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<mods:title>Muridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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Osgood’s Vietnamese Rat (Rattus osgoodi), 675. Little Indochinese Field Rat (Rattus sakeratensis), 676. Burnished Enggano Rat (Rattus adustus), 677. Kinabalu Rat (Rattus baluensis), 678. Aceh Rat (Rattus blangorum), 679. Enggano Island Rat (Rattus enganus), 680. Hoogerwert’s Sumatran Rat (Rattus hoogerwerfi), 682. Mentawai Archipelago Rat (Rattus lugens), 683. Gag Island Rat (Rattus nikenu), 684. Simalur Archipelago Rat (Rattus simalurensis), 685. Malaysian Field Rat (Rattus tiomanicus), 686. South-western Xanthurus Rat (Rattus bontanus), 687. Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat (Rattus hoffmanni), 688. Koopman' ’ s Peleng Island Rat (Rattus koopmani), 689. Marmoset Xanthurus Rat (Rattus marmosurus), 690. Lampobatang Sulawesi Rat (Rattus mollicomulus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888389/files/figure.png" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">672.</figureCitation>
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<paragraph blockId="229.[1450,2282,2651,2771]" box="[1551,1755,2651,2693]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<vernacularName box="[1551,1755,2651,2693]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Losea Rat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection box="[1805,2031,2651,2693]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="229.[1450,2282,2651,2771]" box="[1805,2031,2651,2693]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Swinhoe" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1805,2031,2651,2693]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">
<emphasis box="[1805,2031,2651,2693]" italics="true" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Rattus losea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="229" pageNumber="834" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="229.[1450,2282,2651,2771]" box="[1451,2282,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1451,1526,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1536,1626,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Rat losea</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1647,1738,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1748,1940,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Kleine Reisfeldratte</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1961,2052,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2062,2282,2711,2732]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Rata de arrozal menor</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="229.[1450,2282,2651,2771]" box="[1450,1906,2750,2771]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1450,1698,2750,2771]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1708,1906,2750,2771]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Lesser Ricefield Rat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection box="[2062,2575,2816,2850]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="229.[2061,2657,2816,3245]" box="[2062,2575,2816,2850]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2062,2217,2816,2850]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1871" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1871" box="[2230,2570,2816,2850]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Mus losea Swinhoe, 1871</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="229" pageNumber="834" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="229.[2061,2657,2816,3245]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424882" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">“For- mosa [= Taiwan].”</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="229" pageNumber="834" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="229.[2061,2657,2816,3245]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<taxonomicName box="[2063,2147,2900,2929]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rattus</taxonomicName>
loseais in the R. rattusspecies groups, is sister to the 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2290,2410,2944,2969]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">R. rattus</taxonomicName>
clade (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2526,2647,2944,2969]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Epimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">R. rattus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1845" box="[2064,2222,2983,3008]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanezumi">R. tanezumi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[2242,2433,2983,3008]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakeratensis">R. sakeratensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[2452,2639,2983,3008]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tiomanicus">R. tiomanicus</taxonomicName>
), and is related to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Musser &amp; Newcomb" authorityYear="1985" box="[2313,2446,3018,3047]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">R. osgoodi</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName box="[2465,2656,3018,3047]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakeratensis">R. sakeratensis</taxonomicName>
was originally included as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1871" box="[2063,2166,3092,3126]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">R. losea</taxonomicName>
, but following phylogenetic studies, populations in northern Thailand and Laos have been allocated to 
<taxonomicName box="[2461,2649,3171,3205]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakeratensis">R. sakeratensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="229.[2061,2657,2816,3245]" box="[2062,2654,3211,3245]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Specific identity of a population in Penin-</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="229.[1450,2653,3250,3479]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
sular Thailand and Malaysia is uncertain but is included in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1871" box="[2284,2370,3250,3284]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">R.losea</taxonomicName>
until further review. There were three subspecies recently recognized (exiguus, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1871" box="[2305,2364,3298,3323]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">losea</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[2451,2599,3298,3323]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakeratensis">sakeratensis</taxonomicName>
) in China, but this arrangement is not followed here. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="229" pageNumber="834" type="multiple">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6888353" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6888353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6888353/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="229" pageNumber="834" startId="229.[1450,1622,3368,3402]" targetBox="[1447,2039,2825,3240]" targetPageId="229">
<paragraph blockId="229.[1450,2653,3250,3479]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1450,1626,3368,3402]" pageId="229" pageNumber="834">Distribution.</emphasis>
SC &amp; SE China (including Hainan, Taiwan, and Penghu Is), extreme N Laos, N, C &amp; S Vietham, W &amp; C Cambodia, and provisionally S peninsular Thailand and extreme NW Peninsular Malaysia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,347,303,328]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 120-185 mm, tail 110-175 mm, ear 15-21 mm, hindfoot 24-32 mm; weight 22-92 g. The 
<taxonomicName authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" box="[547,679,335,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Losea Rat</taxonomicName>
is small and very similar to but larger than the Little Indochinese Field Rat (
<taxonomicName box="[506,689,374,408]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakeratensis">R. sakeratensis</taxonomicName>
) but much smaller than the morphologically similar Ricefield Rat (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Robinson &amp; Kloss" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[396,600,421,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentiventer">R. argentiventer</taxonomicName>
). Pelage is short, soft, and dense. Dorsum is dull gray brown, with mix of pale brown and black-tipped hairs, becoming somewhat paler along sides and blending into ventral pelage. Venter is buffy brown, with gray-based hairs. Feet are whitish gray dorsally and white on sides and digits. Ears are small and light brown; vibrissae are long. Tail is 90-100% of head-body length and slightly bicolored, being brown dorsally and paler ventrally. Skull is small and stocky, with short wide rostrum and high braincase. Various ticks (Ixodes granulatus and Borrelia spirochetes), fleas, mites, trematodes (Notocotylus loeiensis), gastrointestinal helminths (at least twelve species), and blood-flukes (Schistosoma japonicum) have been recorded from the 
<taxonomicName authority="Rat. It" authorityName="Rat. It" box="[1021,1193,733,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Losea Rat. It</taxonomicName>
is also a vector for Bartonella, Lyme disease, and hantavirus. There are five pairs of mammae: two axillary and three inguinal. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, FN = 60-62.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,214,851,880]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Habitat.</emphasis>
Grass, scrub, mangroves, cultivated fields (rice in particular), gardens, orchards, and other human modified areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢.1000 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,369,925,959]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" box="[450,588,925,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Losea Rat</taxonomicName>
feeds heavily on grain and is probably mostly herbivorous.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,238,1004,1038]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Breeding.</emphasis>
Litters have 3-14 young (mean 7-3). Females probably reach maturity at weights of c.45 g. Reproduction seems synchronized with rice crops in spring and summer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[102,339,1122,1156]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" box="[422,560,1122,1156]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Losea Rat</taxonomicName>
is probably nocturnal and mainly terrestrial, usually creating nests in burrows, sometimes in rice fields.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,798,1201,1235]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Abundance of 
<taxonomicName authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[1017,1163,1201,1235]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Losea Rats</taxonomicName>
fluctuates with availability offield crops in populations reliant on agriculture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[104,452,1280,1314]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The 
<taxonomicName authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="835" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="losea">Losea Rat</taxonomicName>
has a wide distribution, is relatively common, is found in many protected areas, and is considered an agricultural and urban pest. It is often poisoned to prevent crop damage; some individuals that have an immunity to the poison Warfarin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="230" pageNumber="835" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="230.[101,1309,278,1634]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[105,258,1446,1471]" pageId="230" pageNumber="835">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Aplin (2016d), Aplin, Brown et al. (2003), Aplin, Chesser &amp; ten Have (2003), Aplin, Suzuki et al. (2011), Aoki &amp; Tanaka (1938), Balakirev &amp; Rozhnov (2012), Baverstock, Adams et al. (1983), Brown et al. (2005), Chaisiri, Chaeychomsri et al. (2012), Chaisiri, Morand et al. (2011), Chao Lilian et al. (2012), Francis (2008), He Yixun et al. (2001), Musser &amp; Carleton (2005), Musser &amp; Newcomb (1985), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), Wang Jianshe et al. (2008), Wang Yingxiang (2003), Yu Hontsen et al. (1996).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>