199 lines
20 KiB
XML
199 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887260" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6887260" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_matCits="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1656696812616" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="1E30E2753526FE97E145211D7E0D896F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Muridae_0536.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Maxomys whiteheadi" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="861" masterDocId="E2099A0D3426FF97E1372C0977498313" masterDocTitle="Muridae" masterLastPageNumber="884" masterPageNumber="536" pageNumber="861" updateTime="1658538965639" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Muridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>536</mods:start>
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<mods:end>884</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887260</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-04-6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6887260</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869065" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197825602" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869065" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E30E2753526FE97E145211D7E0D896F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E30E2753526FE97E145211D7E0D896F" lastPageNumber="861" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<subSubSection box="[114,195,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[112,1303,3348,3477]" box="[114,195,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<figureCitation box="[114,195,3348,3398]" captionStart="Plate 56: Muridae" captionStartId="248.[116,147,3133,3158]" captionTargetBox="[14,2745,12,3649]" captionTargetPageId="247" captionText="724. Burmese Tree Rat (Chiromyscus chiropus), 725. Langbian Tree Rat (Chiromyscus langbianis), 726. Thomas's Tree Rat (Chiromyscus thomasi), 727. Millet’s Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys milleti), 728. Edwards’s Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys edwardsi), 729. Indomalayan Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys sabanus), 730. Herbert's Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys herberti), 731. Neill’s Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys neilli), 733. Diwangkara’s Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys diwangkarai), 734. Mentawai Archipelago Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys siporanus), 735. Paulina’s Limestone Rat (Saxatilomys paulinae), 736. Daovantien’s Limestone Rat (Tonkinomys daovantieni), 737. Javan Bamboo Rat (Kadarsanomys sodyi), 739. Indomalayan Spiny Rat (Maxomys surifer), 740. Indochinese Mountain Spiny Rat (Maxomys moi), 741. Bornean Mountain Spiny Rat (Maxomys alticola), 742. Small Bornean Spiny Rat (Maxomys baeodon), 743. Bartels’s Javan Spiny Rat (Maxomys bartelsii), 744. Sumatran Mountain Spiny Rat (Maxomys hylomyoides), 745. Malayan Mountain Spiny Rat (Maxomys inas), 746. Broad-nosed Sumatran Spiny Rat (Maxomys inflatus), 747. Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Spiny Rat (Maxomys ochracerventer), 748. Mentawai Archipelago Spiny Rat (Maxomys pagensis), 749. Palawan Spiny Rat (Maxomys panglima), 750. Rajah Sundaic Spiny Rat (Maxomys rajah), 751. Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat (Maxomys whiteheadi), 752. Dollman’s Sulawesi Spiny Rat (Maxomys dollmani), 753. Hellwald’s Sulawesi Spiny Rat (Maxomys hellwaldii), 755. Tajuddin’s Spiny Rat (Maxomys tajuddinii)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888489/files/figure.png" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">751.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[210,863,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[112,1303,3348,3477]" box="[210,863,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<vernacularName box="[210,863,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[913,1303,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[112,1303,3348,3477]" box="[913,1303,3348,3398]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[913,1303,3348,3398]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
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<emphasis box="[913,1303,3348,3398]" italics="true" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Maxomys whiteheadi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[112,1303,3348,3477]" box="[113,1296,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,188,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[198,440,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Maxomys de Whitehead</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[461,552,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[558,788,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">\Whitehead-Rajah-Ratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,900,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[910,1296,3416,3437]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Rata espinosa de Sonda de Whitehead</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="256.[112,1303,3348,3477]" box="[112,920,3456,3477]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,359,3456,3477]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[366,594,3456,3477]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">\Whitehead's Spiny Rat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[605,920,3456,3477]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Whitehead's Sundaic Maxomys</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1985,2575,293,318]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1985,2579,293,712]" box="[1985,2575,293,318]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1985,2140,293,318]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1894" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[2155,2570,293,318]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">Mus whiteheadi Thomas, 1894</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1985,2579,293,712]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424360" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">“[Mount] Kina Balu,” northern Borneo, Malaysia.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1985,2579,293,712]" lastBlockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1987,2263,404,438]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">Maxomys whiteheadi</taxonomicName>
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forms a clade with
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<taxonomicName box="[1987,2183,447,476]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hylomyoides">M. hylomyoides</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[2262,2513,447,476]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musschenbroekii">M. musschenbroekii</taxonomicName>
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and previously included specimens now allocated to recently described M. tajuddinit. Recent genetic studies showed significant genetic variation, perhaps reflecting multiple subspecies or even species within
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">M. whiteheadi</taxonomicName>
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and requiring additional investigation. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888521/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" startId="256.[1375,1547,767,792]" targetBox="[1371,1962,297,709]" targetPageId="256">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1375,1551,767,792]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and some offshore Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1375,1624,837,871]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 100-126 mm,tail 88-108 mm, ear 15-18 mm, hindfoot 22-30 mm; weight 35-80 g. Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat is small, with short and spiny pelage. Dorsum is dark rufous brown or very dark brown, lighter on sides and darker on back, with gray underfur and extensive stiff spines throughout. Venteris gray to orangish gray, with gray underfur and orange buff tips, softer spines, and not sharply demarcated from dorsum. Each eye has dark ring. Ears are relatively long and brownish gray; vibrissae are long and dark. Feet are white, long, and narrow. Tail is 85— 90% of head-body length and bicolored, dark brownish black above and white below. Skull has small bullae and short palatal foramen. Various nematodes (Nippostrongylus smalesae, Heligmonoides bulbosus, and Syphacia maxomyos) and fleas (Laelaps sanguisugus, L. sculpturata, and L. aingworthae) have been recorded from Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, and two inguinal. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FN = 71 (males) and 72 (females).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1377,1489,1349,1383]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and secondary forests, usually lowland regions and around tall trees, at elevations up to 2100 m. Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat can be found in paddy fields surrounded by forest, mangrove forests, disturbed habitat, plantations, and oil palm habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1378,1638,1515,1540]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat eats ants, other insects, and various plant matter. Two captive individuals ate fruits of
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<taxonomicName box="[2078,2274,1546,1580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Neoscortechinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Neoscortechinia</taxonomicName>
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forbesii (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
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);
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1884" box="[1445,1595,1585,1619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lithocarpus</taxonomicName>
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gracillus (
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<taxonomicName box="[1736,1871,1585,1619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
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); and
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<taxonomicName box="[1963,2104,1585,1619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Parashorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Parashorea</taxonomicName>
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malaanonan and
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<taxonomicName box="[2355,2521,1585,1619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fallax">Shorea fallax</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1381,1462,1625,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Shorea</taxonomicName>
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leprosula/parvifolia (all
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<taxonomicName box="[1798,2054,1625,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
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); they refused
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Dryobalanops" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dipterocarpaceae">Dryobalanops (Dipterocarpaceae)</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1552,1818,1669,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Aglaia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Meliaceae">Aglaia (Meliaceae)</taxonomicName>
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, various
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<taxonomicName box="[1945,2189,1669,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Moraceae">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2274,2576,1669,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Vitaceae">Tetrastigma (Vitaceae)</taxonomicName>
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. Seeds of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1884" box="[1505,1656,1704,1738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lithocarpus</taxonomicName>
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were buried under leaves in the cage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1379,1514,1743,1777]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat can breed monogamously, with pairs sharing part of their home ranges.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1378,1613,1821,1855]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat is nocturnal and terrestrial, building nests in burrows on the ground.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1380,2076,1905,1934]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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In Borneo, home ranges were 200-1400 m? (mean 644-4 m?), and females (675 m?) had larger home ranges than males (400 m?). Home rangesrarely overlap, but when they do,it is usually between a male and a female rather than individuals of the same sex. There is significant overlap between home ranges of Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat and sympatric
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<taxonomicName authority="Sundaic Spiny Rat" authorityName="Sundaic Spiny Rat" box="[2247,2585,2059,2093]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rajah">Rajah Sundaic Spiny Rat</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1394,1515,2098,2132]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rajah">M. rajah</taxonomicName>
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). Populations fluctuate from very common to very rare between years, being less abundant during times of drought. Whitehead’s Sundaic Spiny Rat has been found at low densities (greater than 1 ind/ha) in paddy fields but is still more common than most other rodents. It is less abundant on island habitats than mainland habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1382,1734,2255,2289]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Whitehead'’s Sundaic Spiny Rat has a wide distribution and is found in numerous protected areas, including Mount Kinabalu National Park,
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<taxonomicName authority="Stong" authorityName="Stong" box="[1974,2181,2334,2368]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mallomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="256" pageNumber="861" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gunung">Gunung Stong</taxonomicName>
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State Park, and Wang Kelian State Park in Malaysia. In some areas,it is the most common rodent species. It is predicted to have experienced a population decrease of more than 30% in the last ten years based on rate of deforestation in its distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="256" pageNumber="861" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="256.[1375,2586,726,2684]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1383,1533,2501,2526]" pageId="256" pageNumber="861">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Achmadi, Esselstyn et al. (2013), Achmadi, Maryanto et al. (2012), Dewi et al. (2015), Francis (2008), Gorog et al. (2004), Hasegawa et al. (2017), Jayaraj,Daud et al. (2013), Jayaraj, Tahir et al. (2012), Lynam & Billick (1999), Madinah et al. (2011), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musseret al. (1979), Nakagawa et al. (2007), Nor (2001), Paramasvaran et al. (2009), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Rickart & Musser (1993), Ruedas, L.A. (2016b), Steppan & Schenk (2017), Wells & Bagchi (2005), Wells, Corlett et al. (2009), Wells, Pfeiffer et al. (2004).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |