50 mm</quantity>
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, ear 11-
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, hindfoot
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||
<quantity box="[126,258,801,834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8-10 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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||
<quantity box="[400,550,801,834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="42.0">42-48 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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||
<quantity box="[671,780,801,834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="g" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12-19 g</quantity>
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. Dorsal hairs have dark bases and pale yellowish tips, lightly washed with black. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with blackish bases and reddish yellow tips. Ears are short, wide, naked, and light brown. Tragusis broad and reaches slightly more than 50% the ear length. Face is dark brown, not black. Uropatagium is densely furred, with bright yellow hairs that contrast with dorsal fur. Skull is short and broad; rostrum slopes in front and almost aligns to braincase, which is high and rounded; auditory bullae are well developed; zygomatic arches are slender; and basisphenoid pits are distinct, long, and narrow. I? is close to C', unicuspid, and pointed; P? is absent; M' and M? lack hypocone; M? is reduced; lower incisors are tricuspid and almost perpendicular to jaws; and lower molars have developed cusps. Dental formulais 11/3, C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 46, with seven pairs of large metacentric and submetacentric autosomes, three pairs of medium metacentric autosomes, three pairs of small acrocentric autosomes, medium submetacentric X-chromosome, and small acrocentric Ychromosome.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,234,1396,1425]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Semiarid to arid areas, including xeric shrublands, palm groves, riparian woodlands, savannas, pastures, and croplands at elevations of
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<quantity box="[993,1146,1436,1465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2125" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.025" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="1212.5" valueMax="2400.0" valueMin="25.0">25-2400 m</quantity>
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(more often at intermediate elevations). The Western Yellow Bat is often captured over water (e.g. streams, ponds, stock tanks, and rivers) and in open areas, canyons, and riparian areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,384,1550,1583]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Western Yellow Bat has been recorded flying slowly and steady at
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<quantity box="[157,259,1590,1623]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="9.0">9-23 m</quantity>
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aboveground and rapidly along arroyos. Feces contained species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[195,303,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[319,474,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" box="[490,869,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera, Homoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName box="[885,1061,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
, and
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1140,1302,1629,1662]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,257,1668,1701]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Pregnant Western Yellow Bats usually bear two embryos and were captured from early May to mid-July, lactating females from late June to late July, and young from mid-July to September.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,359,1787,1820]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Western Yellow Bat is crepuscular/nocturnal. Individuals were observed flying before dusk and captured during the first five hours of dark. In winter, it can reduce activity, suggesting periods of torpor. Roosting sites are mainly found in dead-leaf skirts of palm trees but also hackberry, sycamore, cottonwood, and vines. Roosting sites have been found 2-
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||
<quantity box="[601,655,1945,1978]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
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||
aboveground and
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<quantity box="[927,979,1945,1978]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="881" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
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||
above a road. Echolocation calls are c.6-9-2 milliseconds, with narrowband and single harmonic, and sweep from 52-68 kHz to 26-30 kHz.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,836,2063,2096]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The Western Yellow Bat is usually solitary, but small groups can be found. It was observed only during autumn in northeastern parts of its distribution, suggesting southward seasonal migration. In northern parts ofits distribution, some individuals are present throughout the year.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,472,2221,2254]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Western Yellow Bat is widespread, presumably has a large population, and occurs in several protected areas. Major threats are use of pesticides, fires, and trimming of palm trees.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="123" pageNumber="881" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="123.[121,1329,730,2569]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,276,2343,2372]" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aguilar et al. (2014), Alvarez-Castafieda & Gonzalez-Ruiz (2018), Arroyo-Cabrales & Alvarez-Castaneda (2017b), Baird et al. (2015), Baker & Patton (1967), Baker, Patton et al. (1988), Bickham (1987), Collen (2012),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[202,333,2426,2451]" country="Algeria" name="Constantine" pageId="123" pageNumber="881">Constantine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1946), Handley (1960), Higginbotham, Ammerman & Dixon (1999), Higginbotham, Dixon & Ammerman (2000), Kurta & Lehr (1995), Leén-Tapia & Hortelano-Moncada (2016), Morales & Bickham (1995), Morgan et al. (2019), Novaes, Garbino et al. (2018), O'Farrell et al. (2004), Ortiz & Barrows (2014), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1897a), Williams et al. (2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |