198 lines
20 KiB
XML
198 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887260" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6887260" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_matCits="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1656696812616" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="1E30E27534D0FF61E1472F137F8B8289" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Muridae_0536.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rattus tunneyi" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="851" masterDocId="E2099A0D3426FF97E1372C0977498313" masterDocTitle="Muridae" masterLastPageNumber="884" masterPageNumber="536" pageNumber="851" updateTime="1658538965639" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Muridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>536</mods:start>
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<mods:end>884</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887260</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-04-6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6887260</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869015" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197825743" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869015" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E30E27534D0FF61E1472F137F8B8289" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E30E27534D0FF61E1472F137F8B8289" lastPageNumber="851" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<heading pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<subSubSection box="[112,194,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[110,1137,794,923]" box="[112,194,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<figureCitation box="[112,194,794,844]" captionStart="Plate 55: Muridae" captionStartId="236.[110,140,3215,3240]" captionTargetBox="[12,2741,14,3651]" captionTargetPageId="235" captionText="691. Peleng Island Xanthurus Rat (Rattus pelurus), 692. South-eastern Xanthurus Rat (Rattus salocco), 693. North-eastern Xanthurus Rat (Rattus xanthurus), 695. Spiny Seram Island Rat (Rattus feliceus), 697. Halmahara Rat (Rattus morotaiensis), 699. Philippine Forest Rat (Rattus everett), 700. Mindoro Mountain Rat (Rattus mindorensis), 701. Tawitawi Forest Rat (Rattus tawitawiensis), 702. Vogelkop Mountain Rat (Rattus arfakiensis), 703. Western New Guinea Mountain Rat (Rattus arrogans), 704. Manus Island Spiny Rat (Rattus detentus), 706. Yapen Island Rat (Rattus jobiensis), 708. Eastern New Guinea Mountain Rat (Rattus niobe), 709. Papua New Guinea Rat (Rattus novaeguineae), 710. Arianus’s New Guinea Mountain Rat (Rattus omichlodes), 711. Pocock’s New Guinea Highland Rat (Rattus pococki), 712. Large New Guinea Spiny Rat (Rattus praetor), 713. Richardson’s New Guinea Mountain Rat (Rattus richardsoni), 714. Stein’s New Guinea Rat (Rattus steini), 715. Van Deusen’s New Guinea Mountain Rat (Rattus vandeuseni), 716. New Guinea Slender Rat (Rattus verecundus), 717. Australian Dusky Rat (Rattus colletti), 719. Cape York Rat (Rattus leucopus), 720. Australian Swamp Rat (Rattus lutreola), 721. Canefield Rat (Rattus sordidus), 722. Australian Pale Field Rat (Rattus tunneyi), 723. Australian Long-haired Rat (Rattus villosissimus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888419/files/figure.png" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">722.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[208,725,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[110,1137,794,923]" box="[208,725,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<vernacularName box="[208,725,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Australian Pale Field Rat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[775,1054,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[110,1137,794,923]" box="[775,1054,794,844]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[775,1054,794,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunneyi">
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<emphasis box="[775,1054,794,844]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Rattus tunneyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[110,1137,794,923]" box="[111,1137,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,187,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[197,334,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Rat de Tunney</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[355,446,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[456,742,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Blasse Australische Feldratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,855,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[865,1137,862,883]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Rata de campo de Australia</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="246.[110,1137,794,923]" box="[110,640,902,923]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[110,358,902,923]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[368,504,902,923]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Pale Field Rat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[514,640,902,923]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Tunney’s Rat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[724,1313,975,1000]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[724,1315,975,1395]" box="[724,1313,975,1000]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[724,880,975,1000]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1904" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[904,1309,975,1000]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunneyi">Mus tunneyi Thomas, 1904</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424375" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[724,1315,975,1395]" box="[725,921,1015,1040]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">“Mary River,”</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="246.[724,1315,975,1395]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Northern Territory, Australia.</paragraph>
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[724,1315,975,1395]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[726,913,1085,1119]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunneyi">Rattus tunneyi</taxonomicName>
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is sister to a clade containing
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[726,870,1133,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sordidus">R. sordidus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[886,1083,1133,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosissimus">R. villosissimus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1162,1280,1133,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colletti">R. colletti</taxonomicName>
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in the Australian group of
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<taxonomicName box="[1083,1168,1168,1197]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rattus</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888459" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888459/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" startId="246.[725,879,1247,1276]" targetBox="[110,700,980,1393]" targetPageId="246">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[724,1315,975,1395]" box="[725,1126,1247,1276]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[725,1126,1247,1276]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="246.[724,1315,975,1395]" lastBlockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1904" authorityName="Brazenor" authorityYear="1936" box="[726,1106,1286,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tunneyi" subSpecies="tunneyi">R.t.tunneyiThomas,1904—NAustralia,includingvariousoffshoreIs(Bathurst,Melville,GrooteEylandt,andSirEdwardPellewGroup).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" box="[112,867,1449,1474]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas & Dollman, 1909" authorityName="Thomas & Dollman" authorityYear="1909" box="[112,674,1449,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tunneyi" subSpecies="culmorum">R. t. culmorum Thomas & Dollman, 1909</taxonomicName>
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— E Australia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[110,364,1479,1513]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 118-198 mm, tail 78-190 mm, ear 15-20 mm, hindfoot 25-35 mm; weight 50-210 g. The Australian PaleField Rat is medium-sized, with rounded and broad head. Pelage is long and sleek. Dorsum is grizzled toffee yellowish brown, with grayunderfur, being lightest on sides and cheeks and fades into ventral pelage. Venter is pale gray or creamy white. Feet are covered with short white hair dorsally. Ears are pale pinkish brown;vibrissae are relatively short. Tail is less than 100% of head-body length and unicolored pinkish brown. Skull is broad, with short rostrum. Various helminthes (Syphacia) have been recorded from the Australian PaleField Rat. There are six pairs of mammae. Diploid number is 2n = 42.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,222,1843,1868]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Tall grassland, cane fields, pastures and some modified habitats, and woodland and monsoon forest with dense grass or sedge understories. The Australian Pale Field Rat burrows in loose sandy soils, which may be a limiting factor determining where it occurs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,376,1992,2026]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Australian PaleField Rats are mostly herbivorous, feeding almost exclusively on grass stems, seeds and roots. They favor shoot bases of
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<taxonomicName box="[1110,1252,2031,2065]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alloteropsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alloteropsis</taxonomicName>
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and seeds of Sorghum (both
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<taxonomicName box="[448,568,2074,2103]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[596,963,2074,2103]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Panadanaceae">Pandanus (Panadanaceae)</taxonomicName>
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roots, and some sedges. When food is less plentiful during dry season, it will eat grass seeds lodged in small sandstone outcrops. It is also known to chew through roots of hoop pines (
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<taxonomicName box="[1184,1317,2153,2182]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Araucaria</taxonomicName>
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cunninghamii,
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<taxonomicName box="[310,511,2188,2222]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araucariaceae</taxonomicName>
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) in its burrow systems, making it an agricultural pest. It reportedly eats insects and fungi on occasion, although they make up a fairly small portion ofits diet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[110,245,2311,2340]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Breeding of the Australian Pale Field Rat occurs most commonly in spring in north-eastern New South Wales and January—August in the Northern Territory, although it can breed year-round. Estrouscycles are 4-5 days, and gestation lasts ¢.21-22 days, with postpartum estrus. Litters have 2-11 young, usually four. Young are weaned at ¢.3 weeks old, and sexual maturity can occur as early as five weeks.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[109,350,2504,2538]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Australian Pale Field Rat is nocturnal, foraging and moving around at night and resting during the day in burrow systems. It is terrestrial and nests in shallow burrow systems in loose, sandy soils and in termite mounds. Burrows usually have 4-5 entrances, where feces accumulate. A single adult usually occupies a single burrow system, although multiple juveniles can also be found in them. Burrows in termite mounds have entrances at bases, humorously giving them the appearance of small castles. Termite burrows might reduce the risk of flooding in riparian habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,812,2779,2813]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The Australian PaleField Rat has a very scattered distribution with some areas of high density and some of low density. In
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<taxonomicName box="[112,217,2862,2891]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Kakadu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kakadu</taxonomicName>
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savanna, a high density was 7-4 ind/100 trap-nights. Similarly to other Australian species of
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<taxonomicName box="[306,390,2897,2931]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rattus</taxonomicName>
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, although not as extreme, populations fluctuate based on climatic variation and water and food availabilities.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[109,1326,1401,3442]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,459,2976,3010]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[114,209,3024,3049]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tunneyi">tunneyi</taxonomicName>
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was classified as Vulnerable, and culmorum was classified as Least Concern. The Australian PaleField Rat had a much wider distribution through central and western Australia based on remains from owl pellets, although it is now patchily distributed through western, northern, and eastern Australia. Its pre-European distribution probably included all of Australia. The species seems to be threatened by competition with the Roof Rat (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[317,433,3211,3245]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">R. rattus</taxonomicName>
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) and might also be affected by cattle grazing that can destroy burrows. It is also threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, with northern Australia being
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hatt" authorityYear="1934" box="[333,438,3294,3323]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thamnomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="246" pageNumber="848" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">a major</taxonomicName>
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unmodified refuge because its distribution has become widely fragmented compared with its pre-European distribution. It is found in various protected areas. Australian Pale Field Rats are considered a native pest because they are known to chew on roots of hoop pines in plantations, which can kill immature plants.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="851" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="246.[1385,2591,305,410]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1540,305,330]" pageId="246" pageNumber="851">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Braithwaite & Griffiths (1996), Burbidge (2016a), Kehl (1980), Menkhorst & Knight (2010), Musser & Carleton (2005), Rowe et al. (2011), Smales (1997), Taylor & Horner (1973), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Woinarski, Burbidge & Harrison (2014), Woinarski, Milne & Wanganeen (2001).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |