treatments-xml/data/1E/30/E2/1E30E27534FDFF4BE497211076AA85BB.xml

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<mods:title>Muridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:namePart>Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued>2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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Brahman White-bellied Rat (Nwwwventer brahma), 641. Smoke-bellied White-bellied Rat (Niwviwventer eha), 643. Sichuan White-bellied Rat (Nwwvwenter excelsior), 645. Hainan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer lotipes), 646. Himalayan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer niviventer), 647. Spiny Taiwan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer coninga), 648. Soft-furred Taiwan White-bellied Rat (Niwvwenter culturatus), 649. Cameron Highlands White-bellied Rat (Nivrventer cameron), 650. Indochinese White-bellied (Rat Nwvwenterfulvescens), 651. Bukit White-bellied Rat (Niviventer bukit), 652. Confucian White-bellied Rat (Niviventer confucianus), 653. Limestone White-bellied Rat (Niviventer hinpoon), 654. [MISSING], 655. [MISSING], 657. Montane Javan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer lepturus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888313/files/figure.png" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">653.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1538,2135,3353,3399]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="219.[1438,2548,3353,3476]" box="[1538,2135,3353,3399]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">
<vernacularName box="[1538,2135,3353,3399]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Limestone White-bellied Rat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2185,2548,3353,3399]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="219.[1438,2548,3353,3476]" box="[2185,2548,3353,3399]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="J. T. Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[2185,2548,3353,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="824" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hinpoon">
<emphasis box="[2185,2548,3353,3399]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Niviventer hinpoon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="219" pageNumber="824" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="219.[1438,2548,3353,3476]" box="[1439,2418,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1439,1514,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1524,1646,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Rat du Korat</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1666,1757,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1767,1980,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Karst-Weif3bauchratte</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2001,2092,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2103,2418,3417,3438]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Rata de vientre blanco de caliza</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="219.[1438,2548,3353,3476]" box="[1438,2067,3455,3476]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1438,1684,3455,3476]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1695,1908,3455,3476]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Limestone Niviventer</vernacularName>
, 
<vernacularName box="[1922,2067,3455,3476]" pageId="219" pageNumber="824">Limestone Rat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="220.[710,1321,294,718]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
Taxonomy. 
<taxonomicName authority="J. T. Marshall, 1976" authorityName="J. T. Marshall" authorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hinpoon">Rattus hinpoon J. T. Marshall, 1976</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="220.[710,1321,294,718]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424378" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">“outside the entrance to the bat cave, half-way up the face of a wooded limestone cliff, 200 meters altitude,” Kaengkhoi District, Saraburi Province, Thailand.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="220.[710,1321,294,718]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
Phylogenetic position of 
<taxonomicName box="[1062,1206,527,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hinpoon">N. hinpoon</taxonomicName>
within the genusis unclear and needs to be inves-tigated further. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[711,1062,645,679]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="220.[710,1321,294,718]" box="[711,1062,645,679]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888309" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888309" box="[711,1059,645,679]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888309/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" startId="220.[711,883,645,679]" targetBox="[95,687,302,714]" targetPageId="220">Distribution. C Thailand</caption>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="220.[710,1321,294,718]" box="[711,1301,684,718]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
160 mm, tail 120-160 mm, ear 17-21 mm, hindfoot 25-28 mm; weight 50-70 g. The Limestone White-bellied Rat is medium-sized and distinctive, with soft pelage. Dorsum is dull buffy gray, with spines mixed throughout. Venter is dark buffy gray, mixed with brown patches and individual hairs with gray bases and buff tips. Tail is short for the genus (¢.100% of head-body length), distinctly bicolored (dark above and white be-low), and covered with hair. Ears are dark brown; vibrissae are long. Feet are long and slender, with five digits,fifth reduced with small claw. Skull is slender like other species of 
<taxonomicName box="[137,271,1000,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niviventer</taxonomicName>
and indistinguishable from the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Besar, Jalor" authorityYear="2500" box="[726,801,1000,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bukit">Bukit</taxonomicName>
White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Besar, Jalor" authorityYear="2500" box="[1078,1192,1000,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bukit">N. bukit</taxonomicName>
). There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46, FN = 54 or 56.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1374,1457,749,791]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2524,749,913]" box="[1374,1457,749,791]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">655.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1474,2214,749,791]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2524,749,913]" box="[1474,2214,749,791]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1374,1831,796,838]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2524,749,913]" box="[1374,1831,796,838]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1374,1831,796,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cremoriventer">Niviventer cremoriventer</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2524,749,913]" lastBlockId="220.[1985,2579,959,1384]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">French: Rat a ventre creme / German: Sunda-\Weif3bauchratte / Spanish: Rata de vientre blanco arborea de Sonda Other common names: Dark-tailed Niviventer, Dark-tailed Tree Rat, Sundaic Arboreal Niviventer</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="reference_group">
Taxonomy. 
<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1900" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cremoriventer">Mus cremoriventer G. S. Miller, 1900</taxonomicName>
,
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1985,2579,959,1384]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424480" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">“mountains of Trong, Lower Siam [= Thailand], at about 3000 ft. [= 914 m] altitude.”</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Habitat. Limestone karst habitat. Limestone White-bellied Rats have been collected halfway up the face of a forested limestone cliff, outside entrance to a cave, and at base of limestone cliff in scrubby vegetation. They have also been found inside caves.</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1985,2579,959,1384]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1987,2306,1119,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cremoriventer">Niviventer cremoriventer</taxonomicName>
has not been included in any phylogenetic studies and is in need of revision because it might represent a species complex. Subspecies have been recognized, but these need validation. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" box="[98,599,1240,1269]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Food and Feeding. No information.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" box="[98,472,1280,1309]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Breeding. No information.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Activity patterns. The Limestone White-bellied Rat is mostly nocturnal, terrestrial, and cursorial.</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888315/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" startId="220.[1986,2158,1355,1384]" targetBox="[1371,1962,969,1382]" targetPageId="220">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1985,2579,959,1384]" lastBlockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Distribution. Extreme S Myanmar (Mergui Archipelago), peninsular Thailand and offshore Is (Butang, Terutau, and Langkawi), Malay Peninsula and offshore Is (Penang and Tioman), Anambas Is (Jimaja), Sumatra and adjacent Nias, Belitung, and Bangka Is, Borneo and some offshore Is (Balambangan, Banggi, Malawali, Lamukutan, and Sebuku), Java, and Bali.</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" box="[98,1037,1394,1428]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Limestone White-bellied Rat has a very restricted distribution and is found in Khao Yai National Park. Habitat degradation, especially in limestone forests, is 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hatt" authorityYear="1934" box="[1068,1173,1512,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thamnomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">a major</taxonomicName>
threat. It can be locally common, but there are few details on its natural history, which are criti-cally needed to enhance its conservation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
Descriptive notes. Head—body 133 mm, tail 181 mm; weight 77 g(averages). The Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat is small, similar to the Langbian Tree Rat (
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Chiromyscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="langbianis">Chiromyscus langbianis</taxonomicName>
). Pelage is soft, with flexible spines and black guard hairs mixed throughout. Dorsum is fulvous brown, becoming more orangish on sides. Dorsum and white venter are sharply demarcated. Feet have brown stripe that extends to white toes. Tail is c.136% of head-body length on average, covered in dark hairs, and unicolored (dark brown); it has dark hair tuft at tip. Ears are dark brown; vibrissae are long. There are five digits on each foot, with fifth digit reduced with small claw. Skull is elongated and narrow. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46, FN = 54 and 60.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="220.[96,1303,728,1704]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Bibliography. Francis (2008), Latinne et al. (2011b), Li Yuchun et al. (2008), Marshall (1976, 1977b), Musser (1981a), Musser &amp; Carleton (2005).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[101,183,1775,1817]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1251,1775,1940]" box="[101,183,1775,1817]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">6H4.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[200,1055,1775,1817]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1251,1775,1940]" box="[200,1055,1775,1817]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Rat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[101,455,1828,1866]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1251,1775,1940]" box="[101,455,1828,1866]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[101,455,1828,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenaster">Niviventer tenaster</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1251,1775,1940]" box="[100,1251,1880,1901]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">French: Rat du Mulayit / German: Indochinesische Weiftbauchratte / Spanish: Rata de vientre blanco de Indochina</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1251,1775,1940]" box="[100,989,1919,1940]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Other common names: Indochinese Mountain Niviventer, Tenasserim White-bellied Rat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Habitat. Primary forest, secondary wooded habitats, and disturbed logged habitat at elevations up to 1650 m (Mt. Kinabalu on Borneo).</paragraph>
<subSubSection box="[713,1302,1988,2017]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="220.[713,1304,1988,2414]" box="[713,1302,1988,2017]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
Taxonomy. 
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1916" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1916" box="[883,1297,1988,2017]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenaster">Epimys tenaster Thomas, 1916</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="220.[713,1304,1988,2414]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424782" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">“Mount Muleyit, Tenasserim [Kayin State, southern Burma]. Alt. 5000-6000&quot; [= 1525-1830 m].”</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Food and Feeding. The Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat mainly eats fruit and seeds. Breeding. Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rats reach sexual maturity and 50 g; litters have 2-5 young.</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="220.[713,1304,1988,2414]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[715,956,2146,2175]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenaster">Niviventer tenaster</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most similar to 
<taxonomicName box="[856,1051,2181,2215]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="confucianus">N. confucianus</taxonomicName>
, but phylogenetic relationships are unresolved, and further genetic and morphological studies are needed to determine its placement within 
<taxonomicName box="[715,848,2339,2373]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niviventer</taxonomicName>
. Recently, the Hainan popula- Lion was split into its own species, N. lotipes,
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Activity patterns. The Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat is nocturnal, spending its days in a hanging nest it made. This species is arboreal but has regularly been captured on the ground as well as above it.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rats create free-hanging nests made of plant fibers for day use.</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Although the Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat has a large distribution and occurs in many protected areas, its population is estimated to have decreasedby ¢.30% in the last ten years due to habitat destruction and degradation. Nevertheless,it is easily and commonly captured throughout its distribution.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1309,2418,3475]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">based on karyological data and later validated by phylogenetic data, although morphological studies are needed to further validate this view. Monotypic.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1309,2418,3475]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Distribution. WC &amp; S Myanmar, NW Thailand (Chiang Mai Province), Laos, Vietnam, and S Cambodia (Damrei Mts).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1373,2581,1391,2647]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Bibliography. Duncan etal. (1974), Li Yuchun et al. (2008), Musser (1973b, 1981a), Musser &amp; Carleton (2005), Nor (2001), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Pimsai et al. (2014), Ruedas, Aplin et al. (2008), Wells, Linsenmair et al. (2004), Wells, Pfeiffer et al. (2006), Yong (1969).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1309,2418,3475]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-190 mm, tail 175-235 mm, ear 23-26 mm, hindfoot 32-35 mm; weight 50-140 g. The Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Ratis larger than all other species of 
<taxonomicName box="[477,611,2655,2689]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niviventer</taxonomicName>
except the Confucian White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="confucianus">N. confucianus</taxonomicName>
), which it is very similar to, and the Spiny Taiwan White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1864" box="[1142,1289,2694,2728]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coninga">N. coninga</taxonomicName>
), which might be larger. Pelage is soft, covered with dark brown sturdy but flexible spines. Dorsum is dark brown, with lighter but prominent ruby reddish side—lighter than the Indochinese White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[691,861,2816,2845]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvescens">N. fulvescens</taxonomicName>
) and without chocolate brown hue of the Confucian White-bellied Rat and spinier than the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Besar, Jalor" authorityYear="2500" box="[975,1050,2851,2885]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bukit">Bukit</taxonomicName>
White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Besar, Jalor" authorityYear="2500" box="[115,226,2895,2924]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bukit">N. bukit</taxonomicName>
). Top offeet of the Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Rat have dark brown or chestnut stripe that stops just before white toes. Dorsum and venter are sharply demarcated. Venter is pure white, without any chest or chin markings.Tail is ¢.151% of head-body length and sharply bicolored, dark brown above and paler below, although dark top can fade toward tip in some specimens, although it is never completely unicolored as inthe Himalayan White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1836" box="[776,953,3092,3121]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niviventer">N. niviventer</taxonomicName>
). There are five digits on each foot, with fifth digit reduced with small claw. Skull is large, exceeding 41 mm, but lightly built and elongated. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46, FN = 54.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1378,1460,2719,2761]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2537,2719,2884]" box="[1378,1460,2719,2761]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">656.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1477,2259,2719,2761]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2537,2719,2884]" box="[1477,2259,2719,2761]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1378,1757,2764,2810]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2537,2719,2884]" box="[1378,1757,2764,2810]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1378,1757,2764,2810]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraternus">Niviventer fraternus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2537,2719,2884]" box="[1377,2537,2823,2844]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">French: Rat jumeau / German: Sumatra-WeilRbauchratte / Spanish: Rata de vientre blanco de montana de Sumatra</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2537,2719,2884]" box="[1377,1825,2863,2884]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Other common names: Montane Sumatran</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2537,2719,2884]" box="[1836,1936,2863,2884]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Niviventer</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1989,2594,2932,3355]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1989,2144,2932,2961]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1916" authorityName="H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraternus">Epimys fraternus H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1916</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1989,2594,2932,3355]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424638" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">“Sungei Kumbang, Ko-rinchi, 4,700’ [= 1432 m], West Sumatra.”</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1989,2594,2932,3355]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Robinson &amp; Kloss" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1990,2248,3046,3080]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraternus">Niviventer fraternus</taxonomicName>
was included as a sub-species of 
<taxonomicName box="[2140,2244,3094,3119]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rapit">N. rapit</taxonomicName>
along with 
<taxonomicName authority=", EN." authorityName="EN." box="[2417,2578,3094,3119]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cameroni">N. cameroni,</taxonomicName>
but it is recognized as a distinct species here. It has not been included in any genetic studies, but multivariate analysis of morphological. traits. has. allied. it. with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[1991,2155,3274,3309]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvescens">N. fulvescens</taxonomicName>
. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1309,2418,3475]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Habitat. Montane rainforests at elevations of 1300-3000 mFood and Feeding. No information.</paragraph>
<subSubSection box="[1989,2338,3326,3355]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888317" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888317" box="[1989,2338,3326,3355]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888317/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" startId="220.[1989,2161,3326,3355]" targetBox="[1374,1966,2940,3354]" targetPageId="220">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1989,2594,2932,3355]" box="[1989,2338,3326,3355]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1989,2165,3326,3355]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Distribution.</emphasis>
W Sumatra.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1309,2418,3475]" box="[102,476,3368,3397]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Breeding. No information.</paragraph>
<subSubSection lastPageId="221" lastPageNumber="826" pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1377,2581,3360,3473]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1377,1626,3360,3394]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 162 mm, tail 231 mm, hindfoot 32-5 mm (taken from original description). No specific data are available for body weight. The Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat is large, with spiny yet soft pelage. Itis equalin size to or larger
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[100,1309,2418,3475]" lastBlockId="220.[1372,2577,287,677]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Activity patterns. The Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Rat is nocturnal and most- ly terrestrial. It travels across vines and has been captured on woody lianas threading through dense stands of bamboo. It was also caught at primary forest on the ground and 1-2 m aboveground (on trees and lianas) on the Dalat Plateau in southern Vietnam.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="220.[1372,2577,287,677]" box="[1372,2311,406,440]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1372,2577,287,677]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (including N. lotipes). The Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Ratis not reported as abundant anywhere but is represented by large collections of specimens.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="220" pageNumber="825" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="220.[1372,2577,287,677]" pageId="220" pageNumber="825">Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2010), Aplin (2016g), Balakirev &amp; Rozhnov (2010), Balakirev et al. (2011), He Kai &amp; Jiang Xuelong (2015), Jing Meidong et al. (2007), Li Yuchun et al. (2008), Lu Liang et al. (2015), Lunde et al. (2003), Musser (1973b, 1981a), Musser &amp; Carleton (2005), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
than the Montane Bornean White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName box="[829,930,292,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rapit">N. rapit</taxonomicName>
) and smaller than the Cameron Highlands White-bellied Rat (
<taxonomicName box="[596,772,328,362]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Niviventer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cameroni">N. cameroni</taxonomicName>
).Dorsum is dark reddish brown and lighter on sides. Venter is white, and dark brown patch can occur on chest or neck. Ears are dark brown;vibrissae are long. Tail is ¢.140% of head-body length and hairy, and it can either be unicolored (dark brown) or bicolored (dark brown above, lighter below). Dark brown stripe goes down hands, stopping before white feet. There are five digits on each foot, with fifth digit reduced with small claw. Skull is elongated and slender like other species of Niwiventer, and zygomatic plate is wider than on the Cameron Highlands White-bellied Rat and the Montane Bornean White-bellied Rat. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[174,945,686,715]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" box="[174,945,686,715]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,285,686,715]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Habitat.</emphasis>
Montane forests at elevations of 1250-3500 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[174,675,721,755]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" box="[174,675,721,755]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,436,721,755]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[174,548,765,794]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" box="[174,548,765,794]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,308,765,794]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Breeding.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,409,801,835]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat might be more arboreal than terrestrial and is probably nocturnal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[174,1113,883,912]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" box="[174,1113,883,912]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,874,883,912]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,524,923,952]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat might be threatened by habitat loss at lower elevations, but 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hatt" authorityYear="1934" box="[316,444,1002,1031]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thamnomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="733" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">no major</taxonomicName>
threats are known. It occurs in Kerinci Seblat National Park and a few other protected areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="221" pageNumber="826" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="221.[173,1380,292,1149]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,327,1085,1110]" pageId="221" pageNumber="826">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Aplin (2016b), Chasen (1940), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Musser &amp; Carleton (2005), Robinson &amp; Kloss (1916, 1918).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>