284 lines
26 KiB
XML
284 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF466AF9FF8395DF1985B8A7" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis tricolor" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="951" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="951" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567115" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628164" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567115" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF466AF9FF8395DF1985B8A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF466AF9FF8395DF1985B8A7" lastPageNumber="951" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<subSubSection box="[127,209,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="multiple">
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||
<paragraph blockId="189.[124,1284,902,1070]" box="[127,209,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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||
<heading box="[127,209,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<figureCitation box="[127,209,902,952]" captionStart="Plate 72: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="187.[130,160,3289,3314]" captionTargetBox="[13,2763,20,3661]" captionTargetPageId="186" captionText="420. Herman's Myotis (Myotis hermani), 421. Bartels’s Myotis (Myotis bartelii), 422. Weber’s Myotis (Myotis weberi), 423. Orange-fingered Myotis (Myotis rufopictus), 424. Black-and-orange Myotis (Myotis formosus), 425. Geoftroy’s Myotis (Myotis emarginatus), 426. Temminck's. 3 Myotis (Myotis tricolor), 427. Welwitsch’s Myotis (Myotis welwitschii), 428. Reddish-black Myotis (Myotis rufoniger), 429. Scott's Myotis (Myotis scotti), 430. Morris's Myotis (Myotis morrisi), 431. Bocage’ Myotis (Myotis bocagii), 432. Malagasy Myotis (Myotis goudotii), 433. Anjouan Myotis (Myotis anjouanensis), 434. Kock’s Myotis (Myotis dieteri), 435. Alcathoe Whiskered Myotis (Myotis alcathoe), 436. Hyrcanian Myotis (Myotis hyrcanicus), 437. Pond Myotis (Myotis dasycneme), 438. Ikonnikov’ ' s Myotis (Myotis tkonnikovi), 439. Sichuan Myous (Myotis altarium), 440. Common Whiskered Myotis (Myotis mystacinus), 441. David’s Myotis (Myotis davidii), 442. Valley Myotis (Myotis ancricola), 443. Anna Tess’s Myotis (Myotis annatessae), 444. Gomantong Myotis (Myotis gomantongensis), 445. Peters’s Myotis (Myotis ater), 446. Nepalese Whiskered Myotis (Myotis muricola), 447. Brown’s Whiskered Myotis (Myotis browni), 448. Insular Myotis (Myotis insularum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398946/files/figure.png" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">426.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[226,626,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<vernacularName box="[226,626,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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||
<paragraph blockId="189.[124,1284,902,1070]" box="[226,479,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<heading box="[226,479,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<vernacularName box="[226,479,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Temminck's. 3</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="189.[124,1284,902,1070]" box="[493,626,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<heading box="[493,626,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Myotis</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</vernacularName>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[678,947,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[124,1284,902,1070]" box="[678,947,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<heading box="[678,947,902,952]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[678,947,902,952]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">
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<emphasis box="[678,947,902,952]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Myotis tricolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[124,1284,902,1070]" box="[126,960,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<heading box="[126,960,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,202,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[211,357,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Murin tricolore</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[378,468,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[474,672,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Temminck-Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[692,783,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[794,960,970,991]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Ratonero tricolor</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="189.[124,1284,902,1070]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<heading pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,372,1011,1032]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[382,532,1011,1032]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<collectingRegion box="[382,432,1011,1032]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Hairy Bat
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[546,672,1011,1032]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<collectingRegion box="[546,596,1011,1032]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Myotis
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[682,900,1011,1032]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Temminck’s Hairy Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[910,1210,1011,1032]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Temminck’s Mouse-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Threecolored Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[735,1329,1118,1546]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[737,892,1118,1151]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Temminck" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1832" box="[910,1291,1118,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">Vespertilio tricolor Temminck</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation box="[738,916,1158,1191]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Smuts, 1832</treatmentCitation>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[735,1329,1118,1546]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319583" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<collectingRegion box="[939,1010,1158,1191]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Town,
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<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[878,1055,1201,1230]" name="South Africa" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[735,1329,1118,1546]" lastBlockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName box="[905,1067,1237,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chrysopteron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chrysopteron</taxonomicName>
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. Recent genetic studies place this species as sister to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[738,948,1316,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="980" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">M. emarginatus</taxonomicName>
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, these two being close to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="A.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[737,892,1363,1388]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goudotii">M. goudotii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1927" box="[972,1087,1363,1388]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">M. scotti</taxonomicName>
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; this subclade is related to another consisting of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1188,1323,1395,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bocagii">M. bocagii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[737,901,1434,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="950" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">M. formosus</taxonomicName>
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, and M.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1046,1182,1434,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="welwitschii">welwitschii</taxonomicName>
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. A recent study revealed two clades within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1832" box="[1189,1322,1474,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricolor">M. tricolor</taxonomicName>
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, which might be taxonomically separable. The form loveni (Mount Elgon,
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<collectingCountry box="[570,657,1551,1584]" name="Kenya" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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) is currently treated as a synomym. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398831/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" targetBox="[122,713,1129,1543]" targetPageId="189">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,299,1591,1624]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Patchily distributed in sub-Saharan Africa: NW uplands of
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<collectingCountry box="[1132,1234,1591,1624]" name="Liberia" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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; E & S
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<collectingCountry box="[124,271,1630,1663]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[344,457,1630,1663]" name="Rwanda" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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; and more widely from
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<collectingCountry box="[792,912,1630,1663]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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to S
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<collectingCountry box="[984,1161,1630,1663]" name="South Africa" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,376,1678,1703]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[568,722,1678,1703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="58.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="51.0">51-65 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[799,952,1678,1703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="45.5" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="35.0">35-56 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity box="[1033,1183,1678,1703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="13.0">13-19 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot
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||
<quantity box="[125,276,1709,1742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10-13 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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||
<quantity box="[423,576,1709,1742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="47.0">47-53 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
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||
<quantity box="[702,799,1709,1742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="g" value="12.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="8.0">8-16 g</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 16-9- 19-
|
||
<quantity box="[168,253,1749,1782]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maxillary tooth row 6:6-8-
|
||
<quantity box="[655,747,1749,1782]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Females are slightly larger than males. Long individual hairs stand away from the body, giving fur a soft feel; upperparts coppery-brown to rufous (dark hair bases and coppery-red tips); ventrally paler (hairs tricolored, creamy-fawn, with blackish-brown base and pale brown tip). Muzzle blackish brown. Ears brown and medium-sized,slightly emarginated in middle of outerside, with pointed tip; tragus long and narrow, about one-half ear length. Wing membranes blackish brown; sometimes particolored in
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||
<collectingCountry box="[724,823,1985,2018]" name="Malawi" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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||
, where they are blackish brown with reddish brown over finger bones and adjacent to body; these markings are faint compared to striking black-and-orange ones of Welwitsch’s
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[926,1016,2064,2097]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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(M.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1097,1238,2064,2097]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="welwitschii">welwitschii</taxonomicName>
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); elsewhere, the wings are reported to have no markings. Membranesare attached to base of first toe; interfemoral membrane reddish brown and naked, posterior margin without fringe of bristle-like hairs; tail fully enclosed in uropatagium. Baculum is small and triangular, with indentation on basal side; tip rounded, not distinct from shaft, narrower than base, very slightly turned ventrally; basal lobe V-shaped, small, and rounded. Skull 1s comparatively large and robust, with weak zygomatic arches; braincase clearly inflated and rises well above rostrum, forming right angle at forehead; sagittal and lambdoid crests are weak or absent. P? and P? are small to very small, and internal to tooth row; P° reduced (reaching only slightly above cingulum of P?, and much less than half crown area of P?), partly to fully displaced lingually, P? and P* separated or in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 52.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[119,230,2538,2571]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rather variable: often in montane habitats including forest; also at lower elevations in rainforest, miombo woodland,
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<taxonomicName box="[729,810,2578,2611]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
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—
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<taxonomicName box="[840,995,2578,2611]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Commiphora</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1017,1147,2578,2611]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively) bushland and thicket, woodland savanna, and drier grassland savanna. Occurs up to elevations of
|
||
<quantity box="[596,697,2657,2690]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[744,866,2657,2690]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[921,1098,2657,2690]" name="South Africa" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, only present in regions with annual rainfall of over
|
||
<quantity box="[615,729,2696,2729]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
|
||
; distribution is probably limited by rainfall and occurrence of suitable roosting sites (humid caves and mines). Sometimes found near open water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[118,382,2814,2847]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet consists of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[617,775,2814,2847]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[792,946,2814,2847]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[963,1071,2814,2847]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1088,1254,2814,2847]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[119,316,2854,2887]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species probably forages for flying insects in open spaces close to trees. Itis a clutter-edge forager, with relatively broad wings, intermediate wing loading and low aspect ratio; wing morphology is intermediate between those of a typical aerial forager, a gleaner, and a trawler (taking prey from water surface).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[117,252,3012,3045]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[302,510,3012,3045]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
|
||
, copulation was in April, followed by period of sperm storage by female until fertilization in September and parturition in November-December. Lactation period lasts c.6 weeks. Females congregate at maternity roosts, each with one young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,353,3170,3203]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Nocturnal, roosting in moist caves and mines, hanging freely from ceilings or clinging to walls; it is mostly found in caves with pools of water where disturbance is minimal. The species typically produces FM calls with peak frequency of c.50 kHz, large bandwidth (c.50 kHz), and short duration (2-4 milliseconds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="189.[115,1329,1551,3478]" lastBlockId="189.[1401,2609,298,922]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[117,852,3327,3360]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1046,1229,3327,3360]" name="South Africa" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Temminck’s
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[237,326,3367,3400]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
migrates hundreds of kilometers between warmer summer maternity caves and colder winter hibernation caves. It roosts gregariously, and may congregate in groups of up to 2000 individuals. It often shares roosts with
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1019,1090,3445,3478]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1417,1701,298,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">Rhinolophus capensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Geoftroy’s Horseshoe Bats (R. clivosus), Lesser Long-fingered Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1483,1641,333,366]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="189" pageNumber="951" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fraterculus), and Natal Long-fingered Bats (M. natalensis).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="189.[1401,2609,298,922]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1755,372,405]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Generally uncommon to rare throughout its range, but more abundant in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2424,2602,420,445]" name="South Africa" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. No major threats are known, but roost sites in caves are locally disturbed by tourism and some traditional ceremonies. Habitat loss around roost sites due to agricultural expansion may also be of some significance, as may alien and invasive plant infestations, which can deplete insect biomass. In parts ofits range (e.g.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2322,2509,569,602]" country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Mpumalanga</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the speciesis threatened by mining, both legal and illegal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="189" pageNumber="951" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="189.[1401,2609,298,922]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1557,657,682]" pageId="189" pageNumber="951">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Allen (1939), Amador et al. (2018), Baeten et al. (1984), Bernard (1982b, 2013b), Csorba, Chou Cheng-Han et al. (2014), Dobson (1879), Findley (1972), Hayman & Hill (1971), Hayman et al. (1966), Jordaan & Jacobs (2009), Kearney etal. (2002), Koopman (1989, 1994), Koopman etal. (1995), Monadjem & Jacobs (2017b), Monadjem, Jacobs et al. (2016), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Ruedi et al. (2013), Schlitter & Aggundey (1986), Schoeman & Jacobs (2003, 2008), Simmons (2005), Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Stadelmann, Jacobs et al. (2004), Stadelmann, Lin Liangkong et al. (2007), Stoffberg & Jacobs (2004), Tate (1941d), Taylor (1999, 2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |